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1 sng 28 Installing on USB
2     ==============================================================================
3    
4     Installation to USB made easy
5     ****************************************
6     Until recently installing Clonezilla-SysRescCD on a USB disk would not
7     be such a great idea, because of its size. But since USB devices become
8     cheaper and cheaper, it is an interesting alternative.
9    
10     Starting with version 3.1.0, Clonezilla-SysRescCD provides an iso
11     file that's ISO-Hybrided. This means (as we read at the isolynux site {{
12     http://syslinux.zytor.com/wiki/index.php/Doc/isolinux#HYBRID_CD-ROM.2FHARD_DISK_MODE
13     }}) that
14    
15     "the iso file can be booted from either CD-ROM or from a device which BIOS
16     considers a hard disk or ZIP disk, e.g. a USB key or similar. This image can
17     then be copied using any raw disk writing tool (on Unix systems, typically
18     "dd" or "cat") to a USB disk, or written to a CD-ROM using standard CD
19     burning tools.
20    
21     The ISO 9660 filesystem is encapsulated in a partition (which starts at
22     offset zero, which may confuse some systems.) This makes it possible for
23     the operating system, once booted, to use the remainder of the device for
24     persistent storage by creating a second partition."
25    
26     [[ important.png ]]
27     Incorrect use of any raw disk writing tool could cause your operating system
28     (GNU/Linux / Windows) not to boot. Confirm the command before you run it.
29    
30     So, from any linux box, assuming Clonezilla-SysRescCD iso file is in
31     your home directory, and your USB device name is sdc4, you just execute
32     the commands:
33    
34     umount /dev/sdc4
35     dd if=~/clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-"myVersion".iso of=/dev/sdc4 bs=512
36    
37     And that's it. Your usb device is ready to boot!!!
38    
39     Installing the "hard" way
40     ****************************************
41     If the "easy" way does not work there is an alternative; you will use
42     the Clonezilla-SysRescCD ISO file (or CD) to copy and modify a couple of
43     files on the USB disk, and finally make it bootable, using syslinux {{
44     http://syslinux.zytor.com }} and its configuration file syslinux.cfg.
45    
46     [[ important.png ]]
47     Incorrect use of syslinux could cause your operating system (GNU/Linux /
48     Windows) not to boot. Confirm the command before you run it.
49    
50     The only thing that's important is that your USB disk must contain a VFAT
51     (Windows 98 or DOS) file system. If this is not the case, refer to the
52     section "Troubleshooting", to find out how you can format it, before
53     copying files to it.
54    
55     The bootable USB disk creation procedure can be performed either from
56     Linux or Windows.
57    
58     [[ info.png ]]
59     If you want to create a bootable USB flash drive for this version
60     or later, remember to use the syslinux command from syslinux
61     3.71 or later. Otherwise the boot menu won't work.
62    
63     Installation from Linux
64     ---------------------
65     There are two ways you can proceed, if you are going to use Linux to
66     perform the USB installation, either using a running linux box, or using
67     Clonezilla-SysRescCD.
68    
69     I will assume that you have saved clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.1.0.iso
70     in your home directory (~).
71    
72     Using a linux box
73     ---------------------
74     If you already have a linux box up and running, you can use it to create
75     your Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB, without even having to burn it to CD
76     beforehand. The only thing here is that you have to have syslinux {{
77     http://syslinux.zytor.com }} installed.
78    
79     I will assume that your CD drive is /dev/sr0 and that your USB device
80     is /dev/sdc4. You may have to change any of them to reflect your system
81     configuration.
82    
83     Boot into linux, connect your USB device and execute the following commands:
84     mkdir /mnt/mycd
85     mount ~/clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.1.0.iso /mnt/mycd -o loop
86     mkdir /mnt/usbdevice
87     mount /dev/sdc4 /mnt/usbdevice
88     cp -r /mnt/mycd/* /mnt/usbdevice
89     umount /mnt/mycd; rmdir /mnt/mycd
90     cd /mnt/usbdevice
91     rm isolinux/*.cfg
92     mv isolinux/* .
93     rmdir isolinux
94     cd; umount /dev/sdc4
95     rmdir /mnt/usbdevice
96    
97     Finally make your USB device bootable, by executing
98     syslinux /dev/sdc4
99     and you are done.
100    
101     > Using Clonezilla-SysRescCD
102     If you already burnt Clonezilla-SysRescCD to CD, you can use it to create
103     your Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB.
104    
105     I will assume that your CD drive is /dev/sr0 and that your USB device
106     is /dev/sdc4. You may have to change any of them to reflect your system
107     configuration.
108    
109     Boot SystemRescueCD using the option To RAM, and when it is fully loaded,
110     execute the following commands:
111     mkdir /mnt/mycd
112     mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/mycd
113     mkdir /mnt/usbdevice
114     mount /dev/sdc4 /mnt/usbdevice
115     cp -r /mnt/mycd/* /mnt/usbdevice
116     umount /mnt/mycd
117     cd /mnt/usbdevice
118     rm isolinux/*.cfg
119     mv isolinux/* .
120     rmdir isolinux
121     cd; umount /dev/sdc4
122    
123     Finally make your USB device bootable, by executing
124     syslinux /dev/sdc4
125     and you are done.
126    
127     Installation from Windows
128     ---------------------
129     Installing Clonezilla-SysRescCD from Windows is as easy as
130     it is in Linux. You have to burn Clonezilla-SysRescCD to CD
131     or use a CD/DVD ROM emulator software like Daemon Tools {{
132     http://www.daemon-tools.cc/dtcc/announcements.php }} to mount the ISO file.
133    
134     I will assume that your USB device is drive K: and your CD drive or mounted
135     ISO file is drive
136     D:. You may have to change any of them, in order to reflect your system
137     configuration.
138    
139     You will have to
140    
141     * Copy all files from drive D: (CD or mounted ISO file) to drive K:
142     (USB disk)
143     * Delete all cfg files from K:isolinux
144     * Move all files from K:isolinux to K:
145     * Delete folder K:isolinux
146    
147     Now all you have to do is make your USB disk bootable. In order to do
148     that you have to open a DOS window (in Windows XP press "Start / Run "
149     and type cmd). Then type at DOS prompt:
150     K:
151     cd bootprog
152     syslinux -ma K:
153    
154     Booting from USB
155     ---------------------
156     Before trying to boot from your USB device, you have to set your boot device
157     at your BIOS. This means you have to reboot having your USB device connected,
158     get into your BIOS (usually pressing DEL) and make the appropriate settings
159     in the BOOT section.
160    
161     Booting Clonezilla Live should not be a problem. Just select the desired
162     option and press ENTER to boot.
163    
164     Booting SystemRescueCD has been made equally simple with SystemRescueCD
165     v 1.0.0, so you shouldn't have any problem (option cdroot is not required
166     any more).
167    
168     If you have any problems here, you may try adding any of these boot
169     parameters:
170     usbstick
171     doscsi
172    
173     Troubleshooting
174     ---------------------
175     Whether you can successfully boot from a USB disk or not, depends mainly on
176     your BIOS. Chances are that you will not be able to boot on an old computer,
177     with an old (and possibly buggy) BIOS. So I would recommend testing your
178     Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB on a new computer.
179    
180     * I can't boot (I don't even see the splash screen)
181     or Clonezilla Live does not boot
182    
183     The first thing you should do is double check your BIOS settings. Reboot
184     having your USB device connected, get into your BIOS (usually pressing DEL)
185     and make the appropriate settings in the BOOT section.
186    
187     If you are on linux, check that the partition on the USB disk is active
188     (bootable), executing:
189     fdisk -l /dev/sdc
190     You should get something similar to this:
191    
192     Disk /dev/sdc: 1031 MB, 1031798272 bytes
193     64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 983 cylinders
194     Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
195    
196     Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
197     /dev/sdc4 * 1 983 1006576 6 FAT16
198    
199     If the partition is not active (no astrisk), execute:
200     fdisk /dev/sdc
201     and issue "Command: " a (toggle a bootable flag) and "Partition number:"
202     4 (for /dev/sdc4).
203    
204     If you are on Windows, this is taken care of by syslinux (parameters -ma).
205    
206     If you still have problems booting, you should try to execute
207     syslinux -s /dev/sdc4
208     from Linux, or
209     syslinux -sma K:
210     from Windows (from folder K:syslinux).
211    
212     syslinux man page reads:
213    
214     (Option) -s
215     Install a "safe, slow and stupid" version of syslinux. This version may work
216     on some very buggy BIOSes on which syslinux would otherwise fail. If you find
217     a machine on which the -s option is required to make it boot reliably, please
218     send as much info about your machine as you can, and include the failure
219     mode.
220    
221     * I still can't boot
222     In this case you will have to format your USB disk.
223    
224     If you are using linux to perform the installation, execute the command:
225     mkdosfs -F 16 /dev/sdc4
226     to create a FAT16 file system, or
227     mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/sdc4
228     to create a FAT32 file system.
229    
230     When you are done go back to section "Installation from Linux".
231    
232     If you are on Windows, you should download the HP-USB Format tool {{
233     http://h50178.www5.hp.com/local_drivers/17550/SP27608.exe }}, install it
234     and format your USB drive using the Fat or Fat32 option. This program can
235     be used to format USB devices that won't boot properly when formatted with
236     Windows format tool.
237    
238     When you are done go back to section "Installation from Windows".
239    
240     * I still can't boot (after formating)
241     Things are getting tough!!! Try to format your USB disk using the option you
242     did not use previously. So, if you have created a FAT32 file system, create
243     a FAT16 file system this time, and recreate Clonezilla-SysRescCD on USB.
244    
245     If nothing works, you are out of luck; you will not be able to use
246     Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB on this computer... If you do manage to boot it,
247     please send me a message.
248    
249     * SystemRescueCD does not boot
250     Ok, you have managed to get to the splash screen and successfully booted
251     Clonezilla Live. But you still can't boot SystemRescueCD.
252    
253     Refer to section Booting from USB to find out the boot parameters you can
254     use with SystemRescueCD.
255    
256     Customizing sysresc.cfg
257     ---------------------
258     As stated previously, Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB is booted by syslinux through
259     its configuration file syslinux.cfg. This file loads sysresc.cfg in order
260     to boot SystemRescueCD.
261    
262     If you have to specify any additional boot parameters for SystemRescueCD,
263     you may want to write these changes to the configuration file, so that
264     you don't have to insert them by hand every time.
265    
266     The procedure to do that is the following:
267    
268     Boot SystemRescueCD (or if that's not possible yet, bot Clonezilla Linux
269     and get to the command line) using the option To RAM, and when it is fully
270     loaded, execute the following commands:
271     mkdir /mnt/usbdevice
272     mount /dev/[device] /mnt/usbdevice
273     cd /mnt/usbdevice
274     cp sysresc.cfg sysresc.bak
275     sed 's|scandelay=5|scandelay=x [additional params]|'
276     sysresc.cfg > sys.cfg
277     mv sys.cfg sysresc.cfg
278     cd; umount /dev/[device]
279     syslinux /dev/[device]
280     reboot
281    
282     where x is a number from 1 to 10.
283    
284     After executing these commands, you will have a new sysresc.cfg file,
285     and a backup file called sysresc.bak (in case things go wrong).
286    
287     If, for example, you want to increase the device scan delay to maximum,
288     the above commands would become:
289     mkdir /mnt/usbdevice
290     mount /dev/sdc4 /mnt/usbdevice
291     cd /mnt/usbdevice
292     cp sysresc.cfg sysresc.bak
293     sed 's|scandelay=5|scandelay=10|' sysresc.cfg > sys.cfg
294     mv sys.cfg sysresc.cfg
295     cd; umount /dev/sdc4
296     syslinux /dev/sdc4
297     reboot
298    
299     If, in addition to that, you had to use the boot parameter usbstick,
300     then it would be:
301     mkdir /mnt/usbdevice
302     mount /dev/sdc4 /mnt/usbdevice
303     cd /mnt/usbdevice
304     cp sysresc.cfg sysresc.bak
305     sed 's|scandelay=5|scandelay=10 usbstick|' sysresc.cfg > sys.cfg
306     mv sys.cfg sysresc.cfg
307     cd; umount /dev/sdc4
308     syslinux /dev/sdc4
309     reboot
310    
311     In case something goes wrong with your new settings, you can always rename
312     sysresc.bak to sysresc.cfg, either from linux or Windows.
313    
314    
315    
316    
317     Boot parameters
318     ==============================================================================
319    
320     Intro
321     ****************************************
322     Booting a linux system means loading a kernel, which is actually the
323     operating system. Well, this is not exactly true, and it is not the only
324     thing that happens during boot up phase, but it is not my intension to
325     explain it here.
326    
327     The kernel is loaded by Isolinux (the CD boot manager), which is able to pass
328     a number of parameters to it, through its configuration file isolinux.cfg.
329    
330     These parameters, called boot parameters, are documented by the kernel
331     itself, and can differentiate its behavior dramatically. In our case,
332     each CD (SystemRescueCD and Clonezilla Live) accept a different set of
333     parameters, because they are based on gentoo {{ http://www.gentoo.org/ }}
334     and debian, respectively.
335    
336     While in the splash screen of Clonezilla-SysRescCD, you can edit the boot
337     parameters by pressing TAB. They will be presented to you, and you can
338     add or remove what you want. You must be careful not to change or remove
339     the parameters that are dedicated to the CD itself, as altering them will
340     certainty make it unbootable. When you are done, just press ENTER to boot.
341    
342     SystemRescueCD boot parameters
343     ****************************************
344     [[ info.png ]]
345     The following info applies to SystemRescueCD v. 1.3.5. In case
346     you need to get info for a more recent version of SystemRescueCD
347     please see the page "Sysresccd-manual-en Booting the CD-ROM {{
348     http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Booting_the_CD-ROM }}"
349    
350     A typical sysresccd isolinux entry is:
351    
352     kernel rescuecd
353     append initrd=initram.igz video=ofonly
354    
355     The kernel used is rescuecd, and anything after the word append is a
356     boot parameter.
357    
358     Available kernels (boot images):
359    
360     * rescuecd This is the default choice for 32bits systems, with Framebuffer
361     disabled, best choice.
362     * altker32 This is an alternative kernel for 32bits systems. Boot with
363     this kernel in case you have problems with rescuecd. altker32 was named
364     vmlinuz2 in versions prior to SystemRescueCd-1.0.0.
365     * rescue64 This is the default 64 bits kernel. Use it if you want to chroot
366     to a 64bits linux system installed on your hard disk, or if you have to run
367     64 bits programs. This kernel is able to boot SystemRescueCd from the cdrom
368     with 32bits programs, and it required a processor with 64bits instructions
369     (amd64 / em64t).
370     * altker64 This is an alternative kernel for 64bits systems. Boot with
371     this kernel in case you have problems with rescue64. Only available from
372     SystemRescueCd-1.0.0 and newer.
373    
374     The boot parameters you can use are:
375    
376     General boot options
377    
378     * setkmap=xx: if you don't want to be asked for the keymap, you can
379     choose which keymap to load automatically. Replace xx with your keymap
380     (for example: setkmap=de for german keyboards)
381     * docache: this option is very useful if you need to insert another disc
382     in the CD drive after booting. The CD-ROM will be fully loaded into memory,
383     and you will be able to remove the disc from the drive. The docache option
384     requires 400MB of memory if you want to cache everything (including the
385     bootdisks and isolinux directories). You can add the lowmem option if you
386     have less that 400MB of memory of to prevent these directories to be copied
387     into memory.
388     * root=xxx: the root=<device> option {{
389     http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/05/use-systemrescuecd-to-boot-a-linux-os-from-the-hard-disk/
390     }} lets you boot an existing linux system. For example, if you have a
391     linux gentoo installed on /dev/sda6, you can type rescuecd root=/dev/sda6
392     and Gentoo Linux will be started instead of the system that is on
393     the CD-ROM. Keep in mind that you must use a 64bits kernel if your
394     system is made of 64bits programs. For instance, you can boot a 64bits
395     linux system installed on /dev/sda6 with rescue64 root=/dev/sda6. From
396     SystemRescueCd-1.0.4, this option works with LVM disks, so you can write
397     something like rescuecd root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00. SystemRescueCd-1.0.4
398     and newer versions also supports root=auto, that will scan all the block
399     devices of the computer to find a linux system. The first linux system found
400     on the disks will be started. So with root=auto let you start the system
401     installed from the CD-ROM in case you have problem with your boot loader or
402     with your kernel for instance. You can have more details about that option.
403     * initscript=service:action: This options allows you to automatically
404     start/stop a service at boot time. For instance if you need the
405     samba service to be started, you can boot with the following option:
406     initscript=samba:start. This does the same thing as /etc/init.d/samba
407     start. You can use this option several times with different services. All
408     the action that are supported by an initscript can be used. This option
409     is available with SystemRescueCd-1.0.2 and newer.
410     * backstore=xxx: SystemRescueCd-1.1.x
411     comes with support for the backing-stores {{
412     http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/29/creating-a-backing-store-to-keep-your-modifications-in-sysresccd/
413     }}. Basically, a backing-store is a loopback filesystem which saves all
414     the changes you can make in SystemRescueCd when you use it. In other words
415     it allows you to save all the files which changes in SystemRescueCd while
416     you use it, so that you keep these changes the next time you boot it. By
417     default, sysresccd automatically scan all your removable devices (eg: usb
418     sticks) at boot time and uses the first backing-store it finds if there is
419     one. A backing-store is not mandatory and it the scan fails it will just
420     store the files which change in memory. To disable the disks scan at boot
421     time you can specify backstore=off on the boot command line. If you want
422     to save your backing-store file on an harddisk, you will have to boot
423     with backstore=alldev so that it scans all devices not just removable
424     devices. The default place for backing-stores file is any file named
425     sysrcd.bs located at the root of a disk which is often an USB key. You can
426     change the path by using an option such as backstore=/sysrcd/mybackstore.bs
427     and then sysresccd will try to find a file named mybackstore.bs located
428     in /sysrcd in any block-device (partition, USB-stick, ...). You can find
429     more information about on the page about backing-stores.
430    
431     Hardware, drivers and troubleshooting options
432    
433     * nonet: this will disable the network auto detection at startup
434     * scandelay=x: pauses x seconds during the startup to allow slow devices
435     to initialize. This is required when you boot an usb device. A delay of
436     only few seconds should be enough.
437     * doxdetect: Since version 0.3.5 the auto-configuration is done in X.Org
438     itself, and then mkxf86config is disabled by default. This option forces
439     the system to run the mkxf86config startup script to run the hardware
440     auto-detection from this script. Use this option if you have problems with
441     the graphical environment configuration. This option replaces the option
442     noxdetect that was useful in previous versions.
443     * nodetect: prevents the generic hardware auto-detection. Use this option
444     if you have problems with the hardware auto-detection.
445     * doload=xxx: forces to load one/several modules at startup (example:
446     doload=3c59x)
447     * noload=xxx: prevents the system to load one/several modules at startup
448     (example: noload=3c59x). Use this option if you have a problem when the
449     system loads a particular module at boot time.
450     * dostartx: This option will force the system to load the X.Org graphical
451     environment at boot time. You won't have to type startx by hand to get it.
452     * forcevesa: Forces X.Org to work with the safe vesa driver instead of
453     the best video driver detected for your video card. Use this option if
454     you cannot get the graphical environment working with the default options.
455     * forcevesa=xxx: The startx command will load the Xvesa server instead of
456     Xorg, and Xvesa will use the screen resolution given as parameter (eg:
457     1024x768, 1280x1024x32). The forcevesa option can take a parameter from
458     SystemRescueCd-1.0.0 and more recent.
459     * all-generic-ide: In case of problems related to your hard disk, try to
460     enable this option (eg rescuecd all-generic-ide)
461     * acpi-off / noapic / irqpool: use these options if you have any problem
462     when the kernel boots: if it hangs on a driver or if it crashes, ...
463     * dodebug: Enables verbose messages in the linuxrc script.
464     * lowmem: Prevents non critical things to be loaded into memory (like the
465     sshd and nfsd services)
466     * skipmount=/dev/xxx: The system mounts all the storage devices at boot
467     time to find the sysrcd.dat file. You may not want it to mount a device,
468     for instance if your hard disk is broken because it would crash the
469     system. You can just boot with skipmount=/dev/sda1 skipmount=/dev/sda2 if
470     you want SystemRescueCd to ignore these two partitions. This boot option
471     requires SystemRescueCd-1.0.1 or more recent.
472     * nodmraid: Disable dmraid, which is the program that drives RAID disks
473     based on cheap RAID controller built-in motherboards.
474     * nomdadm: Disable mdadm, which is the program that drives software RAID.
475    
476     Network auto-configuration and remote access
477    
478     * dodhcp: Use dodhcp if you have a DHCP server on your network and you
479     want the system to get a dynamic IP address at boot time.
480     * ethx=ipaddr/cidr: Sets the static IP address of all the ethernet interfaces
481     found on the system. The /cidr extension is optional. For instance, if
482     you use option ethx=192.168.0.1 on a machine with two ethernet adapters,
483     both eth0 and eth1 will be configured with 192.168.0.1. You can also write
484     something like ethx=10.0.0.1/24 (using the cidr notation) if you don't
485     use the default netmask.
486     * eth0=ipaddr/cidr: This option is similar to
487     ethx=ipaddr/cidr but it configures only one interface
488     at a time. Of course, you can use the eth0=ipaddr/cidr option {{
489     http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/04/13/new-boot-options-for-advanced-ethernet-ip-configuration/
490     }} it for all the ethernet interfaces, not just eth0. For instance if you
491     want to configure the network on a server that has two interfaces, you can
492     write something like this: eth0=192.168.10.1/24 eth1=192.168.20.1. This
493     option requires SystemRescueCd-1.0.2 or newer.
494     * dns=ipaddr: Sets the static IP address of the DNS nameserver you want
495     to use to resolve the names. For instance dns=192.168.0.254 means that
496     you want to use 192.168.0.254 as the DNS server.
497     * gateway=ipaddr: Sets the static IP address of the default route on your
498     network. For instance gateway=192.168.0.254 means that the computer can
499     connect to a computer outside of the local network via 192.168.0.254.
500     * dhcphostname=myhost: Sets the hostname that the DHCP client will send
501     to the DHCP server. This may be required if the default hostname cannot
502     be used with your DHCP configuration. This option has been introduced
503     in SystemRescueCd-1.3.5.
504     * rootpass=123456: Sets the root password of the system running on the
505     livecd to 1234. That way you can connect from the network and ssh on the
506     livecd and give 123456 password as the root password.
507     * vncserver=x:123456: The vncserver boot option {{
508     http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/04/12/use-systemrescuecd-remotely-with-vnc-server/
509     }} has been introduced in SystemRescueCd-1.0.2. This options forces the
510     system to configure the VNC-server and to start it automatically at boot
511     time. You have to replace x with the number of displays you want, and 123456
512     with your password The password must be between 5 and 8 characters, else the
513     boot option will be ignored. In other words the vncserver=2:MyPaSsWd option
514     will give you access to two displays (display=1 on tcp/5901 and display=2
515     on tcp/5902). Display 0 is reserved for X.Org since SystemRescueCd-1.1.0.
516     * nameif=xxx: You can can specify what interface name to give {{
517     http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/28/option-to-define-the-name-of-a-network-interface-using-the-mac-address/
518     }} to a particular interface using the mac address. You need
519     SystemRescueCd-1.1.0 or newer to do that. Here is how you can specify
520     which interface is using which mac address on a machine with two network
521     interfaces: nameif=eth0!00:0C:29:57:D0:6E,eth1!00:0C:29:57:D0:64. Be
522     careful, you have to respect the separator (comma between the interfaces
523     and exclamation marks between the name and the mac address).
524    
525     Options provided by the autorun
526    
527     * ar_source=xxx: place where the autorun are stored. It may
528     be the root directory of a partition (/dev/sda1), an nfs
529     share (nfs://192.168.1.1:/path/to/scripts), a samba share
530     (smb://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts), or an http directory
531     (http://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts).
532     * autoruns=[0-9]: comma separated list of the autorun script that have to
533     be run. For instance if you use autoruns=0,2,7 then the following autorun
534     scripts will be executed: autorun0, autorun2, autorun7. Use autoruns=no
535     to disable all the autorun scripts with a number.
536     * ar_ignorefail: continue to execute the scripts chain even if a script
537     failed (returned a non-zero status)
538     * ar_nodel: do not delete the temporary copy of the autorun scripts located
539     in /var/autorun/tmp after execution
540     * ar_disable: completely disable autorun, the simple autorun script will
541     not be executed
542     * ar_nowait: do not wait for a keypress after the autorun script have
543     been executed.
544    
545     Clonezilla Live boot parameters
546     ****************************************
547     [[ info.png ]]
548     The following info applies to Clonezilla Live v. 1.2.3-27
549     In case you need to get info for a more recent version of Clonezilla Live
550     please see the page "The boot parameters for Clonezilla live {{
551     http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/doc/fine-print.php?path=./99_Misc/00_live-initramfs-manual.doc#00_live-initramfs-manual.doc
552     }}"
553    
554     A typical Clonezilla Live isolinux entry is:
555    
556     kernel /live/vmlinuz1
557     append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs
558     ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general"
559     ocs_live_extra_param="" ocs_live_keymap="" ocs_live_batch="no" ocs_lang=""
560     vga=791 nolocales
561    
562     The kernel used is vmlinuz, and anything after the word append is a boot
563     parameter.
564    
565     The following info comes from the
566     page titled The boot parameters for Clonezilla live {{
567     http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/doc/fine-print.php?path=./99_Misc/00_live-initramfs-manual.doc#00_live-initramfs-manual.doc
568     }}.
569    
570     Clonezilla live is based on Debian live {{ http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/
571     }} with clonezilla installed. Therefore there are 2 kinds of boot parameters:
572    
573     * Boot parameters from live-initramfs. You can refer to this manual of
574     live-initramfs.
575     * Boot parameters specially for Clonezilla. All of them are named as
576     "ocs_*", e.g. ocs_live_run, ocs_live_extra_param, ocs_live_batch, ocs_lang.
577     * ocs_live_run is the main program to run in Clonezilla live to save
578     or restore. or other command. Available program: ocs-live-general,
579     ocs-live-restore or any command you write. Use the Absolute path in
580     Clonezilla live.
581     e.g. ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general"
582     * ocs_live_extra_param will be used only when ocs_live_run=ocs-live-restore
583     (not for ocs-live-general or any other), then it will be passed to
584     ocs-sr. Therefore these parameters are actually those of ocs-sr.
585     e.g. ocs_live_extra_param="-b -c restoredisk sarge-r5 hda"
586     * ocs_live_keymap is for keymap used in Clonezilla live. Man install-keymap
587     for more details.
588     e.g. ocs_live_keymap="NONE" (won't change the default layout)
589     ocs_live_keymap="/usr/share/keymaps/i386/azerty/fr-latin9.kmap.gz"
590     (French keyboard)
591     * batch mode or not (yes/no), if no, will run interactively.
592     e.g. ocs_live_batch="no"
593     * ocs_lang is the language used in Clonezilla live. Available value:
594     en_US.UTF-8, zh_TW.UTF-8... (see $DRBL_SCRIPT_PATH/lang/bash/)
595     e.g. ocs_lang="en_US.UTF-8"
596     * ocs_debug (or ocs-debug) is for you to enter command line prompt before
597     any clonezilla-related action is run. This is easier for you to debug.
598     * ocs_daemonon, ocs_daemonoff, ocs_numlk, ocs_capslk.
599     Ex. for the first 2 parameters, ocs_daemonon="ssh", then ssh service will
600     be turned on when booting. For the last 2 parameters, use "on" or "off",
601     e.g. ocs_numlk=on to turn on numberlock when booting.
602     * ocs_prerun, ocs_prerun1, ocs_prerun2... is for you to run a shell script
603     before Clonezilla is started. E.g. ocs_prerun="/live/image/myscript.sh". If
604     you have more commands to run, you can assign them in the order:
605     ocs_prerun=..., ocs_prerun1=..., ocs_prerun2=.... If more than 10
606     parameters, remember to use ocs_prerun01, ocs_prerun02..., ocs_prerun11
607     to make it in order.
608     * ocs_live_run_tty. This option allows you to specify the tty where
609     $ocs_live_run is run. By default $ocs_live_run is run on /dev/tty1
610     only. (It was also on /dev/ttyS0 before, but since Clonezilla live >=
611     1.2.3-22 no more this due to a problem). If you want to use ttyS0, for
612     example, add live-getty and console=ttyS0,38400n81 in the boot parameter.
613     * Besides, "live-netdev" (yes, not ocs_live_netdev) can be used when
614     using PXE booting, you can force to assign the network device to get
615     filesystem.squashfs. This is useful when there are two or more NICs are
616     linked. E.g. live-netdev="eth1" allows you to force the live-initramfs
617     to use eth1 to fetch the root file system filesystem.squashfs.
618    
619     With the above options, we have the following examples:
620    
621     * A PXE config example for you to boot Clonezilla live via PXE, and ssh
622     service is on, the password of account "user" is assigned:
623     ----------------------------------------
624     label Clonezilla Live
625     MENU LABEL Clonezilla Live
626     MENU DEFAULT
627     kernel vmlinuz1
628     append initrd=initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs noswap noprompt vga=788
629     fetch=tftp://192.168.120.254/filesystem.squashfs usercrypted=bkuQxLqLRuDW6
630     ocs_numlk="on" ocs_daemonon="ssh"
631     ----------------------------------------
632     The usercrypted password is created by:
633     echo YOUR_PASSWORD | mkpasswd -s
634     ("mkpasswd" is from package "whois" in Debian or Ubuntu. Check your
635     GNU/Linux to see which package provides this command if you are not using
636     Debian or Ubuntu. Replace YOUR_PASSWORD with your plain text password,
637     and remember do not put any " in the boot parameters of live-initramfs
638     (while it's ok for those ocs_* boot parameters), i.e. do NOT use something
639     like usercrypted="bkuQxLqLRuDW6").
640     //NOTE// If you do not assign salt to mkpasswd, the encrypted password
641     will not be the same every time you create it.
642     For more about usercrypted discussion, please check the here.
643    
644     * How to put your own binary driver in Clonezilla live without modifying
645     /live/filesystem.squashfs:
646    
647     * Boot clonezilla live
648     * Become root by running "sudo su -"
649     * Copy the dir lsi, which contains a precompiled kernel module matching
650     the running kernel in Clonezilla live and a script to run it, to a working
651     dir, e.g.:
652     cp -r /live/image/lsi /home/partimag
653     * cd /home/partimag
654     * /opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-live-dev -c -s -i lsi -u lsi -x
655     "ocs_prerun=/live/image/lsi/prep-lsi.sh"
656     * /opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-iso -s -i lsi -u lsi -x
657     "ocs_prerun=/live/image/lsi/prep-lsi.sh"
658     * ///NOTE/// In this example, the 2 files in dir lsi are: megasr.ko (the
659     binary driver) and prep-lsi.sh. The contents of prep-lsi.sh:
660    
661     ------------------------
662     #!/bin/bash
663     cp -f /live/image/lsi/megasr.ko /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/block/
664     chown root.root /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/block/megasr.ko
665     depmod -a modprobe megasr
666     sleep 1
667     ------------------------
668     * To put your customized script with a PXE version of Clonezilla live
669     (You have to use Clonezilla live version 1.2.2-2 or later):
670     In this example, we assume (1) The IP address of your PXE server is
671     192.168.120.254, (2) the customized script (custom-ocs-2) is put on
672     your PXE server's tftpd root dir (E.g. On DRBL server, the path is
673     /tftpboot/nbi_img/. It might be different in your case if you are not use
674     DRBL server as a PXE server).
675     Therefor your pxelinux.cfg/default file is like:
676     ------------------------
677     label Clonezilla Live
678     MENU DEFAULT
679     # MENU HIDE
680     MENU LABEL Clonezilla Live
681     # MENU PASSWD
682     kernel vmlinuz1
683     append initrd=initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs noswap noprompt vga=788
684     ip=frommedia fetch=tftp://192.168.120.254/filesystem.squashfs
685     ocs_prerun="busybox tftp -g -b 10240 -r custom-ocs-2 -l
686     /tmp/custom-ocs-2 192.168.120.254" ocs_live_run="bash /tmp/custom-ocs-2"
687     ocs_live_keymap="NONE" ocs_live_batch="no" ocs_lang="en_US.UTF-8" nolocales
688     TEXT HELP
689     Boot Clonezilla live via network
690     ENDTEXT
691     ------------------------
692     The content of custom-ocs-2 can be like:
693    
694     ------------------------
695     #!/bin/bash
696     . /opt/drbl/sbin/drbl-conf-functions
697     . /opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-functions
698     . /etc/ocs/ocs-live.conf
699    
700     # Load language file
701     ask_and_load_lang_set en_US.UTF-8
702    
703     # 1. Mount the clonezilla image home.
704     # Types: local_dev, ssh_server, samba_server, nfs_server
705     prep-ocsroot -t nfs_server
706    
707     # 2. Restore the image
708     if mountpoint /home/partimag/ &>/dev/null; then
709     ocs-sr -l en_US.UTF-8 -c -p choose restoredisk ask_user ask_user
710     else
711     [ "$BOOTUP" = "color" ] & $SETCOLOR_FAILURE
712     echo "Fail to find the Clonezilla image home /home/partimag!"
713     echo "Program terminated!"
714     [ "$BOOTUP" = "color" ] & $SETCOLOR_NORMAL
715     fi
716     ------------------------
717     live-initramfs manual
718     ---------------------
719     This is the manual of live-initramfs {{
720     http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/live-initramfs-param.php }}
721    
722     live-initramfs(7)
723     =================
724    
725     Name
726     ----
727     live-initramfs - Debian Live initramfs hook
728    
729     Synopsis
730     --------
731     BOOT=live
732    
733     as kernel parameter at boot prompt.
734    
735     Description
736     -----------
737    
738     live-initramfs is a hook for the initramfs-tools, used to generate
739     a initramfs
740     capable to boot live systems, such as those created by *live-helper*(7).
741     This includes the Debian Live isos, netboot tarballs, and usb stick images.
742    
743     At boot time it will look for a (read-only) media containing a "/live"
744     directory where a root filesystems (often a compressed filesystem image like
745     squashfs) is stored. If found, it will create a writable environment, using
746     aufs, for Debian like systems to boot from.
747    
748     You probably do not want to install this package onto a non-live system,
749     although it will do no harm.
750    
751     live-initramfs is a fork of link:http://packages.ubuntu.com/casper/[casper].
752     casper was originally written by Tollef Fog Heen <tfheen@canonical.com>
753     and Matt Zimmerman <mdz@canonical.com>.
754    
755     Boot options
756     ------------
757    
758     Here is the complete list of recognized boot parameters by live-initramfs.
759    
760     access=*ACCESS*::
761    
762     Set the accessibility level for physically or visually impared users. ACCESS
763     must be one of v1, v2, v3, m1, or m2. v1=lesser visual impairment,
764     v2=moderate
765     visual impairment, v3=blindness, m1=minor motor difficulties, m2=moderate
766     motor
767     difficulties.
768    
769     console=*TTY,SPEED*::
770    
771     Set the default console to be used with the "live-getty" option. Example:
772     "console=ttyS0,115200"
773    
774     debug::
775    
776     Makes initramfs boot process more verbose.
777    
778     fetch=*URL*::
779    
780     Another form of netboot by downloading a squashfs image from a given url,
781     copying to ram and booting it.
782    
783     hostname=*HOSTNAME*, username=*USER*, userfullname=*USERFULLNAME*::
784    
785     Those parameters lets you override values read from the config file.
786    
787     ignore_uuid
788    
789     Do not check that any UUID embedded in the initramfs matches the discovered
790     medium. live-initramfs may be told to generate a UUID by setting
791     LIVE_GENERATE_UUID=1 when building the initramfs.
792    
793     integrity-check::
794    
795     If specified, an MD5 sum is calculated on the live media during boot and
796     compared to the value found in md5sum.txt found in the root directory of the
797     live media.
798    
799     ip=**[CLIENT_IP]:[SERVER_IP]:[GATEWAY_IP]:[NETMASK]:[HOSTNAME]:[DEVICE]:[AUTOCONF]
800     [,[CLIENT_IP]:[SERVER_IP]:[GATEWAY_IP]:[NETMASK]:[HOSTNAME]:[DEVICE]:[AUTOCONF]]***::
801    
802     Let you specify the name(s) and the options of the interface(s) that
803     should be
804     configured at boot time. Do not specify this if you want to use dhcp
805     (default).
806     It will be changed in a future release to mimick official kernel boot param
807     specification
808     (e.g. ip=10.0.0.1::10.0.0.254:255.255.255.0::eth0,:::::eth1:dhcp).
809    
810     ip[=**frommedia**]::
811    
812     If this variable is set, dhcp and static configuration are just skipped
813     and the
814     system will use the (must be) media-preconfigured /etc/network/interfaces
815     instead.
816    
817     {keyb|kbd-chooser/method}=**KEYBOARD**,
818     {klayout|console-setup/layoutcode}=**LAYOUT**,
819     {kvariant|console-setup/variantcode}=**VARIANT**,
820     {kmodel|console-setup/modelcode}=**CODE**, koptions=**OPTIONS**::
821    
822     Configure the running keyboard as specified, if this one misses
823     live-initramfs
824     behaves as if "keyb=us" was specified. It will be interfered from
825     "locale=" if
826     locale is only 2 lowecase letters as a special case. You could also specify
827     console layout, variant, code, and options (no defaults).
828    
829     live-getty::
830    
831     This changes the auto-login on virtual terminals to use the (experimental)
832     live-getty code. With this option set the standard kernel argument
833     "console=" is
834     parsed and if a serial console is specified then live-getty is used to
835     autologin
836     on the serial console.
837    
838     {live-media|bootfrom}=**DEVICE**::
839    
840     If you specify one of this two equivalent forms, live-initramfs will
841     first try
842     to find this device for the "/live" directory where the read-only root
843     filesystem should reside. If it did not find something usable, the
844     normal scan
845     for block devices is performed.
846    
847     {live-media-encryption|encryption}=**TYPE**::
848    
849     live-initramfs will mount the encrypted rootfs TYPE, asking the passphrase,
850     useful to build paranoid live systems :-). TYPE supported so far are
851     "aes" for
852     loop-aes encryption type.
853    
854     live-media-offset=**BYTES**::
855    
856     This way you could tell live-initramfs that your image starts at offset
857     BYTES in
858     the above specified or autodiscovered device, this could be useful to
859     hide the
860     Debian Live iso or image inside another iso or image, to create "clean"
861     images.
862    
863     live-media-path=**PATH**::
864    
865     Sets the path to the live filesystem on the medium. By default, it is set to
866     '/live' and you should not change that unless you have customized your media
867     accordingly.
868    
869     live-media-timeout=**SECONDS**::
870    
871     Set the timeout in seconds for the device specified by "live-media="
872     to become
873     ready before giving up.
874    
875     {locale|debian-installer/locale}=**LOCALE**::
876    
877     Configure the running locale as specified, if not present the live-media
878     rootfs
879     configured locale will be used and if also this one misses live-initramfs
880     behave
881     as "locale=en_US.UTF-8" was specified. If only 2 lowercase letter are
882     specified
883     (like "it"), the "maybe wanted" locale is generated (like en:EN.UTF-8),
884     in this
885     case if also "keyb=" is unspecified is set with those 2 lowercase letters
886     (keyb=us). Beside that facility, only UTF8 locales are supported by
887     live-initramfs.
888    
889     module=**NAME**::
890    
891     Instead of using the default optional file "filesystem.module" (see below)
892     another file could be specified without the extension ".module"; it should be
893     placed on "/live" directory of the live medium.
894    
895     netboot[=**nfs**|**cifs**]::
896    
897     This tells live-initramfs to perform a network mount. The parameter
898     "nfsroot="
899     (with optional "nfsopts="), should specify where is the location of the root
900     filesystem. With no args, will try cifs first, and if it fails nfs.
901    
902     nfsopts=::
903    
904     This lets you specify custom nfs options.
905    
906     noautologin::
907    
908     This parameter disables the automatic terminal login only, not touching
909     gdk/kdm.
910    
911     noxautologin::
912    
913     This parameter disables the automatic login of gdm/kdm only, not touching
914     terminals.
915    
916     nofastboot::
917    
918     This parameter disables the default disabling of filesystem checks in
919     /etc/fstab. If you have static filesystems on your harddisk and you want
920     them to
921     be checked at boot time, use this parameter, otherwise they are skipped.
922    
923     nopersistent::
924    
925     disables the "persistent" feature, useful if the bootloader (like syslinux)
926     has
927     been installed with persistent enabled.
928    
929     noprompt
930    
931     Do not prompt to eject the CD on reboot.
932    
933     nosudo::
934    
935     This parameter disables the automatic configuration of sudo.
936    
937     swapon::
938    
939     This parameter enables usage of local swap partitions.
940    
941     nouser::
942    
943     This parameter disables the creation of the default user completely.
944    
945     noxautoconfig::
946    
947     This parameter disables Xorg auto-reconfiguration at boot time. This
948     is valuable
949     if you either do the detection on your own, or, if you want to ship a custom,
950     premade xorg.conf in your live system.
951    
952     persistent[=nofiles]::
953    
954     live-initramfs will look for persistent and snapshot partitions or files
955     labeled
956     "live-rw", "home-rw", and files called "live-sn*", "home-sn*" and will
957     try to,
958     in order: mount as /cow the first, mount the second in /home, and just
959     copy the
960     contents of the latter in appropriate locations (snapshots). Snapshots
961     will be
962     tried to be updated on reboot/shutdown. Look at live-snapshot(1) for more
963     informations. If "nofiles" is specified, only filesystems with matching
964     labels
965     will be searched; no filesystems will be traversed looking for archives
966     or image
967     files. This results in shorter boot times.
968    
969     {preseed/file|file}=**FILE**::
970    
971     A path to a file present on the rootfs could be used to preseed debconf
972     database.
973    
974     package/question=**VALUE**::
975    
976     All debian installed packages could be preseeded from command-line that way,
977     beware of blanks spaces, they will interfere with parsing, use a preseed
978     file in
979     this case.
980    
981     quickreboot::
982    
983     This option causes live-initramfs to reboot without attempting to eject the
984     media and without asking the user to remove the boot media.
985    
986     showmounts::
987    
988     This parameter will make live-initramfs to show on "/" the ro filesystems
989     (mostly compressed) on "/live". This is not enabled by default because could
990     lead to problems by applications like "mono" which store binary paths on
991     installation.
992    
993     textonly
994    
995     Start up to text-mode shell prompts, disabling the graphical user interface.
996    
997     timezone=**TIMEZONE**::
998    
999     By default, timezone is set to UTC. Using the timezone parameter, you can
1000     set it
1001     to your local zone, e.g. Europe/Zurich.
1002    
1003     todisk=**DEVICE**::
1004    
1005     Adding this parameter, live-initramfs will try to copy the entire read-only
1006     media to the specified device before mounting the root filesystem. It
1007     probably
1008     needs a lot of free space. Subsequent boots should then skip this step
1009     and just
1010     specify the "live-media=DEVICE" boot parameter with the same DEVICE used this
1011     time.
1012    
1013     toram::
1014    
1015     Adding this parameter, live-initramfs will try to copy the whole read-only
1016     media
1017     to the computer's RAM before mounting the root filesystem. This could need
1018     a lot
1019     of ram, according to the space used by the read-only media.
1020    
1021     union=**aufs**|**unionfs**::
1022    
1023     By default, live-initramfs uses aufs. With this parameter, you can switch to
1024     unionfs.
1025    
1026     utc=**yes**|**no**::
1027    
1028     By default, Debian systems do assume that the hardware clock is set to
1029     UTC. You
1030     can change or explicitly set it with this parameter.
1031    
1032     xdebconf::
1033    
1034     Uses xdebconfigurator, if present on the rootfs, to configure X instead
1035     of the
1036     standard procedure (experimental).
1037    
1038     xvideomode=**RESOLUTION**::
1039    
1040     Doesn't do xorg autodetection, but enforces a given resolution.
1041    
1042     Files
1043     -----
1044    
1045     /etc/live.conf
1046    
1047     Some variables can be configured via this config file (inside the live
1048     system).
1049    
1050     /live/filesystem.module
1051    
1052     This optional file (inside the live media) contains a list of white-space or
1053     carriage-return-separated file names corresponding to disk images in the
1054     "/live"
1055     directory. If this file exists, only images listed here will be merged
1056     into the
1057     root aufs, and they will be loaded in the order listed here. The first entry
1058     in this file will be the "lowest" point in the aufs, and the last file in
1059     this list will be on the "top" of the aufs, directly below /cow. Without
1060     this file, any images in the "/live" directory are loaded in alphanumeric
1061     order.
1062    
1063     /etc/live-persistence.binds
1064    
1065     This optional file (which resides in the rootfs system, not in the live
1066     media)
1067     is used as a list of directories which not need be persistent: ie. their
1068     content does not need to survive reboots when using the persistence features.
1069    
1070     This saves expensive writes and speeds up operations on volatile data such as
1071     web caches and temporary files (like e.g. /tmp and .mozilla) which are
1072     regenerated each time. This is achieved by bind mounting each listed
1073     directory
1074     with a tmpfs on the original path.
1075    
1076     See also
1077     --------
1078    
1079     live-snapshot(1), initramfs-tools(8), live-helper(7), live-initscripts(7),
1080     live-webhelper(7)
1081    
1082     Bugs
1083     ----
1084    
1085     Report bugs against live-initramfs
1086     link:http://packages.qa.debian.org/live-initramfs[http://packages.qa.debian.org/live-initramfs].
1087    
1088     Homepage
1089     --------
1090    
1091     More information about the Debian Live project can be found at
1092     link:http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/[http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/]
1093     and
1094     link:http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/[http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/].
1095    
1096     Authors
1097     -------
1098    
1099     live-initramfs is maintained by Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org>
1100     for the Debian project.
1101    
1102     live-initramfs is a fork of link:http://packages.ubuntu.com/casper/[casper].
1103     casper was originally written by Tollef Fog Heen <tfheen@canonical.com>
1104     and Matt Zimmerman <mdz@canonical.com>.
1105    
1106    
1107    
1108    
1109     About Clonezilla Live
1110     ==============================================================================
1111    
1112     Intro
1113     ****************************************
1114     The DRBL-based PXEBoot Clonezilla is used to clone many computers
1115     simultaneously. It is an extremely useful tool, however, it does have several
1116     limitations. In order to use it, you must first prepare a DRBL server AND
1117     the machine to be cloned must boot from a network (e.g. PXE/Etherboot).
1118    
1119     To address these limitations, the Free Software Lab at the NCHC has combined
1120     Debian Live {{ http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/ }} with Clonezilla
1121     to produce "Clonezilla Live", a new software that can be used to easily
1122     clone individual machines.
1123    
1124     Clonezilla Live provides two modes of operation:
1125    
1126     * device-image
1127     In this mode of operation, a disk/partition can be saved to an
1128     image file. This image file can be used to restore the original
1129     disk/partition. With Clonezilla-SysRescCD, it can also be used to create an
1130     automated restore CD/DVD. This is the mode of operation we will discuss here.
1131    
1132     * device-device (cloning)
1133     This mode of operation creates an exact copy of the original disk/partition
1134     on the fly.
1135    
1136     When working in device-image mode, you will always have to specify three
1137     things:
1138    
1139     * The location of the image file
1140     * The working parameters for the operation
1141     * The disk/partition that will be saved/restored
1142    
1143     Clonezilla Live provides a user friendly interface in order to insert
1144     this data.
1145    
1146     When Clonezilla Live is booted up, either normally or copied to RAM, the
1147     contents of the whole CD/DVD can be found in folder /live/image. This
1148     is where you will find any extra files, such as the restorecd and the
1149     doc folders.
1150    
1151     Starting and stopping Clonezilla Live
1152     ****************************************
1153     When you boot into Clonezilla Live, the program (actually a script) starts
1154     automatically. There are many places where you can stop it, by selecting
1155     Cancel or answering N(o) to a question. When you do that you will probably
1156     get the following:
1157     Now you can choose to:
1158     (0) Poweroff
1159     (1) Reboot
1160     (2) Enter command line prompt
1161     (3) Start over
1162     [2]
1163    
1164     Select Poweroff or Reboot, only if you haven't already mounted a disk
1165     partition. I found out by experience, it is not always safe to let any live
1166     CD automatically unmount my partitions. So if you have already specified
1167     the image partition and/or the partition to save/restore, you should enter
1168     command line prompt and type:
1169     sudo su -
1170     mount | grep /dev/[sh]d
1171     and then unmount the partitions shown by the last command. So if the
1172     results of this command is for example:
1173     /dev/hda1 on /home/partimag type vfat (rw)
1174     just type the command:
1175     umount /dev/hda1
1176     and it's now safe to Poweroff of Reboot.
1177    
1178     If, on the other hand, you just want to restart the program, type:
1179     ocs-live
1180    
1181     About the Image file
1182     ****************************************
1183     One thing should be made clear about the image file: it is not a file,
1184     it is a folder, containing the actual image file and some data about the
1185     disk/partition it is associated with. So when you insert the image file name,
1186     you actually insert the folder name where the image will be saved/restored.
1187    
1188     Before you are able to insert the image file name, a list of partitions
1189     will be presented to you, so that you can choose where it should be
1190     saved/found. When you select one of them, it will be mounted under
1191     /home/partimag.
1192    
1193     This folder is very important for Clonezilla Live; the image file must be
1194     located under this directory, which means that the image file must be on
1195     the root directory of the mounted partition. So you can not, for example,
1196     create a folder called all_my_images and move all your image files in there;
1197     Clonezilla Live will not be able to find them!!!
1198    
1199     Another thing that should be pointed out is that only unmounted partitions
1200     will be included in the above list. This means that if you have stopped
1201     the program at some point after specifying the partition where the image
1202     file resides, and it has been mounted, it will not be present in the list
1203     the next time it is presented to you, and you will not be able to use it.
1204    
1205     There are two things you can do in this case; either unmount the partition,
1206     as stated above, or select
1207     skip Use existing /home/partimag
1208    
1209     instead of any other option, when you restart the program. The later of
1210     course means that you still want to use the previously specified partition
1211     as the image file location.
1212    
1213     Fianlly I should say that Clonezilla Live is able to use a remote
1214     disk/partition as the location of the image file, mounted through ssh,
1215     samba or nfs. Using any of these options is a more advanced topic, way
1216     beyond the scope of this presentation.
1217    
1218     Scripts' options
1219     ****************************************
1220     This section presents the options which are available at the "Clonezilla
1221     advanced extra parameters" screens, if the "Expert" mode is selected. For
1222     other options, see Getting backups and Restoring data.
1223    
1224     Backup options
1225     ---------------------
1226     > Imaging program priority
1227    
1228     -q2 Priority: partclone > partimage > dd
1229     -q1 Priority: Only dd (supports all filesystem, but inefficient)
1230     -q Priority: ntfsclone > partimage > dd
1231     Priority: partimage > dd (no ntfsclone)
1232    
1233     This option chooses which imaging programs are preferred. By default,
1234     Clonezilla Live uses partclone for nearly all filesystems, including
1235     ext2/3/4, NTFS and FAT32. If a filesystem isn't supported by partclone,
1236     but is supported by partimage (spesifically: if the filesystem is HFS,
1237     HPFS or JFS), it is cloned by partimage. If it isn't supported by either
1238     (for example Linux swap, though it doesn't make any sense to clone swap
1239     partitions), it is cloned by dd. Unlike partclone or partimage, dd copies
1240     all blocks of the partition instead of only used, resulting in slower
1241     imaging process and bigger images.
1242    
1243     Normally the default option -q2 should be preferred. Try another option
1244     if you have problems and believe they are caused by the imaging program used.
1245    
1246     > Various parameters
1247    
1248     These options are available at the second "Clonezilla advanced extra
1249     parameters" screen.
1250     -c Client waits for confirmation before cloning
1251     This option causes Clonezilla Live to ask if you really want to clone the
1252     disk/partition just before it starts cloning. It is enabled by default.
1253    
1254     -j2 Clone the hidden data between MBR and 1st partition
1255     If this option is set, the 15 hidden sectors between Master Boot Record
1256     and the first partition are copied. This area usually contains some data
1257     necessary for booting. The option is enabled by default and should be kept
1258     enabled if you are cloning a bootable disk.
1259    
1260     -nogui Use text output only, no TUI/GUI output
1261     Causes Clonezilla Live to force the used programs to use only command-line
1262     interface even if text-based or graphical user interface is available.
1263    
1264     -a Do NOT force to turn on HD DMA
1265     Prevents Clonezilla Live from using DMA for communicating with hard
1266     drives. Slows cloning down but in some conditions cloning without this
1267     option can be impossible.
1268    
1269     -rm-win-swap-hib Remove page and hibernation files in Win if exists
1270     This option prevents Clonezilla Live from cloning your page file if you
1271     are cloning a partition containing Windows. Often the page file is big
1272     and unneeded, and skipping it may speed cloning up without causing any
1273     harm. Mind you, this option is disabled by default because sometimes the
1274     page file may be necessary.
1275    
1276     -ntfs-ok Skip checking NTFS integrity, even bad sectors (ntfsclone only)
1277     This option works only if you selected the -q option and you're cloning
1278     a NTFS partition. It prevents the integrity check of NTFS partitions and
1279     speeds the cloning process up a little. However, if the check is disabled,
1280     there is a risk that the filesystem is damaged and the image created from
1281     it is useless.
1282    
1283     -gm Generate image MD5 checksums
1284     Causes Clonezilla Live to calculate MD5 checksum(s) of image(s) created. If
1285     the image cets corrupted afterwards, the checksum allows to notice the
1286     corruption before the image is restored. Mind you, calculating the checksum
1287     takes some time and slows the process down a little.
1288    
1289     -gs Generate image SHA1 checksums
1290     This option is identical to the above, but creates SHA1 checksum(s) instead
1291     of MD5. SHA1 is considered to be more accurate checksum algorithm than MD5,
1292     but MD5 is more popular.
1293    
1294     > Compression method
1295    
1296     -z1 gzip compression (fast with a smaller image)
1297     -z2 bzip2 compression (slowest but smallest image)
1298     -z3 lzo compression (faster with image size approx. to that of
1299     gzip)(NOTE!!)
1300     -z4 lzma compression (slowest but also small image, faster
1301     decompression than bzip2)
1302     -z0 No compression (fastest but largest image size)
1303    
1304     This option chooses the method which is used to compress the image while
1305     creating it.
1306    
1307     If no compression is used at all, there won't be any negative speed impact
1308     caused by compression. However, the image file size is the size of all the
1309     data backed up - for example, if you clone a 160 GB hard drive containing
1310     60 gigabytes of data, the resulting disk image will be 60 gigabytes in size.
1311    
1312     Gzip and lzop are fast compression methods. Lzop is many times faster than
1313     gzip, but creates slightly larger images. Clonezilla Live warns that lzop
1314     requires good-quality RAM, but I (the contributor who wrote this chapter)
1315     think other compression methods require good RAM too.
1316    
1317     Bzip2 and lzma are powerful compression methods. Lzma creates a little
1318     smaller images than bzip2, and decompressing lzma-compressed images is faster
1319     than decompressing bzip2 images. But there is no free lunch: lzma compression
1320     method is very slow compared even to bzip2, which isn't fast method either.
1321    
1322     > Splitting
1323    
1324     This option (command line: -i [number]) decides if the created image files
1325     are splitted into smaller pieces, and if yes, how large the pieces are. This
1326     setting doesn't usually matter, but some filesystems (most importantly
1327     FAT32) don't allow files larger than four gigabytes. If you're saving the
1328     disk image to a FAT32 partition, enter 4000 or less. (Value 0 disables
1329     splitting, so don't use it in that case.) If the filesystem allows files
1330     big enough, enter any value which isn't too small (you don't want to split
1331     the image into too many pieces, do you?)
1332    
1333     > Postaction
1334    
1335     -p true Do nothing when the clone finishes
1336     -p reboot Reboot client when the clone finishes
1337     -p poweroff Shutdown client when the clone finishes
1338    
1339     In this screen you can decide what Clonezilla Live does when the
1340     disk/partition is cloned.
1341    
1342     Spiros told above that he has found out that it's not always safe to allow
1343     Live CDs automatically unmount partitions, and I have lost data when trying
1344     auto-unmount with a script. So, avoid -p reboot and -p poweroff options
1345     if possible. You have been warned.
1346    
1347     Restore options (script ocs-sr)
1348     ---------------------
1349     > Various parameters
1350    
1351     These options are available at the first "Clonezilla advanced extra
1352     parameters" screen.
1353     -g auto Reinstall grub in client disk MBR (only if grub config exists)
1354     Causes Clonezilla Live to reinstall GRUB into the Master Boot Record
1355     of the disk if at least one partition contains GRUB config file
1356     (/boot/grub/menu.lst). The option is enabled by default and shouldn't
1357     cause any harm. However, it should be disabled if you for example have
1358     another bootloader in MBR and chainload GRUB with it.
1359    
1360     -e1 auto Automatically adjust filesystem geometry for a NTFS boot partition
1361     if exists
1362     The NTLDR bootloader used by Windows isn't able to determine automatically
1363     where the files it needs are stored. It only knows their physical locations,
1364     which sometimes change when the disk or partition is copied. If the locations
1365     are changed and this option is selected, the location information of the
1366     files is changed accordingly. This option is enabled by default and if
1367     it's disabled, the cloned Windows will fail to boot.
1368    
1369     -e2 sfdisk uses CHS of hard drive from EDD(for non-grub boot loader)
1370     This option requires that the -e1 auto option is selected. It causes
1371     Clonezilla Live to use disk read interface named EDD for determining the
1372     physical locations of the files when updating the location information
1373     used by NTLDR. The option is enabled by default because it reduces the
1374     risk that Windows doesn't boot.
1375    
1376     -hn0 PC Change MS Win hostname (based on IP address) after clone
1377     If this option is selected and a partition containing Microsoft Windows is
1378     cloned, its IP address -based hostname is changed after cloning. Computers
1379     which are on any network simultaneously need to have different hostnames,
1380     so this option is needed if a Windows system is cloned to another computer
1381     and the original computer is still used in addition to the one where the
1382     image was restored to.
1383    
1384     -hn1 PC Change MS Win hostname (based on MAC address) after clone
1385     This option causes the MAC address -based hostname of Windows to change. This
1386     option needs also be enabled in the above condition.
1387    
1388     -v Prints verbose messages (especially for udpcast)
1389     Causes Clonezilla Live to tell more information of what it does.
1390    
1391     -nogui Use text output only, no TUI/GUI output
1392     Causes Clonezilla Live to force the used programs to use only command-line
1393     interface even if text-based or graphical user interface is available.
1394    
1395     -b Run clone in batch mode (DANGEROUS!)
1396     Causes Clonezilla Live to run in batch mode. According to Clonezilla
1397     Live reference card, this option is dangerous, though I (the contributor)
1398     don't know why.
1399    
1400     -c Client waits for confirmation before cloning
1401     This option causes Clonezilla Live to ask if you really want to clone the
1402     disk/partition just before it starts cloning. It is enabled by default.
1403    
1404     -t Client does not restore the MBR (Mater Boot Record)
1405     Do NOT restore the MBR (Mater Boot Record) when restoring image. If this
1406     option is set, you must make sure there is an existing MBR in the current
1407     restored harddisk. Default is Yes.
1408    
1409     -t1 Client restores the prebuilt MBR from syslinux (For Windows only)
1410     If this option is set, the MBR is overwritten by prebuilt one which
1411     chainloads Windows. Use this option if you have to restore Windows and
1412     make it bootable, but don't have the original MBR or backup of it.
1413    
1414     -r Try to resize the filesystem to fit partition size
1415     This option is useful if you are cloning a small disk to larger one. It
1416     tries to resize the restored filesystem to the size of the partition where
1417     it was restored to. It allows you to use the whole size of your new disk
1418     without resizing the partition afterwards. The option requires that the
1419     disk where the image is copied already contains a partition where the
1420     image is restored or that the option -k1 is enabled.
1421    
1422     -e sfdisk uses the CHS value of hard drive from the saved image
1423     Force to use the saved CHS (cylinders, heads, sectors) when using sfdisk. Of
1424     cource, there is no use of it when using any of -j0, -k or -k2 options.
1425    
1426     -j1 Write MBR (512 B) again after image is restored. Not OK for partition
1427     table diffe
1428     When a disk image is restored, the partition table must be updated to
1429     reflect the actual partitions in the disk. If you don't want it to happen,
1430     enable this option. Then the Master Boot Record (including the partition
1431     table) is restored again after restoring the image. Note that using this
1432     option can destroy all the data in the target drive.
1433    
1434     -j2 Clone the hidden data between MBR and 1st partition
1435     If this option is set, the 15 hidden sectors between Master Boot Record
1436     and the first partition are restored. This area usually contains some data
1437     necessary for booting. The option is enabled by default and should be kept
1438     enabled if you are cloning a bootable disk.
1439    
1440     -cm Check image by MD5 checksums
1441     If the image folder contains MD5 checksum(s), this option causes Clonezilla
1442     Live to check if the image has corrupted by calculating its checksum and
1443     comparing it to the precalculated one. Mind you, calculating the checksum
1444     takes some time and slows the process down a little.
1445    
1446     -cs Check image by SHA1 checksums
1447     This option is identical to the above, but checks SHA1 checksum(s) instead
1448     of MD5.
1449    
1450     -a Do NOT force to turn on HD DMA
1451     Prevents Clonezilla Live from using DMA for communicating with hard
1452     drives. Slows cloning down but in some conditions cloning without this
1453     option can be impossible.
1454    
1455     -o0 Run script in $OCS_PRERUN_DIR before clone starts
1456     Run the scripts in the directory $OCS_PRERUN_DIR before clone is
1457     started. The location of the directory can be determined by editing the
1458     file drbl-ocs.conf. By default it is /opt/drbl/share/ocs/prerun.
1459    
1460     -o1 Run script in $OCS_POSTRUN_DIR as clone finishes
1461     Run the scripts in the directory $OCS_POSTRUN_DIR when clone is
1462     finished. The location of the directory can be determined by editing the
1463     file drbl-ocs.conf. By default it is /opt/drbl/share/ocs/postrun. The
1464     command will be run before that assigned in -p.
1465    
1466     The scripts will be executed by the program "run-parts". run-parts only
1467     accepts that the name of the scripts must consist entirely of upper and
1468     lower case letters, digits and underscores. So if your file name has an
1469     illegal character ".", run-parts won't run it. You can test which files
1470     will be executed by entering the command:
1471     run-parts --test /opt/drbl/share/ocs/postrun
1472    
1473     > Partition table
1474    
1475     This option decides what is done to the partition table of the target drive.
1476     Use the partition table from the image
1477     This option causes Clonezilla Live to copy the partition table from the
1478     image. Use this option if you are cloning a whole disk or somehow know that
1479     the partition tables are identical (for example, if you are restoring a
1480     partition to the same disk where it was copied from and haven't repartitioned
1481     the drive after creating the backup). This is the default option.
1482    
1483     -k Do NOT create a partition table on the target disk
1484     Do NOT create partition in target harddisk. If this option is set,
1485     you must make sure there is an existing partition table in the current
1486     restored harddisk.
1487    
1488     -k1 Create partition table proportionally (OK for MRB format, not GPT)
1489     Causes Clonezilla Live to create the partition table automatically using
1490     sfdisk after restoring the images. This option works nearly always, but
1491     sometimes cloned Windows don't boot. Note that this option doesn't work if
1492     you have GUID Partition Table on your disk. (Most likely you don't have one.)
1493    
1494     -k2 Enter command line prompt to create partition manually later
1495     Like the -k option, this option doesn't create the partition table
1496     automatically. However, after restoring the image you are led to command
1497     line prompt where you can create the partition table manually. Don't use
1498     this option if you don't know how the partition table can be created.
1499    
1500     -j0 Use dd to create partition (NOT OK if logical drives exist)
1501     Use dd to dump the partition table from saved image instead of sfdisk.
1502    
1503     We read in DRBL FAQ/Q&A {{
1504     http://drbl.sourceforge.net/faq/fine-print.php?path=./2_System/23_Missing_OS.faq#23_Missing_OS.faq
1505     }}:
1506    
1507     When I use clonezilla to clone M$ windows, there is no any problem
1508     when saving an image from template machine. However, after the image
1509     is restored to another machine, it fails to boot, the error message is
1510     "Missing Operating System". What's going on ?
1511    
1512     Usually this is because GNU/Linux and M$ windows interpret the CHS (cylinder,
1513     head, sector) value of harddrive differently. Some possible solutions:
1514     1. Maybe you can change the IDE harddrive setting in BIOS, try to use
1515     LBA instead of auto mode.
1516     2. Try to choose
1517     [ ] -j0 Use dd to create partition table instead of sfdisk
1518     and
1519     [ ] -t1 Client restores the prebuilt MBR from syslinux (For Windows only)
1520     when you restore the image.
1521     3. You can try to boot the machine with MS Windows 9x bootable floppy,
1522     and in the DOS command prompt, run: "fdisk /mbr".
1523     4. You can try to boot the machine with MS Windows XP installation
1524     CD, enter recovery mode (by pressing F10 key in MS XP, for example),
1525     then in the console, run "fixmbr" to fix it. Maybe another command
1526     "fixboot" will help, too. For more info, refer to this doc {{
1527     http://support.microsoft.com/?scid=kb%3Ben-us%3B314058&x=7&y=14 }}
1528     5. Use ntfsreloc to adjust FS geometry on NTFS partitions. For more info,
1529     refer to http://www.linux-ntfs.org/doku.php?id=contrib:ntfsreloc
1530    
1531     It has been confirmed that activating the -j0 option, fixes the problem.
1532    
1533     This option doesn't work if you use LVM (Logical Volume Manager).
1534    
1535     exit Exit
1536     This option ends the restore process and enters command line prompt.
1537    
1538     > Postaction
1539    
1540     -p true Do nothing when the clone finishes
1541     -p reboot Reboot client when the clone finishes
1542     -p poweroff Shutdown client when the clone finishes
1543    
1544     When image restoration finishes, do one of the following: choose action
1545     (default), poweroff or reboot.
1546    
1547     Saving image files in NTFS partitions
1548     ****************************************
1549     Although not recomended, you may find yourself having to save your image
1550     file in a NTFS (Windows XP) partition. You may never have a problem doing
1551     this, but you may get a message like the following one, when the partition
1552     gets mounted:
1553     Volume is scheduled for check
1554     Please boot into Windows TWICE, or use 'force' mount option"
1555     and the backup procedure fails. There are two things you can do here:
1556    
1557     * Exit the program, reboot and use Windows XP Recovery Console to fix the
1558     NTFS file system. From Recovery Console
1559     prompt, execute the command:
1560     chkdsk /f X:
1561    
1562     where X: is the drive letter of the disk. When done, boot back into
1563     Clonezilla Live and repeat the backup procedure.
1564    
1565     If the Windows version you use is not XP, boot into SystemRescueCD
1566     (graphical mode is not needed) and run the following command:
1567     ntfsfix /dev/hda1
1568    
1569     where /dev/hda1 is the partition name in GNU/Linux. When done, boot back
1570     into Clonezilla Live and repeat the backup procedure.
1571    
1572     If the disk/partition you are trying to backup is not the Windows System
1573     disk (usually C:), you can boot Windows, and execute the command in a DOS
1574     window. To open a DOS window click Start / Run... and at the prompt Open:
1575     type cmd.
1576    
1577     * If Windows XP Recovery Console is not available, you don't have the time
1578     to execute the procedure described above, or even if you have executed it
1579     but you still get the same message, and you are absolutely sure that you
1580     get this message because the NTFS partition is really scheduled for check,
1581     and it's not because Windows crushed or have become corrupt, you can mount
1582     the patririon by hand and tell Clonezilla Live to use it. Assuming the
1583     partition is /dev/hda1, exit the program and execute the commands:
1584     sudo su -
1585     ntfs-3g -o force /dev/hda1 /home/partimag
1586     ocs-live
1587    
1588     and when you get to the screen "Mount clonezilla image directory", select
1589     skip Use existing /home/partimag
1590    
1591    
1592    
1593    
1594     Getting backups
1595     ==============================================================================
1596    
1597     Intro
1598     ****************************************
1599     In this page I will demonstrate the creation of an image file by getting
1600     a backup of a virtual partition (/dev/hdb1). The image file will be saved
1601     in another virtual partition (/dev/hda1).
1602    
1603     The first thing you do when you want to get a backup of a disk/partition,
1604     is make sure both the souce (to be backed up) and target (to hold the
1605     image file) partitions are in excellent condition (error free). This is the
1606     logical thing to do, cause I wouldn't want to backup a corrupt partition,
1607     or end up with a corrupt image file.
1608    
1609     There is one more step I would want to take: I should check that my BIOS
1610     boot settings are correct, in order to boot from my CD/DVD drive.
1611    
1612     Having done all of the above, I am ready to boot from Clonezilla-SysRescCD.
1613    
1614     [[ info.png ]]
1615     The following pressentation has been made usingClonezilla Live v 1.2.3-27
1616    
1617     Getting the backup
1618     ****************************************
1619     Clonezilla-SysRescCD starting screen
1620     ---------------------
1621     If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are
1622     English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified
1623     and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select
1624     Clonezilla Live at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system
1625     comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup. After
1626     that continue from this step.
1627    
1628     If you need to change these settings, select one of the available Clonezilla
1629     Live menu entries, and press TAB. The current boot parameters will be
1630     displayed.
1631    
1632     The default parameters for booting Clonezilla Live on a 1024x768 screen,
1633     are the following:
1634    
1635     append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs
1636     ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""
1637     ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"
1638     ocs_lang="en_US.UTF-8" ocs_live_keymap="NONE" vga=791 nolocales
1639    
1640     By deleting the words in red, you instruct Clonezilla Live to ask you the
1641     values of these parameters. When the appropriate changes have been done
1642     (as shown bellow), just press ENTER to boot.
1643    
1644     append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs
1645     ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""
1646     ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"
1647     ocs_lang="" ocs_live_keymap="" vga=791 nolocales
1648    
1649     Screen "Choose Language"
1650     ---------------------
1651     [[ backup-00.png ]]
1652     I select "en_US.UTF-8 English" and press ENTER.
1653    
1654     Screen "Configuring console-data"
1655     ---------------------
1656     [[ backup-01.png ]]
1657     I select "Select keymap from full list" and press ENTER. If you're using
1658     US keymap, the default option "Don't touch keymap" is a better choice.
1659    
1660     Screen "Configuring console-data"
1661     ---------------------
1662     [[ backup-02.png ]]
1663     As I (the contributor who wrote a great deal of this page) use Finnish
1664     keyboard, I select "pc / qwerty / Finnish / Standard / Standard". Because
1665     you most likely use a different keyboard, choose the one you use.
1666    
1667     Screen "Start Clonezilla"
1668     ---------------------
1669     [[ backup-03.png ]]
1670     I select "Start Clonezilla" and press ENTER.
1671    
1672     Screen "Clonezilla"
1673     ---------------------
1674     [[ backup-04.png ]]
1675     I select "device-image" and press ENTER.
1676    
1677     Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory"
1678     ---------------------
1679     In this screen I can select the way the image file directory will be saved.
1680     Available options are local directory, remote directory through ssh,
1681     samba or nfs and skip, to use the previously used directory. More info
1682     about the image file can be found at section "About the Image file".
1683    
1684     [[ backup-05.png ]]
1685     I select "local_dev" and press ENTER.
1686    
1687     Next screen
1688     ---------------------
1689     This is where I choose the location of the image file. It will be saved
1690     at the root directory of the selected partition.
1691    
1692     [[ backup-06.png ]]
1693     I select partition hda1 and press ENTER.
1694    
1695     [[ backup-07.png ]]
1696     and then ENTER again.
1697    
1698     [[ backup-08.png ]]
1699     This screen displays the mounting result.
1700     As we can see, /dev/hda1 has been successfully mounted under /tmp/local-dev.
1701    
1702     Next Screen
1703     ---------------------
1704     [[ backup-09.png ]]
1705     I select Beginer mode to accept the default backup options. If you select
1706     Expert mode, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be
1707     found here.
1708    
1709     Screen "Select mode"
1710     ---------------------
1711     Here I can select the desired operation.
1712    
1713     [[ backup-10.png ]]
1714     I select "savedisk" and press ENTER.
1715    
1716     Next Screen
1717     ---------------------
1718     [[ backup-11.png ]]
1719     In this screen I select the image name.
1720     I type "Backup_5-2010_hdb", which in my opinion is more informative name
1721     than the default.
1722    
1723     Next Screen
1724     ---------------------
1725     [[ backup-12.png ]]
1726     Finally I am asked to select the partition to save.
1727     I just press ENTER again.
1728    
1729     Starting the backup
1730     ---------------------
1731     [[ backup-13.png ]]
1732     Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will
1733     ask me to press ENTER.
1734     Then I will be asked to confirm the operation by pressing y and ENTER.
1735    
1736     [[ backup-14.png ]]
1737     After that, the backup begins
1738    
1739     [[ backup-15.png ]]
1740     and when it's successfully completed, I will be able to reboot the system
1741     by pressing 1 and ENTER.
1742    
1743    
1744    
1745    
1746     Getting backups on Samba
1747     ==============================================================================
1748    
1749     Intro
1750     ****************************************
1751     What if you don't have a spare local disk or partition or a USB disk? How
1752     will you be able to get a backup of your system? Well, if your PC is on
1753     the same LAN with another PC running Windows (or linux), you can use Samba
1754     to save your image file on that remote PC (which we will call Samba server
1755     from now on).
1756    
1757     Using Samba you will be able to mount a Windows share resource (or
1758     Samba share resource), from within Clonezilla Live, and save the image
1759     file there. Then you can boot that PC using SystemRescueCD and create a
1760     restore DVD.
1761    
1762     In this page I will demonstrate the creation of an image file by getting a
1763     backup of my Windows partition (/dev/hda1). The image file will be save in
1764     my Samba server which is my laptop (ip: 10.0.0.2, Windows share resource
1765     name: data).
1766    
1767     What is Samba?
1768     ---------------------
1769     We read at http://us1.samba.org/samba/:
1770    
1771     Samba is an Open Source/Free Software suite that provides seamless file
1772     and print services to SMB/CIFS clients. Samba is freely available, unlike
1773     other SMB/CIFS implementations, and allows for interoperability between
1774     Linux/Unix servers and Windows-based clients.
1775    
1776     Samba is software that can be run on a platform other than Microsoft
1777     Windows, for example, UNIX, Linux, IBM System 390, OpenVMS, and other
1778     operating systems. Samba uses the TCP/IP protocol that is installed on the
1779     host server. When correctly configured, it allows that host to interact
1780     with a Microsoft Windows client or server as if it is a Windows file and
1781     print server.
1782    
1783     Gathering info
1784     ****************************************
1785     Before you can use this approach to get a backup, you have to get some
1786     info about the Samba server.
1787    
1788     The Samba server I have used for this example was my laptop, so I already
1789     knew most of the info required. If this is not the case for you, just ask
1790     the owner, user or system admin.
1791    
1792     The info required is:
1793    
1794     * The IP address of the Samba server
1795     * The domain on the Samba server
1796     This may exist if your PC is connected to a larger LAN (a corporation
1797     network, for example). In my case this is empty.
1798     * The user name and password you can use
1799     * The directory on the Samba server you can use to save your backup
1800     This is the name of the Windows share resource (Samba share resource)
1801     as it is known in the network, which is not necessarily the same as the
1802     local directory name. The user whose account will be used to login to the
1803     Samba server, must have write permission to this directory.
1804    
1805     Getting the backup
1806     ****************************************
1807     If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are
1808     English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified
1809     and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select
1810     Clonezilla Live at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system
1811     comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup.
1812    
1813     If you need to change these settings, go to the Getting backups page for
1814     instructions .
1815    
1816     Screen "Start Clonezilla"
1817     ---------------------
1818     I select "Start Clonezilla" and press ENTER.
1819    
1820     Screen "Clonezilla"
1821     ---------------------
1822     I select "device-image" and press ENTER.
1823    
1824     Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory" [^
1825     ---------------------
1826     In this screen I can select the way the image file directory will be saved.
1827     Available options are local directory, remote directory through ssh,
1828     samba or nfs and skip, to use the previously used directory. More info
1829     about the image file can be found at section "About the Image file".
1830    
1831     I select "samba server" and press ENTER.
1832    
1833     Screen "Mount Samba Server"
1834     ---------------------
1835     This is where I have to enter the IP address of my Samba server. I type
1836     "10.0.0.2" and press ENTER.
1837    
1838     Screen "Mount Samba Server" (second time)
1839     ---------------------
1840     This is where I have to enter the account (user) name on my Samba server. I
1841     type "spiros" and press ENTER.
1842    
1843     Screen "Mount Samba Server" (third time)
1844     ---------------------
1845     This is where I have to enter the domain name on my Samba server. I select
1846     "Cancel" and press ENTER, as there is no domain in my LAN. If there
1847     is a domain in your network, you have to type its name (something like
1848     my_company.com) and press ENTER.
1849    
1850     Screen "Mount Samba Server" (fourth time)
1851     ---------------------
1852     This is where I have to enter the directory name on my Samba server,
1853     in which the image file will be saved. I type "/data" and press ENTER.
1854    
1855     At this point I will be asked for the password for user spiros. I will be
1856     able to continue only after entering it correctly.
1857    
1858     Screen "Clonezilla - Opensource Clone System (OCS)"
1859     ---------------------
1860     I select Beginner mode to accept the default backup options. If you select
1861     Expert mode, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be
1862     found here.
1863    
1864     Screen "Clonezilla: Select mode"
1865     ---------------------
1866     Here I can select the desired operation. Available options are:
1867    
1868     savedisk
1869     Save entire disk to image
1870    
1871     restoredisk
1872     Restore entire disk from image
1873    
1874     saveparts
1875     Save partition to image
1876    
1877     restoreparts
1878     Restore partition from image
1879    
1880     recovery-iso-zip
1881     Create an automated restore CD/DVD/USB drive
1882    
1883     I select "saveparts" and press ENTER.
1884    
1885     Screen "Clonezilla - Opensource Clone System (OCS) | Mode: saveparts"
1886     ---------------------
1887     This is the name of the image file. You can insert anything you like,
1888     as long as it makes sence to you, so that you can distinguish the image
1889     file afterwards.
1890    
1891     I insert "win_img" and press ENTER.
1892    
1893     Next screen
1894     ---------------------
1895     Here I can select the partition that will be backed up. I select "( )
1896     hda1 ntfs" by pressing SPACE and press ENTER, and ENTER again.
1897    
1898     Then a message is displayed asking for confirmation in order to continue. I
1899     just press y, and the backup procedure begins.
1900    
1901     Rebooting the system
1902     ****************************************
1903     When the backup is done, I get the following:
1904     (0) Poweroff
1905     (1) Reboot
1906     (2) Enter command line prompt
1907     (3) Start over
1908     [2]
1909     Then I press ENTER and get to the shell. I execute the commands:
1910     sudo su -
1911     cd
1912     umount -a
1913     reboot
1914    
1915    
1916    
1917    
1918     Restoring data
1919     ==============================================================================
1920    
1921     Intro
1922     ****************************************
1923     Image files are always created for one purpose: restoring the data they
1924     contain. Images can be, for example, a backup solution: as long as hardware
1925     works, the computer can be restored to the state it was when creating the
1926     image. Another usage scenario is changing the hard drive: files can be
1927     copy-pasted from the old drive to the new, but that method doesn't make
1928     the new drive bootable. Disk images do.
1929    
1930     This page contains a demonstration of the latter case. On the Getting backups
1931     page, a 500 MB virtual disk containing 160 megabytes of data was copied
1932     to a 2 GB virtual disk which was empty. Now the 500 MB disk is changed to
1933     an empty 2 GB disk (still virtual) and I'll restore the data to that disk.
1934    
1935     When creating a disk image, one needs to check that both the source and
1936     target partitions are error free. That's not required when the image is
1937     restored, because restoration process can't damage the disk image. Note,
1938     however, that restoring an image erases all the data in the target
1939     disk/partition.
1940    
1941     You also need to check the BIOS settings to be able to boot from
1942     Clonezilla-SysRescCD. Some BIOSes contain a boot menu, others require
1943     editing settings pernamently. Details can be found on the manual of the
1944     motherboard or laptop.
1945    
1946     Now let's boot.
1947    
1948     [[ important.png ]]
1949     Restore process erases all the data on the target disk/partition.Before
1950     restoring make sure you have backup of all the data on the target
1951     disk/partition, even if the filesystem is corrupted.
1952    
1953     [[ info.png ]]
1954     The following pressentation has been made usingClonezilla Live v 1.2.3-27
1955    
1956     Restoring data
1957     ****************************************
1958     Clonezilla-SysRescCD starting screen
1959     ---------------------
1960     If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are
1961     English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified
1962     and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select
1963     Clonezilla Live at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system
1964     comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup. After
1965     that continue from this step.
1966    
1967     If you need to change these settings, select one of the available Clonezilla
1968     Live menu entries, and press TAB. The current boot parameters will be
1969     displayed.
1970    
1971     The default parameters for booting Clonezilla Live on a 1024x768 screen,
1972     are the following:
1973    
1974     append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs
1975     ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""
1976     ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"
1977     ocs_lang="en_US.UTF-8" ocs_live_keymap="NONE" vga=791 nolocales
1978    
1979     By deleting the words in red, you instruct Clonezilla Live to ask you the
1980     values of these parameters. When the appropriate changes have been done
1981     (as shown bellow), just press ENTER to boot.
1982    
1983     append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs
1984     ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""
1985     ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"
1986     ocs_lang="" ocs_live_keymap="" vga=791 nolocales
1987    
1988     Screen "Choose Language"
1989     ---------------------
1990     [[ backup-00.png ]]
1991     This is where the language can be selected. I select "en_US.UTF-8 English"
1992     and press ENTER.
1993    
1994     Screen "Configuring console-data"
1995     ---------------------
1996     [[ backup-01.png ]]
1997     I select "Select keymap from full list" and press ENTER. If you're using
1998     US keymap, the default option "Don't touch keymap" is a better choice.
1999    
2000     Screen "Configuring console-data"
2001     ---------------------
2002     [[ backup-02.png ]]
2003     Because I haven't changed my keyboard, I select "pc / qwerty / Finnish /
2004     Standard / Standard". Because you most likely use a different keyboard,
2005     choose the one you use.
2006    
2007     Screen "Start Clonezilla"
2008     ---------------------
2009     [[ backup-03.png ]]
2010     I select "Start Clonezilla" and press ENTER.
2011    
2012     Screen "Clonezilla"
2013     ---------------------
2014     [[ backup-04.png ]]
2015     I select "device-image" and press ENTER.
2016    
2017     Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory"
2018     ---------------------
2019     In this screen I can select the way the image file directory has been saved.
2020     Available options are local directory, remote directory through ssh,
2021     samba or nfs and skip, to use the previously used directory. More info
2022     about the image file can be found at section "About the Image file".
2023    
2024     [[ backup-05.png ]]
2025     I select "local_dev" and press ENTER.
2026    
2027     Next screen
2028     ---------------------
2029     This is where I choose the location of the image file.
2030     [[ restoration-06.png ]]
2031     I select partition hda1 and press ENTER.
2032    
2033     [[ backup-07.png ]]
2034    
2035     [[ restoration-08.png ]]
2036     This screen displays the mounting result.
2037     As we can see, /dev/hda1 has been successfully mounted under /tmp/local-dev.
2038    
2039     Next Screen
2040     ---------------------
2041     [[ backup-09.png ]]
2042     I select Beginer mode to accept the default restore options. If you select
2043     Expert mode, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be
2044     found here.
2045    
2046     Screen "Select mode"
2047     ---------------------
2048     Here I can select the desired operation.
2049    
2050     [[ restoration-10.png ]]
2051     I select "restoredisk" and press ENTER.
2052    
2053     Next Screen
2054     ---------------------
2055     [[ restoration-11.png ]]
2056     In this screen I select the image folder. This partition contains only
2057     one image.
2058    
2059     Next Screen
2060     ---------------------
2061     [[ restoration-12.png ]]
2062     Finally I am asked to select which partition the image will be restored
2063     to. After double-checking the disk doesn't contain anything important,
2064     I press ENTER.
2065    
2066     Starting the restoration
2067     ---------------------
2068     [[ restoration-13.png ]]
2069     Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will
2070     ask me to press ENTER.
2071     Then I will be asked to confirm the operation by pressing y and ENTER.
2072    
2073     [[ restoration-14.png ]]
2074    
2075     [[ important.png ]]
2076     This is the last confirmation Clonezilla Live asks.After this step there
2077     is no coming back.
2078     Then my confirmation is asked one last time. After checking one more time
2079     the disk doesn't contain any important data, I press y and ENTER.
2080    
2081     [[ restoration-15.png ]]
2082     After that, the restore process begins
2083    
2084     [[ restoration-16.png ]]
2085     and when it's successfully completed, I will be able to reboot the system
2086     by pressing 1 and ENTER.
2087    
2088    
2089    
2090    
2091     Creating a Restore DVD - Part 1
2092     ==============================================================================
2093    
2094     Intro
2095     ****************************************
2096     Assuming you have used Clonezilla Live to make a backup of your Windows XP
2097     system (partition /dev/hda1), which you have saved as win_img, you will
2098     probably be wondering what to do with it now. Well, one option would be
2099     to keep it to the disk you used to save it in, store the disk, and use it
2100     whenever you need it. Another option would be to create a DVD you can use
2101     to restore this image.
2102    
2103     Before, up to Clonezilla-SysRescCD 2.6.0, the process to create an automated
2104     restore DVD required entering command line prompt and writing some commands,
2105     that can be uncomfortable or even difficult for many people.
2106    
2107     Later, a TUI option to create an automated recovery disc was added to
2108     Clonezilla Live, and ocs-iso script included in Clonezilla-SysRescCD
2109     3.1.0 and newer has a TUI too. Old command-line options are no longer
2110     supported. This page walks you through the creation of an automated restore
2111     DVD via TUI.
2112    
2113     Assuming you have saved your image file win_img in partition hdb4, you
2114     have to boot Clonezilla Live, using Clonezilla-SysRescCD.
2115    
2116     [[ info.png ]]
2117     The following pressentation has been made usingClonezilla Live v 1.2.3-27
2118    
2119     Creating the disk image
2120     ****************************************
2121     Clonezilla-SysRescCD starting screen
2122     ---------------------
2123     If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are
2124     English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified
2125     and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select
2126     Clonezilla Live at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system
2127     comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup. After
2128     that continue from this step.
2129    
2130     If you need to change these settings, select one of the available Clonezilla
2131     Live menu entries, and press TAB. The current boot parameters will be
2132     displayed.
2133    
2134     The default parameters for booting Clonezilla Live on a 1024x768 screen,
2135     are the following:
2136    
2137     append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs
2138     ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""
2139     ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"
2140     ocs_lang="en_US.UTF-8" ocs_live_keymap="NONE" vga=791 nolocales
2141    
2142     By deleting the words in red, you instruct Clonezilla Live to ask you the
2143     values of these parameters. When the appropriate changes have been done
2144     (as shown bellow), just press ENTER to boot.
2145    
2146     append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs
2147     ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""
2148     ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"
2149     ocs_lang="" ocs_live_keymap="" vga=791 nolocales
2150    
2151     Screen "Choose Language"
2152     ---------------------
2153     [[ backup-00.png ]]
2154     I select "en_US.UTF-8 English" and press ENTER.
2155    
2156     Screen "Configuring console-data"
2157     ---------------------
2158     [[ backup-01.png ]]
2159     I select "Select keymap from full list" and press ENTER. If you're using
2160     US keymap, the default option "Don't touch keymap" is a better choice.
2161    
2162     Screen "Configuring console-data"
2163     ---------------------
2164     [[ backup-02.png ]]
2165     Because I haven't changed my keyboard, I select "pc / qwerty / Finnish /
2166     Standard / Standard". Because you most likely use a different keyboard,
2167     choose the one you use.
2168    
2169     Screen "Start Clonezilla"
2170     ---------------------
2171     [[ backup-03.png ]]
2172     I select "Start Clonezilla" and press ENTER.
2173    
2174     Screen "Clonezilla"
2175     ---------------------
2176     [[ backup-04.png ]]
2177     I select "device-image" and press ENTER.
2178    
2179     Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory"
2180     ---------------------
2181     In this screen I can select the way the image file directory has been saved.
2182     Available options are local directory, remote directory through ssh,
2183     samba or nfs and skip, to use the previously used directory. More info
2184     about the image file can be found at section "About the Image file".
2185    
2186     [[ backup-05.png ]]
2187     I select "local_dev" and press ENTER.
2188    
2189     Next screen
2190     ---------------------
2191     This is where I choose the location of the image file.
2192     [[ restore-06.png ]]
2193     I select partition hda1 and press ENTER.
2194    
2195     [[ backup-07.png ]]
2196     and then ENTER again.
2197    
2198     [[ restore-08.png ]]
2199     This screen displays the mounting result.
2200     As we can see, /dev/hda1 has been successfully mounted under /tmp/local-dev.
2201    
2202     Next Screen
2203     ---------------------
2204     [[ backup-09.png ]]
2205     I select Beginer mode to accept the default restore options, which are
2206     used if the recovery disk is ever used. If you select Expert mode, you
2207     can choose the options yourself. More details can be found here.
2208    
2209     Screen "Clonezilla: Select mode"
2210     ---------------------
2211     Here I can select the desired operation.
2212    
2213     [[ restore-10.png ]]
2214     I select "recovery-iso-zip" and press ENTER.
2215    
2216     Next Screen
2217     ---------------------
2218     [[ restore-11.png ]]
2219     In this screen I select the image folder. This partition contains only
2220     one image.
2221    
2222     Next Screen
2223     ---------------------
2224     [[ restore-12.png ]]
2225     Now I am asked to select which disk the image will be restored to, if the
2226     recovery disc is used. Because this image is a backup, I choose the same
2227     disk where the original data resides. If you're upgrading your hard drive,
2228     choose the new drive.
2229    
2230     Next Screen
2231     ---------------------
2232     [[ restore-13.png ]]
2233     In this screen I can select the language that the recovery disc uses. I
2234     choose "en_US.UTF-8".
2235    
2236     Next Screen
2237     ---------------------
2238     [[ restore-14.png ]]
2239     This screen allows me to select the keymap that the recovery disc
2240     uses. Unfortunately, changing the keymap requires knowing where the keymap
2241     file resides in Debian GNU/Linux. Because I don't know it, I just press
2242     ENTER to accept US keymap.
2243    
2244     Next Screen
2245     ---------------------
2246     [[ restore-15.png ]]
2247     I select "iso" to create a CD/DVD disk image which I can burn to a recordable
2248     CD/DVD disc. The good thing about recordable discs is that overwriting
2249     the backup by accident is impossible. The "zip" option creates a ZIP file
2250     which can be used to create a bootable pendrive or external hard drive.
2251    
2252     [[ restore-16.png ]]
2253     Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will
2254     ask me to press ENTER.
2255    
2256     [[ cust-menu-01.png ]]
2257     Due to limitations of mkisofs, the script can't create a ISO file which
2258     is over 4,5 gigabytes in size. It causes problems if the size of your
2259     image is over 4,4 gigabytes. Clonezilla-SysRescCD contains a workaround
2260     that creates a ISO file that contains no image, so you can add the image
2261     manually later. This dialog asks if you want to do so. Note that if you
2262     see this dialog, you most likely need a dual layer DVD+R or Blu-ray disc
2263     to burn the image. Growisofs doesn't support multisession burning on dual
2264     layer DVD-R discs, so such disc can't be used either.
2265    
2266     Screen "Customization section"
2267     ---------------------
2268     [[ cust-menu-02.png ]]
2269     Now I am asked if I want to customize the boot menu of the disc. I answer
2270     "Yes". If you don't want to customize the menu, continue from this step.
2271    
2272     Screen "DVD Title"
2273     ---------------------
2274     [[ cust-menu-03.png ]]
2275     In this screen I select the title of the boot menu. I type "Home PC
2276     Restore DVD".
2277    
2278     Screen "Menu Items Caption"
2279     ---------------------
2280     [[ cust-menu-04.png ]]
2281     This screen allows me to select the caption for all menu items. I enter
2282     "Restore Win XP".
2283    
2284     Screen "Boot delay"
2285     ---------------------
2286     [[ cust-menu-05.png ]]
2287     I press ENTER to accept the default delay of 30 seconds. It means that
2288     when a computer is booted from the restore disc, it waits 30 seconds
2289     before choosing the default option automatically. You may want to reduce
2290     this delay if, for example, your keyboard doesn't work in boot menu and
2291     you must wait until the delay ends.
2292    
2293     Screen "Default Boot Item"
2294     ---------------------
2295     [[ cust-menu-06.png ]]
2296     In this screen I can select the default option of the menu. Selecting one
2297     of the options that restore the image makes using the disc even easier,
2298     but also raises the risk that the image is restored accidentally. Another
2299     reason to select such option may be that your keyboard doesn't work in
2300     boot menu, preventing you from choosing any non-default option. I select
2301     the first option that restores the image using pixel dimensions of 1024*768.
2302    
2303     Screen "Boot Screen Image"
2304     ---------------------
2305     [[ cust-menu-07.png ]]
2306     This screen allows me to select the background picture of the menu. Note
2307     that the picture must be in the same partition that contains the disk
2308     image, if you don't mind entering command line and mounting the right
2309     partition manually. I choose picture mysplash.png in the root of the
2310     partition. Because the partition has been mounted in /home/partimag,
2311     the full path of the picture is /home/partimag/mysplash.png.
2312    
2313     Screen "ISO Label"
2314     ---------------------
2315     [[ cust-menu-08.png ]]
2316     In this screen I can select the volume label of the disc. Volume label is
2317     the name of the disc you may see in various situations, for example in the
2318     notification you see when you insert the disc into your DVD writer. I type
2319     "Backup_52-2009_hdb".
2320    
2321     Screen "Publisher ID"
2322     ---------------------
2323     [[ cust-menu-09.png ]]
2324     This is where I choose the publisher ID of the ISO file
2325     and the disc. Publisher ID means the person or company who
2326     created the disc. However, at least in GNU/Linux reading
2327     the publisher ID is, strictly speaking, a challenge. Here {{
2328     http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/getting-volume-information-from-cds-iso- }}
2329     are instructions to read the publisher ID of a ISO file. I didn't find
2330     any working instructions to read the ID from the disc.
2331    
2332     Starting the creation of the disk image
2333     ---------------------
2334     [[ restore-17.png ]]
2335     After that, creation of the disk image begins. Note that no confirmation
2336     is asked it the disk image is small enough to fit to a CD.
2337    
2338     [[ cust-menu-10.png ]]
2339    
2340     If you have above enabled the workaround to create a ISO file without any
2341     image, you get the info screen, which explains the actions to be taken
2342     in order to burn the ISO file and add the iamge file to the DVD. A script
2343     file is also saved as /tmp/burnISO.
2344    
2345     [[ restore-18.png ]]
2346     When the disk image is successfully created, I must reboot in order to
2347     burn the disc because my DVD burner is still in use. Clonezilla Live can
2348     be loaded into computer memory during boot in order to be able to burn
2349     disc(s) within it. However, due to a known bug, the disk image can't
2350     be created if Clonezilla Live has been loaded into memory. (source {{
2351     http://free.nchc.org.tw/clonezilla-live/stable/Known-issues-Clonezilla-live.txt
2352     }}) Thus, I press 1 and ENTER to reboot to another operating system and
2353     burn the image using graphical burning program. For instructions, follow
2354     one of these links:
2355    
2356     If the ISO file contains the disk image
2357     If the ISO file contains no image
2358     If you've created a ZIP file
2359    
2360    
2361    
2362    
2363     Creating a Restore DVD - Part 2
2364     ==============================================================================
2365    
2366     What to do with the disk image
2367     ****************************************
2368     The previous page contains partial instructions to create an automated
2369     recovery DVD. They're partial because they only tell how the disk image
2370     can be created, not what one should do with the image. Of course, partial
2371     instructions are not enough, but don't worry - this page is the other part.
2372    
2373     Earlier versions of Clonezilla Live allowed creating the DVD without
2374     reboot, but it's no longer possible due to a known bug. The disk image
2375     can't be created if Clonezilla Live has been loaded into memory (source {{
2376     http://free.nchc.org.tw/clonezilla-live/stable/Known-issues-Clonezilla-live.txt
2377     }}) and the image can't be burned to disc if Clonezilla Live isn't in
2378     memory. And if the computer must be rebooted anyway, it's a good idea to
2379     use one's favorite operating system and a graphical burning program for
2380     burning the disc. Doing so also allows reading these instructions while
2381     burning the disc.
2382    
2383     This page walks through burning the disc by using ImgBurn and K3b. The
2384     instructions can be adapted for many other burning programs as well. If
2385     your burning program is too different, download either of the programs
2386     mentioned - they both can be downloaded for free.
2387    
2388     In addition to a DVD, bootable pendrive or external hard drive can be
2389     created as well. If you want to do so, follow instructions below.
2390    
2391     Before following these instructions, insert a writable DVD or Blu-ray disc
2392     to your burner.
2393    
2394     Burning the disc
2395     ****************************************
2396     If the ISO file contains the disk image
2397     ---------------------
2398     > Using ImgBurn
2399    
2400     ImgBurn {{ http://www.imgburn.com/ }} is a lightweight but very feature-rich
2401     disc burning program. It only requires about two megabytes disk space
2402     and contains a lot of settings. ImgBurn is closed-source freeware and -
2403     unfortunately - Windows-only software. I (Jyrki) personally use ImgBurn
2404     when burning discs within Windows.
2405    
2406     Launch ImgBurn and press Write image file to disc. Select the disk image
2407     you just created.
2408    
2409     At the settings window, keep Test Mode disabled. I also recommend
2410     keeping the Verify option enabled. Verifying the integrity of the disc
2411     after burning requires time and doesn't prevent the disc from becoming a
2412     so-called coaster, but it allows you to know immediately if the burning
2413     attempt failed, so you can try burning the disc again.
2414    
2415     Keep the number of copies as 1 (or increase it, if you really
2416     want multiple copies of the disc). Use your best judgment while
2417     choosing the burning speed: according to this forum thread {{
2418     http://club.myce.com/f33/high-speed-vs-low-speed-burning-69698/ }} lowering
2419     the burning speed gives very mixed results in quality. I personally use
2420     ¾ of the maximum speed of the disc, for example 12x on a disc rated 16x.
2421    
2422     After choosing the settings, press the big picture at the bottom-left of
2423     the window. Don't do anything that requires much computer resources while
2424     burning, because doing so increases the likelihood of burning failure.
2425    
2426     That's it. You own now an automated recovery disc.
2427    
2428     > Using K3b
2429    
2430     K3b (KDE Burn Baby Burn) is the disc burning program included in KDE
2431     Software Compilation. It comes with most, if not all, KDE-based GNU/Linux
2432     distributions. It can also be installed on other distributions, but I
2433     recommend against doing so - K3b requires KDE base packages to be installed,
2434     and it doesn't make much sense to install KDE base only for K3b.
2435    
2436     [[ k3b-00.png ]]
2437     I launch K3b and navigate to the folder where the disk image resides.
2438    
2439     [[ k3b-01.png ]]
2440     I double-click the file clonezilla-live-Backup_5-2010_hda.iso.
2441    
2442     [[ k3b-02.png ]]
2443     This window allows me to choose burning settings. I don't touch Image Type or
2444     Burn Medium, because they're auto-detected anyway. The maximum burning speed
2445     allowed by the disc is 16x, so I choose speed 12x. According to this forum
2446     thread {{ http://club.myce.com/f33/high-speed-vs-low-speed-burning-69698/
2447     }} low burning speed can decrease burning quality, so I always use speed
2448     near the maximum speed of the disc.
2449    
2450     I keep Writing Mode as Auto and number of copies as 1. I also keep the
2451     Simulate option disabled and enable the Verify written data option. The
2452     latter allows me to notice immediately if the burning attempt failed, so
2453     I can try burning the disc again, rather than owning a so-called coaster
2454     and relying on it if something happens to my data...
2455    
2456     [[ k3b-03.png ]]
2457     I click Start and the burning process begins.
2458    
2459     [[ k3b-04.png ]]
2460     Because I enabled the Verify written data option, K3b starts verifying
2461     the integrity of the disc right after burning.
2462    
2463     [[ k3b-05.png ]]
2464     The burning attempt succeeded.
2465    
2466     If the ISO file contains no image
2467     ---------------------
2468     If you have enabled the workaround to create a ISO file that contains
2469     no disk image (required if the size of the image is over 4,4 gigabytes),
2470     things become much more problematic. The ISO file and the image can't be
2471     burned to the disc simultaneously, they must be written one-by-one. That
2472     requires two burning sessions: the first for writing the ISO file to the
2473     disc and the second for adding the disk image. Many burning programs don't
2474     even support multisession burning at all. About the programs I've mentioned
2475     in this page: K3b supports multisession burning, ImgBurn doesn't.
2476    
2477     I didn't find any instructions for adding an additional file to a
2478     spesific directory by using K3b. Actually, I don't even know if that's
2479     possible at all. Thus, I recommend using growisofs for burning the disc
2480     if the workaround has been enabled, because growisofs allows adding
2481     any file to any directory. However, there's one more limitation:
2482     growisofs doesn't support multisession burning on dual layer DVD-R
2483     discs, so you must use dual layer DVD+R or Blu-ray disc. (source {{
2484     http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/-RW/#nomultisess }})
2485    
2486     Growisofs is a command-line program and a part of dvd+rw-tools that is
2487     installed on most GNU/Linux distributions. Dvd+rw-tools is Linux-only
2488     software, so if you use a competing operating system, you must boot into
2489     SystemRescueCD (graphical mode is not needed) in order to burn the disc.
2490    
2491     Open terminal and mount the partition that contains the image. The commands
2492     below must be run as root.
2493    
2494     mkdir /media/usb
2495     mount /dev/sdc1 /media/usb
2496    
2497     Note: How a command can be run as root depends on the GNU/Linux distribution
2498     you use. If it's Ubuntu or a distro based on it, simply put "sudo" above the
2499     command. For example, the latter of the above commands can be executed by
2500     typing "sudo mount /dev/sdc1 /media/usb". If you're using SystemRescueCD,
2501     all commands are run as root, so you don't need to add any prefix to
2502     the commands.
2503    
2504     Note: In the command replace /dev/sdc1 with the partition where the disk
2505     image resides. It's the same partition you mounted as /home/partimag when
2506     creating the image.
2507    
2508     Go to root of the partition:
2509    
2510     cd /media/usb
2511    
2512     Burn the ISO file to the disc:
2513    
2514     growisofs -Z /dev/dvd=clonezilla-live-Backup_5-2010_hdb.iso
2515    
2516     Note: In the last command I have assumed your ISO file is
2517     clonezilla-live-Backup_5-2010_hdb.iso. You will have to replace this with
2518     the actual name of the file.
2519    
2520     Note: If your computer has multiple DVD drives, replace /dev/dvd with the
2521     name of your DVD writer.
2522    
2523     The disc must be ejected because it's the only known way to force the
2524     drive to reread the disc. Do it:
2525    
2526     eject /dev/dvd
2527    
2528     Note: If your drive can't reload the disc, insert the disc back right
2529     after ejecting it.
2530    
2531     Finally, add the image file to the disc:
2532    
2533     growisofs -M /dev/dvd -R -J -V "Backup_5-2010_hdb" --publisher "Your Name"
2534     -graft-points /Backup_5-2010_hdb/=/media/usb/Backup_5-2010_hdb
2535    
2536     Note: In the command replace Your Name with anything you want to be the
2537     publisher ID of the disc. If you don't want the disc to have any publisher
2538     ID, run this command instead:
2539    
2540     growisofs -M /dev/dvd -R -J -V "Backup_5-2010_hdb" -graft-points
2541     /Backup_5-2010_hdb/=/media/usb/Backup_5-2010_hdb
2542    
2543     [[ restore-20.png ]]
2544    
2545     ZIP file instructions
2546     ****************************************
2547     Often the image file is way too big to fit to even 8 GB DVD. Some people may
2548     also want to be able to overwrite the backup when it becomes outdated. In
2549     addition, netbooks don't have optical drives at all.
2550    
2551     One option is using recovery thumb drive or external hard drive instead
2552     of DVD. If the external HD is big enough, the disk image can be even over
2553     a terabyte in size. Recovery USB drive can also be used on netbooks and
2554     overwritten at will.
2555    
2556     Clonezilla Live allows creating a ZIP file instead of disk image. If you
2557     want to do so, follow this step-by-step guide.
2558    
2559     Before creating the disk image, make sure it is split to pieces of four
2560     gigabytes or less. It is split automatically if you use Beginner mode,
2561     and if you use Expert mode, you should already know how the splitting
2562     setting can be changed.
2563    
2564     Using GNU/Linux
2565     ---------------------
2566     After creating the disk image and booting into GNU/Linux, make sure that the
2567     filesystem of the partition where you plan to put the disk image is FAT32. If
2568     you don't know the filesystem, open terminal and run this command as root:
2569    
2570     fdisk -l /dev/sdc
2571    
2572     Note: How a command can be run as root depends on the GNU/Linux distribution
2573     you use. If it's Ubuntu or a distro based on it, simply put "sudo" above
2574     the command. For example, the above command can be executed by typing
2575     "sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdc"
2576    
2577     Note: In the command replace /dev/sdc with the name of your USB disk.
2578    
2579     Note: The l in parameter -l is lowercase L, not number 1.
2580    
2581     If your disk doesn't contain any FAT32 partition, but it contains a
2582     partition which is big enough and doesn't contain any important data,
2583     format the partition as FAT32. The command below needs root access too.
2584    
2585     [[ important.png ]]
2586     The command below erases all the data on the target partition.Make sure
2587     you don't format a wrong partition by accident.
2588    
2589     mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sdc1
2590    
2591     After formatting the partition or noticing that it was already FAT32,
2592     extract the ZIP archive to the root of the partition. Also these commands
2593     need root rights.
2594    
2595     mount /dev/sdc1 /media/usb
2596     unzip clonezilla-live-Backup_5-2010_hdb.zip -d /media/usb/
2597    
2598     Note: In the last command I have assumed your image file is
2599     clonezilla-live-Backup_5-2010_hdb.zip. You will have to replace this with
2600     the actual name of the file.
2601    
2602     ZIP package contains a script to make the USB drive bootable. Let's run
2603     it. The latter of these commands needs root access.
2604    
2605     [[ important.png ]]
2606     The latter of the commands below replaces theexisting bootloader of the
2607     target disk, if there is one.Make sure you don't select a wrong disk
2608     by accident.
2609    
2610     cd /media/usb/utils/linux
2611     ./makeboot.sh /dev/sdc1
2612    
2613     That's all. Your thumb drive or external hard drive should be now an
2614     automatic recovery disk.
2615    
2616     Using Windows
2617     ---------------------
2618     If the Windows version you use is not Vista or 7, you need to be logged in
2619     as administrator. If you're not, but you have access to an admin account,
2620     log out and then log again in as admin.
2621    
2622     If you don't have admin rights at all, boot into SystemRescueCD (you don't
2623     need graphical mode this time) and follow the instructions for GNU/Linux. In
2624     SystemRescueCD all commands are run as root, so you don't need to add any
2625     prefix to the commands.
2626    
2627     If you normally use Windows, you maybe don't know the name of your USB
2628     disk in GNU/Linux. If that's the case, don't specify any disk in the first
2629     command. It causes fdisk to tell about all disks in the computer and you
2630     should be able to identify both the right disk and the right partition.
2631    
2632     After creating the disk image and booting into Windows, make sure that
2633     the filesystem of the partition where you plan to put the disk image is
2634     FAT32. If you don't know the filesystem, open My Computer, right-click the
2635     partition and select Properties. Then read the "File system" column. If
2636     there reads anything but FAT32, check other partitions of the disk too,
2637     if the disk contains multiple partitions. If you have a suitable FAT32
2638     partition, continue from this step.
2639    
2640     If your disk doesn't contain any FAT32 partition, but it contains a
2641     partition which is big enough and doesn't contain any important data,
2642     format the partition as FAT32.
2643    
2644     [[ important.png ]]
2645     Formatting erases all the data on the target partition.Make sure the
2646     partition contains nothing important.
2647    
2648     Right-click the partition and select Format.... If the Windows version
2649     you use is Vista or 7, an UAC prompt asks for admin password. Enter it.
2650    
2651     At the format window, choose the FAT32 filesystem. You can enter any volume
2652     label (it means the name of the partition you can see next to the partition
2653     letter) and enable Quick Format if you're in a hurry. If Quick Format is
2654     disabled, Windows checks if the partition is physically OK after formatting
2655     it. Enabling Quick Format makes the formatting process many times faster
2656     and, contrary to popular belief, hardly ever causes any harm.
2657    
2658     After formatting the partition or noticing that it was already FAT32, extract
2659     the ZIP archive to the root of the partition. Navigate to the folder where
2660     you've saved the ZIP file and right-click it. Choose Extract all..., and when
2661     you're asked for location where the archive is extracted, enter the letter
2662     of the partition, for example H:\. Do NOT choose any folder in the partition!
2663    
2664     After that, browse to the folder X:\utils\win32, where X: is the letter
2665     of the partition. Then, double-click makeboot.bat. If the Windows version
2666     you use is Vista or 7, another UAC prompt appears. Enter the password
2667     again. Then just follow the prompts to make the USB drive bootable.
2668    
2669     Now you're done. Your thumb drive or external hard drive should be an
2670     automatic recovery disk.
2671    
2672    
2673    
2674    
2675     Restoring to a different location
2676     ==============================================================================
2677    
2678     Intro
2679     ****************************************
2680     In the past restoring to a different location was not supported by
2681     Clonezilla Live at all. Because of that, a script called reloc-img was
2682     added to Clonezilla-SysRescCD, which would help the user perform this task.
2683    
2684     Recent versions of Clonezilla Live partly support restoring to a
2685     different location, so the reloc-img script is obsolete, and has been
2686     removed. Clonezilla Live now supports:
2687    
2688     * Relocation of a disk image (restoring a whole disk)
2689     * Relocation of a partition image (restoring a partition)
2690    
2691     Clonezilla Live does not support:
2692    
2693     * Relocation of a single partition contained into a disk image.
2694    
2695     Imagine you have a disk backup image named hda-2009-02-02. The image
2696     contains three partitions, hda1 (operating system), hda2 (user data)
2697     and hda3 (other data).
2698    
2699     You want to restore your other data partition (hda3), to a different system
2700     (partition sdb2) but there is no way to restore (extract) a single partition
2701     from a disk image - you can only restore the whole disk.
2702    
2703     In order to address this situation, two new scripts have been written for
2704     Clonezilla-SysRescCD: imginfo and imgconvert
2705    
2706     Script imginfo
2707     ****************************************
2708     The script will be used to print info about existing image files.
2709    
2710     Its help screen is:
2711    
2712     # imginfo -h
2713     Clonezilla Live Image Information
2714     imginfo v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras <sng@hellug.gr>
2715    
2716     Usage: imginfo <options> <directory>
2717    
2718     Available options:
2719     s Search in sub-directories too
2720     i [name] Pring info for image [name]
2721     v Print version info and exit
2722     h Print this screen and exit
2723    
2724     Script imgconvert
2725     ****************************************
2726     The script will be used to convert an existing disk image file to a new
2727     partition image file.
2728    
2729     imgconvert can create two type of images:
2730    
2731     * Temporary image
2732     This type of image is created by linking the data files of the existing
2733     disk image to the new partition image. This means that the original image
2734     must be present for the new image to be used. This is the default image
2735     type created by imgconvert.
2736    
2737     * Permanent image
2738     This type of image is created by copying the data files from the existing
2739     disk image to the new partition image. This means that the original image is
2740     not needed in order to use the new one. Permenant image files are created
2741     using the command line parameter -p.
2742    
2743     Its help screen is:
2744    
2745     # imgconvert -h
2746     Clonezilla Live Image Conversion
2747     imgconvert v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras <sng@hellug.gr>
2748    
2749     Usage: imgconvert <options> [image] [partition] <new partition>
2750    
2751     Parameters are:
2752     [image] Disk image to be converted to partition image
2753     [partition] Partition name to convert. It must be a valid device name
2754    
2755     Available options:
2756     o [image] Save new imag as [image]
2757     p Save new partition instead of making a link to the old one
2758     v Print version info and exit
2759     h Print this screen and exit
2760    
2761     Using the scripts
2762     ****************************************
2763     Restoring to a partition
2764     ---------------------
2765     After booting into Clonezilla Live, I select
2766    
2767     Enter_shell Enter command line prompt
2768    
2769     when the menu is displayed and then I press 2 to exit to the shell.
2770    
2771     At this point I will mount my images partition (in this example /dev/sdc4),
2772     and use script imginfo to get info about my image files.
2773    
2774     $ sudo su -
2775     # mount /dev/sdc4 /home/partimag
2776     # cd /home/partimag
2777     # imginfo
2778     Image files found in: /home/partimag
2779     Image: usb250-img, disk: sda, size: 259MB, parts: 1
2780     part: sda4, size: 247.00MB, type: FAT16
2781     Image: sys-bck, disk: hda, size: 320.0GB, parts: 3
2782     part: hda1, size: 22.36GB, type: Linux
2783     part: hda2, size: 39.06GB, type: Linux
2784     part: hda3, size: 233.87GB, type: Linux
2785    
2786     As you can see there are two disk images under /home/partimag: usb250-img
2787     and sys-bck.
2788    
2789     sys-bck is a backup of my old system, which had three partitions. What
2790     I need to do now is "copy" the hda3 partition to my current system, by
2791     transfering its data to partition sdb2.
2792    
2793     The way to proceed is:
2794    
2795     * Create a new partition image (containing hda3's data) based on the
2796     existing disk image file, by executing the command:
2797    
2798     # imgconvert sys-bck hda3 sdb2
2799     Clonezilla Live Image Conversion
2800     imgconvert v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras
2801    
2802     Determining input image
2803     Input image: "/home/partimag/sys-bck"
2804     Validating image... ok
2805     Determining input partition
2806     Input partition: "hda3"
2807     Validating input partition... ok
2808     Determining output image
2809     Output image: "/home/partimag/sys-bck-cnv"
2810     Validating output image... ok
2811     Checking permissions... ok
2812     Determining output partition
2813     Output partition: "sda2"
2814     Validating output partition... ok
2815     Creating output image: /home/partimag/sys-bck-cnv
2816     Linking files... done
2817     Fixing info files... done
2818    
2819     This command will create a temporary partition image file (automatically
2820     named sys-bck-cnv), which contains sdb2 only, as you can see by executing:
2821    
2822     # imginfo -i sys-bck-cnv
2823     Image: sys-bck-cnv, part: sdb2, size: 233.87GB, type: Linux
2824    
2825     * Restart Clonezilla Live by pressing Control-D twice.
2826    
2827     * Restore the new image file into sdb2, by selecting
2828    
2829     Screen 1: Start_Clonezilla Start Clonezilla
2830    
2831     Screen 2: device-image disk/partition to/from image
2832    
2833     Screen 3: skip use existing /home/partimag
2834    
2835     Screen 4: Beginer / Expert
2836    
2837     Screen 5: restoreparts
2838     Restore_an_image_to_local_partition
2839    
2840     and continue as usual to restore the partition.
2841    
2842     Converting image files
2843     ---------------------
2844     # imgconvert -p -o other_data sys-bck hda3 sdb2
2845     Clonezilla Live Image Conversion
2846     imgconvert v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras
2847    
2848     Determining input image
2849     Input image: "/home/partimag/sys-bck"
2850     Validating image... ok
2851     Determining input partition
2852     Input partition: "hda3"
2853     Validating input partition... ok
2854     Determining output image
2855     Output image: "/home/partimag/other_data"
2856     Validating output image... ok
2857     Checking permissions... ok
2858     Determining output partition
2859     Output partition: "sda2"
2860     Validating output partition... ok
2861     Creating output image: /home/partimag/other_data
2862     Copying files... done
2863     Fixing info files... done
2864    
2865     # imginfo -i other_data
2866     Image: other_data, part: sdb2, size: 233.87GB, type: Linux
2867    
2868     # ls -la sys-bck
2869     total 1111972
2870     drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2007-11-22 03:21 .
2871     drwxr-xr-x. 34 root root 4096 2009-04-06 21:28 ..
2872     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4 2007-11-20 20:33 disk
2873     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1081716736 2007-11-20 20:32 hda1.aa
2874     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 45453312 2007-11-20 20:33 hda2.aa
2875     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10317824 2007-11-20 20:33 hda3.aa
2876     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 2007-11-21 18:56 hda-chs.sf
2877     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 2007-11-21 18:50 hda-chs.sf.orig
2878     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 2007-11-20 20:31 hda-mbr
2879     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 259 2007-11-21 18:59 hda-pt.sf
2880     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 259 2007-11-21 18:50 hda-pt.sf.orig
2881     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15 2007-11-20 20:33 parts
2882     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17 2007-11-20 20:33 swappt-hda4.info
2883     #
2884     #
2885     # ls -la other_data
2886     total 24
2887     drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2009-04-06 21:27 .
2888     drwxr-xr-x. 35 root root 4096 2009-04-06 21:27 ..
2889     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 2009-04-06 21:27 parts
2890     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10317824 2009-04-06 21:27 sdb2.aa
2891     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37 2009-04-06 21:27 sdb-chs.sf
2892     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 106 2009-04-06 21:27 sdb-pt.sf
2893    
2894     Booting a restored Linux system
2895     ****************************************
2896     A Linux system that has been restored to a new disk/partition, is usually
2897     not ready to be booted right after the restoration procedure is finished.
2898    
2899     There are two more steps that you may have to take:
2900    
2901     * Fix /etc/fstab
2902     * Reinstall GRUB.
2903     I will assume GRUB is your boot manager, as it is the usual case nowadays.
2904    
2905     For this example I will assume that you have restored a Linux system
2906     (that used to be in sdb), to a new disk (hda), and that it contains three
2907     partitions, / (the root partition), /home (user's partition) and a swap
2908     partition. You must be really careful here, as the name of the new disk
2909     depends on the system to be booted. If it uses one of the newest Linux
2910     kernels (using the libata disk driver), ALL your disks will be recognised
2911     as SCSI. More info: "Identifying devices in Linux" section "SCSI disks
2912     when there are none!!!".
2913    
2914     This is what we have:
2915    
2916     root partition home partition swap partition
2917     Old system /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
2918     New system /dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 /dev/hda3
2919    
2920     Fixing /etc/fstab
2921     ---------------------
2922     Since we are still in Clonezilla Live, right after the restore procedure
2923     has finished, we will use it to mount our restored root partition, and
2924     edit its /etc/fstab. We issue the commands:
2925    
2926     mkdir /new-root
2927     mount /dev/hda1 /new-root
2928     vi /new-root/etc/fstab
2929    
2930     The contents of /etc/fstab could be something like
2931    
2932     /dev/sdb1 / reiserfs acl,user_xattr 1 1
2933     /dev/sdb2 /home reiserfs defaults 1 2
2934     /dev/sdb3 swap swap defaults 0 0
2935    
2936     and we have to change ti to
2937    
2938     /dev/hda1 / reiserfs acl,user_xattr 1 1
2939     /dev/hda2 /home reiserfs defaults 1 2
2940     /dev/hda3 swap swap defaults 0 0
2941    
2942     Finally, we unmount the partition, and we are ready to reboot
2943    
2944     umount /new-root
2945     reboot
2946    
2947     Reinstalling GRUB
2948     ---------------------
2949     When Clonezilla-SysRescCD menu appears, we select Tools > Super Grub Disk
2950    
2951     Then we select Super Grub Disk > Super Grub Disk (WITH HELP) > English
2952     Super Grub Disk > Gnu/Linux > Fix Boot of Gnu/Linux (GRUB). From this
2953     entry we will be able to reinstall GRUB to our hard disk.
2954    
2955     You may also want to have a look at Super Grub Disk "documentation {{
2956     http://www.supergrubdisk.org/wiki/SuperGrubDiskDocumentation }}".
2957    
2958    
2959    
2960    
2961     Fixing boot problems
2962     ==============================================================================
2963    
2964     Intro
2965     ****************************************
2966     Boot problems are probably the most feared computer problems. Without an
2967     operating system you can't access your data, get the work done or even
2968     google for help. That's why it's often a good idea to have an alternative
2969     operating system available for searching help if the main OS doesn't
2970     work. Also a copy of Clonezilla-SysRescCD can be invaluable help.
2971    
2972     Actually, the initial reason why I (Jyrki) installed GNU/Linux at all was
2973     that I wanted to be able to fix Windows boot problems if they occur. I
2974     installed both GNU/Linux and GRUB to my external hard drive, completely
2975     separating operating systems. Even if either bootloader stopped working,
2976     I'd still be able to boot one of my OSes.
2977    
2978     But such configuration is not easy to create, and when I installed GNU/Linux,
2979     I knew very little about it. If I didn't read the instructions I found
2980     here and there very carefully, I probably would have done a common mistake:
2981     installing GRUB to my internal hard drive. Such mistake would have caused
2982     two problems:
2983    
2984     * Inability to boot GNU/Linux at any computer expect the one which was
2985     used for installing
2986     * Inability to boot Windows when the external drive isn't connected
2987    
2988     In this page, I simulate that situation in a virtual machine and fix
2989     both problems.
2990    
2991     Symptoms
2992     ****************************************
2993     What happens when I try to boot the external hard drive on another computer
2994     depends on the BIOS of the computer. For example, on my computer I see a
2995     Black Screen of Death {{ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Screen_of_Death
2996     }} when I try booting from a disk with empty Master Boot Record. Other
2997     BIOSes may boot the local operating system or display an error message
2998     (for example "Disk boot failure", "Missing operating system" or "Operating
2999     system not found").
3000    
3001     The other problem is very easy to determine. When external drive is
3002     disconnected and I try to boot, I'll see this:
3003    
3004     [[ error-21.png ]]
3005    
3006     Goals
3007     ****************************************
3008     Because I still want to separate my operating systems completely,
3009     I try to restore NTLDR to the Master Boot Record of the internal disk,
3010     if possible. If that's not possible, I install there another bootloader
3011     that chainloads Windows.
3012    
3013     I could reinstall GNU/Linux completely and make sure that the GRUB is
3014     installed to the right disk this time, but it's not a good idea if I only
3015     need to overwrite the first 446 bytes (yes, bytes, not kilo- or megabytes)
3016     of the disk. So, I only install GRUB to the external disk, by using Super
3017     Grub Disk.
3018    
3019     Your problem (if you have one at all) most likely is different, but goals
3020     are often the same.
3021    
3022     You need to restore NTLDR if you...
3023    
3024     * ...just installed GNU/Linux, but the boot menu doesn't mention Windows
3025     at all. You're not willing to learn how Windows can be added to the boot
3026     menu, you just need to make your computer to boot Windows again right now.
3027     * ...cloned your Windows partition to your brand new computer but didn't
3028     clone the Master Boot Record.
3029     * ...are about to uninstall GNU/Linux and aren't willing to use GRUB as
3030     your bootloader.
3031    
3032     You need to install GRUB if you...
3033    
3034     * ...just installed Windows and want to make GNU/Linux bootable again.
3035     * ...cloned your GNU/Linux partition to your brand new computer but didn't
3036     clone the Master Boot Record.
3037     * ...just installed GNU/Linux but installed GRUB to a non-first hard drive
3038     by accident. (The symptom is that your computer still boots to the operating
3039     system you had installed already.)
3040    
3041     [[ info.png ]]
3042     The following pressentation has been made usingSuper Grub Disk v0.9799
3043    
3044     Restoring NTLDR
3045     ****************************************
3046     There are a lot of ways to restore NTLDR. However, sometimes there is no
3047     legal way to restore it, and I'm NOT telling about the illegal ones. The
3048     last resort is using syslinux to chainload Windows; there is usually no
3049     way to notice that syslinux is used instead of NTLDR.
3050    
3051     I've listed here the most important options in order I'd use them.
3052    
3053     Restoring NTLDR from a backup
3054     ---------------------
3055     If you've been smart enough to use Clonezilla Live to create a disk image
3056     of your first hard drive, it's very easy to restore NTLDR.
3057    
3058     Your NTLDR is safe in a file called hda-mbr or sda-mbr. You can use dd to
3059     overwrite your existing Master Boot Record.
3060    
3061     [[ important.png ]]
3062     Don't restore all 512 bytes of your Master Boot Record.The MBR contains
3063     your partition table and restoring it afterrepartitioning your disk erases
3064     all the data on the disk.
3065    
3066     If you normally use GNU/Linux, open terminal and run these commands as root:
3067    
3068     mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/usb
3069     dd if=/mnt/usb/Backup/sda-mbr of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1
3070    
3071     Note: In the commands I have assumed that your first hard drive is /dev/sda
3072     and that your disk image resides in the folder Backup in partition
3073     /dev/sdc1. You will have to replace them with the correct pieces of
3074     information.
3075    
3076     Note: How a command can be run as root depends on the GNU/Linux distribution
3077     you use. If it's Ubuntu or a distro based on it, simply put "sudo" above
3078     the command. For example, the latter of the above commands can be executed
3079     by typing "sudo dd if=/mnt/usb/Backup/sda-mbr of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1"
3080    
3081     If you normally use another operating system, boot into SystemRescueCD and
3082     run the above commands. In SystemRescueCD all commands are run as root,
3083     so you don't need to add any prefix to the commands.
3084    
3085     If you don't know the name of the partition, run this command as root:
3086    
3087     fdisk -l
3088    
3089     It tells how many hard drives you have, how many partitions they contain
3090     and what filesystems the partitions use. If you know, for example, that
3091     the disk where you've saved the disk image contains only one partition,
3092     look for such disks.
3093    
3094     Using Bootrec.exe (Windows Vista/7 only)
3095     ---------------------
3096     You need Windows Vista/7 install disc for this. If you don't have one (for
3097     example, if you bought a laptop that was bundled with preinstalled Windows
3098     and manufacturer's recovery disc), download a recovery disc from here.
3099    
3100     Then boot from the disc. After selecting language, time, currency and
3101     keyboard, click Repair your computer. You'll get a list of operating systems
3102     you're able to repair. Choose any of them; that choice doesn't matter.
3103    
3104     After that, you'll see a dialog box named System Recovery Options. Click
3105     Command Prompt. Then you only need to execute one command:
3106    
3107     Bootrec /FixMbr
3108    
3109     Note: The command is case-insensitive. You can type, for example,
3110     "bootrec /fixmbr".
3111    
3112     Using FIXMBR (Windows XP only)
3113     ---------------------
3114     You need Windows XP install disc. Boot from it, and when you see the screen
3115     "Windows XP Home Edition Setup" or "Windows XP Professional Setup", press
3116     R to enter the Recovery Console. Then choose the Windows installation you
3117     want to log onto. If you have only one copy of Windows installed, press
3118     1 and ENTER. After that, enter the administator password and press ENTER.
3119    
3120     There is only one command to run:
3121    
3122     FIXMBR
3123    
3124     Note: The command is case-insensitive. You can type, for example, "fixmbr".
3125    
3126     Using FDISK (Windows 95/98/Me only)
3127     ---------------------
3128     For this, you need a floppy drive. You also need to run a Windows-only
3129     program, so your first challenge is to boot Windows without NTLDR.
3130    
3131     Don't worry, Super Grub Disk makes it possible. Boot into it.
3132    
3133     [[ supergrubdisk-01.png ]]
3134     Just choose the option "!WIN! :(((" and press ENTER.
3135    
3136     When you have Windows up and running, download the boot disk
3137     image appropriate to your version of Windows from Bootdisk.Com {{
3138     http://www.bootdisk.com/bootdisk.htm }}. Then put a floppy to your floppy
3139     drive.
3140    
3141     If the floppy isn't already formatted, open My Computer, right-click the
3142     floppy drive and select Format....
3143    
3144     At the format window, choose the capacity of 1,44 megabytes and Full format
3145     type. You can enter any label (it means the name of the floppy you can see
3146     next to the floppy drive letter) and disable the summary if you wish. Keep
3147     the Copy system files option disabled.
3148    
3149     When you have a formatted floppy in your drive, double-click the boot disk
3150     image you downloaded. When it's done, shut Windows down and check your
3151     BIOS settings to be able to boot from the floppy. Some BIOSes contain a
3152     boot menu, others require editing settings pernamently. Details can be
3153     found on the manual of the motherboard or laptop.
3154    
3155     Then boot from the floppy. When you're given three boot options, choose
3156     the option 2. Start computer without CD-ROM support. Wait a moment to
3157     enter command line and run this command:
3158    
3159     FDISK /MBR
3160    
3161     Note: The command is case-insensitive. You can type, for example,
3162     "fdisk /mbr".
3163    
3164     Installing syslinux using Super Grub Disk
3165     ---------------------
3166     The above four are the only legal ways I know to restore NTLDR to the
3167     Master Boot Record. Unfortunately, sometimes none of them can be used. If
3168     that's the case, it's time to switch bootloader. GRUB can be configured to
3169     chainload Windows, and usually it even does that automatically, but this
3170     page isn't intended to help configuring GRUB. I assume that if you're
3171     primarily a Windows user and reading this page, you don't want to learn
3172     how to use GNU/Linux, you just want to make Windows bootable again.
3173    
3174     Maybe the easiest way to do so is installing syslinux using Super Grub
3175     Disk. Super Grub Disk configures it automatically to chainload the first
3176     active partition. The partition should contain Windows, Windows can't boot
3177     if its partition isn't active.
3178    
3179     Boot into Super Grub Disk.
3180    
3181     [[ supergrubdisk-01a.png ]]
3182     Choose the option "WIN => MBR & !WIN! :(((((((((((((((((((((" and
3183     press ENTER. Windows will be booted automatically right after installing
3184     syslinux.
3185    
3186     Installing GRUB
3187     ****************************************
3188     Contrary to various ways to restore NTLDR, there is only one way to install
3189     GRUB I recommend. That's Super Grub Disk, because it contains GRUB no
3190     matter what has happened to the hard drive(s). First, I boot into it.
3191    
3192     [[ supergrubdisk-01b.png ]]
3193     I select "Choose Language & HELP :-)))" and press ENTER.
3194    
3195     Screen "S.G.D. Language Selection."
3196     ---------------------
3197     [[ supergrubdisk-02.png ]]
3198     I select "English Super Grub Disk" and press ENTER.
3199    
3200     [[ supergrubdisk-03.png ]]
3201     I press ENTER...
3202    
3203     [[ supergrubdisk-04.png ]]
3204     ...and then ENTER again...
3205    
3206     [[ supergrubdisk-05.png ]]
3207     ...and then ENTER once again...
3208    
3209     [[ supergrubdisk-06.png ]]
3210     ...and finally ENTER one more time.
3211    
3212     Screen "English Super Grub Disk (Help)"
3213     ---------------------
3214     [[ supergrubdisk-07.png ]]
3215     I select "Advanced".
3216    
3217     Screen "Advanced (Help)"
3218     ---------------------
3219     [[ supergrubdisk-08.png ]]
3220     I select "GRUB" and press ENTER.
3221    
3222     Screen "GRUB (Help)"
3223     ---------------------
3224     [[ supergrubdisk-09.png ]]
3225     I select "Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR)" and press ENTER...
3226    
3227     [[ supergrubdisk-10.png ]]
3228     ...and ENTER.
3229    
3230     Screen "Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR) (Help)"
3231     ---------------------
3232     [[ supergrubdisk-11.png ]]
3233     I select "Manual Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR)" and press ENTER. If you
3234     want to install GRUB to the Master Boot Record of the first hard drive,
3235     "Automatically Install" is a better choice. If you don't know if you
3236     want GRUB to the first or some other disk, you most likely want it to the
3237     first disk.
3238    
3239     Screen "Manual Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR) (Help)"
3240     ---------------------
3241     [[ supergrubdisk-12.png ]]
3242     I confirm my decision by selecting "Manual Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR)"
3243     again and pressing ENTER.
3244    
3245     Screen "Partition of GRUB"
3246     ---------------------
3247     [[ supergrubdisk-13.png ]]
3248     In this screen I can select the disk that contains the partition that
3249     contains the files needed by GRUB. In this case, that disk is the external
3250     hard drive. As you can see, the disk is only three megabytes in size -
3251     because the computer used for screenshots is still virtual. Actually, the
3252     "disk" where I'm installing GRUB is just a file.
3253    
3254     Next Screen
3255     ---------------------
3256     [[ supergrubdisk-14.png ]]
3257     This is where I choose the partition where GRUB files reside. This disk
3258     contains only one partition.
3259    
3260     Screen "Restore to MBR of Hard Disk"
3261     ---------------------
3262     [[ supergrubdisk-15.png ]]
3263     I select the external hard drive to install GRUB to its Master Boot Record.
3264    
3265     [[ supergrubdisk-12.png ]]
3266     Some text scrolled in the screen (too fast to read or take a screenshot)
3267     and I was back at this screen. I rebooted the computer. (In this situation,
3268     you can safely do a "hard reboot" by pressing reset button once or power
3269     button twice.)
3270    
3271     [[ grub-loading.png ]]
3272     GRUB booted successfully.
3273    
3274    
3275    
3276    
3277     Booting an old PC
3278     ==============================================================================
3279    
3280     Intro
3281     ****************************************
3282     Have you ever tried to boot an old PC off a CD-ROM, and found out it
3283     wouldn't, because its BIOS does not support it, or it's faulty or for any
3284     other reason? Well, I have. So this page is an effort to solve this problem.
3285    
3286     The only way to do it, is to boot of a floppy disk which will help me
3287     "load" whatever operation system I want from a CD. This means that I will
3288     have to write a boot loader to the floppy disk.
3289    
3290     The software I will use is Smart Boot Manager {{
3291     http://sourceforge.net/projects/btmgr/ }}, a small boot manager with a
3292     nice TUI (Text User Interface). Its floppy image, already accessible from
3293     the "Tools" menu, can be found in the bootdisk folder of the CD under the
3294     name sbm.img.
3295    
3296     Writing the image to a floppy disk
3297     ****************************************
3298     All you have to do is get to a PC equipped with a floppy drive, get a
3299     floppy disk which is in excellent condition (no bad sectors/blocks),
3300     and copy the image file to it.
3301    
3302     1. From Linux
3303     ---------------------
3304     You can either boot Clonezilla Live or SystemRescueCD, and when the system
3305     is fully up, execute the command:
3306    
3307     dd if=/path/to/sbm.img of=/dev/fd0
3308    
3309     where /path/to is
3310     /live/image/bootdisk for Clonezilla Live
3311     /mnt/livecd/bootdisk for SystemRescueCD
3312    
3313     2. From DOS
3314     ---------------------
3315     You can get into any DOS (boot FreeDOS from the CD, for example), and use
3316     any of the following programs found in the rawrite folder of the CD:
3317    
3318     * rawrite.exe: is just here for completeness, as it may be needed for someone
3319     * rawrite2.exe: should be the fastest
3320     * rawrite3.com: should work if rawrite2 fails for some reason
3321     * fdimage.exe: rawrite alternative
3322    
3323     I found these programms at the FreeDOS web site {{
3324     http://www.fdos.org/ripcord/rawrite/ }}, where the following info is
3325     included:
3326    
3327     Basic Usage (Rawrite):
3328     Depending on the exact version, the output and command line support may
3329     vary, i.e. not work
3330     Usage:
3331     MS-DOS prompt> RAWRITE
3332     and follow the prompts, -or-
3333    
3334     MS-DOS prompt> RAWRITE [-f ] [-d ] [-n(owait)] [-h(elp)]
3335     where: -f - name of disk image file
3336     -d - diskette drive to use, must be A or B
3337     -n - don't prompt for user to insert diskette
3338     -h - print usage information to stdout
3339    
3340     The diskette must be formatted or rawrite will not work.
3341     The contents of the disk do not matter and will be overwritten.
3342     When ran interactively (without command line options) you will be prompted
3343     for the disk image filename (you must remember this as there is no file
3344     chooser).
3345     You will also be prompted for the target/destination drive, either A or
3346     B for A: or B: respectively.
3347     Basic Usage (FDImage):
3348     fdimage is an updated DOS program meant to replace rawrite. It does not
3349     require a pre-formatted floppy diskette.
3350    
3351     FDIMAGE - Write disk image to floppy disk
3352     Version 1.5 Copyright (c) 1996-7 Robert Nordier
3353    
3354     Usage: fdimage [-dqsv] [-f size] [-r count] file drive
3355    
3356     -d Debug mode
3357     -f size Specify the floppy disk format by capacity, eg:
3358     160K, 180K, 320K, 360K, 720K, 1.2M, 1.44M, 2.88M
3359     -q Quick mode: don't format the disk
3360     -r count Retry count for format/write operations
3361     -s Single-sector I/O
3362     -v Verbose
3363    
3364     In order to write the image file to a pre-formatted diskette, execute
3365     the commands:
3366    
3367     X:
3368     cd rawrite
3369     rawrite2 -f X:bootdisksbm.img -d b:
3370    
3371     In order to write the image file and format the diskette at the same time,
3372     execute the commands:
3373    
3374     X:
3375     cd rawrite
3376     fdimage -f 1.44M X:bootdisksbm.img b:
3377    
3378     where X: is the drive name in DOS
3379    
3380     3. From Windows
3381     ---------------------
3382     The final alternative is to use Windows program rawwritewin.exe (found in
3383     the utils\rawrite folder of the CD), as shown in the following image:
3384    
3385     [[ rawwritewin.png ]]
3386    
3387    
3388    
3389    
3390     Using SystemRescueCD
3391     ==============================================================================
3392    
3393     Intro
3394     ****************************************
3395     SystemRescueCD is an excellent Live CD. It contains cloning software too
3396     (FSArchiver {{ http://www.fsarchiver.org/Main_Page }} and partimage,
3397     to be spesific), but is unable to clone a whole disk, instead of only
3398     individual partitions.
3399    
3400     Clonezilla Live is a great cloning solution, but it is unable to do anything
3401     but clone. For general system administration, you need a lot more functions
3402     - like these offered by SystemRescueCD.
3403    
3404     Clonezilla-SysRescCD has all of the functions of both discs. It's a
3405     multi boot CD, so switching between CDs requires a reboot, but using
3406     both individual discs requires switching the physical disc - in addition
3407     to rebooting.
3408    
3409     But, of course, to be able to use SystemRescueCD's functions, you need to
3410     know how to use them. We don't have permission to redistribute SystemRescueCD
3411     documentation, so this page contains only just enough information to allow
3412     you to look for more help in SystemRescueCD documentation.
3413    
3414     Which boot option to pick?
3415     ****************************************
3416     You may be confused because of the number of boot options you have. After
3417     choosing "CD 2: System Rescue CD" you have a total of 15 options to boot
3418     SystemRescueCD. Here is a table of them.
3419    
3420     kernel Normal To RAM Graphical Environment VESA Mini Shell
3421     32-bit xxx +++
3422     32-bit (alt)
3423     64-bit xxx +++
3424    
3425     In the table, I have marked the options you most likely need. You should
3426     choose either of the options marked with a '+++' if you have no idea and/or
3427     time to read the next sections.
3428    
3429     Choosing the column
3430     ---------------------
3431     If you're accustomed to graphical environment, choose Graphical
3432     Environment. In Graphical Environment you're able to use graphical programs,
3433     like GParted and Mozilla Firefox. Terminals are also available, so using
3434     Graphical Environment doesn't prevent using command line. The only negative
3435     thing of Graphical Environment is that it slows booting process down a bit -
3436     and it's often just plain unneeded.
3437    
3438     Try VESA, if normal Graphical Environment doesn't work. VESA uses Xvesa
3439     graphical environment instead of X.Org that sometimes doesn't work. The
3440     drawbacks of Xvesa compared to X.Org are that Xvesa isn't optimized to
3441     any hardware (which means poorer performance) and Xvesa requires 32-bit
3442     kernel. Thus, if you use this option, do NOT choose 64-bit kernel, the
3443     combination leaves you at command line.
3444    
3445     If you're accustomed to command line and know already that you're not going
3446     to use any graphical program, choose one of the normal options (just below
3447     "System Rescue CD Menu"). Booting to command line is a bit faster process
3448     than booting to graphical environment, and you can start X manually later.
3449    
3450     You need the option To RAM if you plan to burn discs while using
3451     SystemRescueCD. The option copies the whole SystemRescueCD to the memory of
3452     the computer during the boot process, allowing you to put another disc to
3453     your CD/DVD writer while using SystemRescueCD. The negative thing is that
3454     reading all the contents of the disc slows boot process down a lot. There
3455     is no option which copies the disc to the memory and starts graphical
3456     environment automatically, but you can easily start it manually.
3457    
3458     Mini Shell is probably the least used option. It enters BusyBox
3459     shell after booting. BusyBox is an application that "combines
3460     tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small
3461     executable." However, SystemRescueCD contains most of these utilities
3462     anyway, so there is not much need to use this option. some information {{
3463     http://www.busybox.net/about.html }} about BusyBox
3464    
3465     Choosing the row (kernel)
3466     ---------------------
3467     After having chosen the column of the above table, you still have three
3468     options. Now you need to choose the kernel.
3469    
3470     The optimal kernel depends on the processor of your computer. If it's an
3471     IA-32 processor, like Intel Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon XP, you should choose
3472     32-bit kernel, because 64-bit kernel doesn't work at all. If you have
3473     a x86-64 processor, like AMD Athlon 64 or Intel Core 2, you can choose
3474     any kernel - the processor can run all of them. 64-bit kernel should be
3475     preferred, because it allows chrooting on an existing GNU/Linux partition
3476     containing 64-bit programs. Note, though, that you can't use 64-bit kernel
3477     with VESA option.
3478    
3479     If you don't know your processor architecture, try 64-bit kernel. If your
3480     processor architecture is IA-32, you'll see the following error message:
3481    
3482     This kernel requires an x86-64 CPU, but only detected an i686 CPU. Unable
3483     to boot - please use a kernel appropriate for your CPU.
3484    
3485     At this stage, simply press Ctrl-Alt-Del to reboot and use always 32-bit
3486     kernel on the machine.
3487    
3488     There is one more kernel - 32-bit kernel (alternative). It's designed to
3489     support more recent hardware than the regular kernel. Try it if standard
3490     32-bit kernel doesn't work.
3491    
3492     After booting
3493     ****************************************
3494     HELP!!! Where are the desktop and Start menu?
3495     ---------------------
3496     You should have read this section if you're looking for them. However,
3497     you don't need to reboot in order to enter graphical environment. Simply
3498     type this command and press ENTER:
3499    
3500     wizard
3501    
3502     The command asks you to choose a graphical environment. Try first X.Org,
3503     and if it fails, run the command again and choose Xvesa.
3504    
3505     Connecting to the Internet
3506     ---------------------
3507     The CD doesn't contain any SystemRescueCD documentation, because we don't
3508     have permission to redistribute it. In addition, our time is limited and
3509     we can't rewrite it all. So, you need to connect to the Internet to be
3510     able to read SystemRescueCD's official online documentation.
3511    
3512     Luckily, establishing Internet connection should be easy, if you're in a
3513     network using DHCP. Nowadays, most people are. If you're using graphical
3514     mode and terminal isn't already open, open it via the menu that opens when
3515     you click the leftmost icon in the bottom pane.
3516    
3517     Then, type this command and press ENTER:
3518    
3519     dhcpcd eth0
3520    
3521     If the network doesn't use DHCP, you can also configure Internet settings
3522     by hand. You should be able to do so if you've previously configured your
3523     settings in the operating system you normally use. The command to run is
3524    
3525     net-setup
3526    
3527     When you're done
3528     ****************************************
3529     When you're done, you naturally want to either shut the computer down or
3530     reboot. Wait! Don't do it yet!
3531    
3532     Both I and Spiros have found out that letting a live CD to automatically
3533     unmount partitions is often a bad idea. It can damage the filesystems
3534     of the partitions which were mounted when the computer was shut down and
3535     destroy any files in the partitions, even them you didn't use within the CD.
3536    
3537     So, I recommend unmounting them refore shutdown or reboot. Just run these
3538     commands when you're done.
3539    
3540     If you want to reboot:
3541    
3542     cd
3543     umount -a
3544     reboot
3545    
3546     If you want to shut down:
3547     cd
3548     umount -a
3549     poweroff
3550    
3551     More info
3552     ****************************************
3553     Here are some links to the official SystemRescueCD resources.
3554    
3555     SystemRescueCD - http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page
3556     Detailed packages list- http://www.sysresccd.org/Detailed-packages-list
3557     Manual - http://www.sysresccd.org/Online-Manual-EN
3558     FAQ - http://www.sysresccd.org/FAQ
3559     Howto - http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto
3560     Forum - http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/
3561    
3562    
3563    
3564    
3565     Managing partitions
3566     ==============================================================================
3567    
3568     Intro
3569     ****************************************
3570     One of the most important maintenance tasks that can only be done by using
3571     a live CD is partitioning. No operating system allows partitioning the
3572     same disk where the OS itself resides. Trying to do so is like attempting
3573     to repair a car while its engine is turned on.
3574    
3575     Of course, SystemRescueCD contains multiple programs that are related to
3576     partitioning. Most important are GParted (graphical partitioning program),
3577     GNU Parted (text-based partitioning program), fdisk and sfdisk (partition
3578     table editors) and various filesystem tools (like ntfsprogs and e2fsprogs).
3579    
3580     This page contains some theory about partitions and filesystems, advice for
3581     choosing the right filesystem and a partitioning example by using GParted.
3582    
3583     [[ important.png ]]
3584     While partitioning, an user error or a bug can damage your
3585     partitions.Creating a disk image of the disk to bepartitioned beforehand
3586     is highly recommended.
3587    
3588     [[ info.png ]]
3589     The following pressentation has been made usingSystemRescueCD v 1.4.0
3590    
3591     Some theory
3592     ****************************************
3593     What is a partition?
3594     ---------------------
3595     A partition is a logical division of a hard disk created so that you can
3596     have different operating systems on the same hard disk or to create the
3597     appearance of having separate hard drives for file management, multiple
3598     users, or other purposes.
3599    
3600     In Windows, a one-partition hard disk is labelled the "C:" drive ("A:" and
3601     "B:" are typically reserved for diskette drives). A two-partition hard drive
3602     would typically contain "C:" and "D:" drives. (CD-ROM drives typically are
3603     assigned the last letter in whatever sequence of letters have been used
3604     as a result of hard disk formatting, or typically with a two-partition,
3605     the "E:" drive.).
3606    
3607     In UNIX-based systems, a partition is used to host the / (root) file system,
3608     and optionally the /opt, /usr and /home file systems. There may also be
3609     a swap partition, which doesn't host any file system.
3610    
3611     Each operatin system provides some kind of tool to create and manage
3612     partitions. Examples of such tools are fdisk in DOS/Windows, fdisk, sfdisk
3613     and parted in Linux, etc.
3614    
3615     What is the difference between primary, extended and logical partitions?
3616     ---------------------
3617     Information about partitions is saved in so-called partition table
3618     in Master Boot Record. MBR itself is only 512 bytes in size,
3619     and only 64 bytes are reserved for partition table. That's not
3620     enough, and there are many workarounds to bypass limitations
3621     caused by the size, for example logical block addressing {{
3622     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing#LBA.2C_ATA_devices_and_Enhanced_BIOS
3623     }}. Extended partitions are another workaround.
3624    
3625     Partition table can only store information about four partitions. If one
3626     has, for example, two GNU/Linux distributions on the same disk, both of
3627     them having separate root partitions, shared /home and shared swap, the
3628     partition number limit has been hit already.
3629    
3630     A partition that is mentioned in the partition table is called primary
3631     partition. Because of the limit, one disk can only contain 1-4 primary
3632     partitions.
3633    
3634     An extended partition fixes the problem simply by containing more boot
3635     records, called Extended Boot Records (EBR). Each EBR contains information
3636     about one logical partition and, if the extended partition contains multiple
3637     logical partitions, link to the next EBR. Thus, an extended partition can
3638     contain unlimited amount of logical partitions.
3639    
3640     Extended partition contains only EBRs and logical partitions (and maybe
3641     unallocated space). Extended partition doesn't contain any filesystem and
3642     files can't be stored in it. Of course, logical partition can contain any
3643     filesystem (or be unformatted).
3644    
3645     Extended partition itself must be primary partition: an extended partition
3646     can't be within another extended partition. In addition, a disk can contain
3647     only one extended partition.
3648    
3649     Logical partitions can always be used for storing data: any operating system
3650     can see logical partitions. GNU/Linux distributions can be installed to
3651     logical partitions as well, but Windows requires a lot of tweaking. See
3652     this outdated guide {{ http://www.goodells.net/multiboot/index.htm }}.
3653    
3654     What is LVM?
3655     ---------------------
3656     LVM means "Logical Volume Manager". It allows creating volume groups on top
3657     of hard drives and logical volumes within volume groups. Logical volumes
3658     are NOT the same thing as logical partitions!
3659    
3660     Volume groups can be created very flexibly: a volume group can allocate,
3661     for example, the first half of the first hard drive and the second half
3662     of the third drive. One can even create a massive volume group containing
3663     all storage he/she has.
3664    
3665     The computer sees a logical volume as a partition: logical volume can be
3666     left unformatted or contain any filesystem.
3667    
3668     LVM has many benefits: for example, if one has three hard drives 60 gigabytes
3669     each, he/she can create a 160-gigabyte partition for storing massive files
3670     and/or saving some disk space. In addition, logical volumes can be resized
3671     even when they're in use, so when creating logical volumes one doesn't need
3672     to worry if they're too small or big - if they are, he/she can resize them
3673     at any time.
3674    
3675     However, resizing a logical volume doesn't resize the filesystem in
3676     it, so using a filesystem that can be resized in use (online resizing)
3677     is recommended. Very few filesystems can be shrinked online, but most
3678     GNU/Linux filesystems (including ext3/4, ReiserFS, XFS and btrfs) can be
3679     grown online. It's generally a good idea to leave unallocated space within
3680     volume group, so logical volumes can later be grown without shrinking any
3681     other logical volume.
3682    
3683     Here come bad news for people who dualboot: Windows doesn't support LVM, it
3684     sees volume groups as unformatted partitions. If you try to access volume
3685     group within Windows, you're just prompted to format the partition. That
3686     prompt is annoying at best and dangerous at worst.
3687    
3688     More information about LVM can be found here (almost everything about LVM
3689     in a single page) and here (official SystemRescueCD documentation about LVM).
3690    
3691     What is a file system?
3692     ---------------------
3693     A file system is the way in which files are named and where they are placed
3694     logically for storage and retrieval. The DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh,
3695     and UNIX-based operating systems all have file systems in which files are
3696     placed somewhere in a hierarchical (tree) structure. A file is placed in
3697     a directory (folder in Windows) or subdirectory at the desired place in
3698     the tree structure.
3699    
3700     The most important difference between filesystems is operating system
3701     support. Some filesystems are supported by all modern operating systems,
3702     but especially the newest filesystems are very rarely supported. Other
3703     important limits are maximum file size, journaling support and file
3704     permission metadata support.
3705    
3706     The reason that file size limits exist is that all filesystems reserve a
3707     fixed number of bits for storing the file size. If the size of the file,
3708     in bytes, is bigger than the biggest number that can be stored in file
3709     size bits, the operating system must refuse to store the file at all in
3710     order to prevent data corruption.
3711    
3712     File permission metadata means that the filesystem stores in the metadata
3713     of the file, among other things, information about who owns the file and
3714     what different users are allowed to do with the file. That metadata is
3715     especially useful in multi-user environment because it mostly prevents
3716     users from reading each other's files. Permissions can be bypassed, however.
3717    
3718     What is journaling?
3719     ---------------------
3720     Ideally, data in a partition never corrupts. But, in the real world,
3721     there are power failures and operating system freezes. And if a computer
3722     is forcefully shut down while something is written to the drive, the write
3723     operation can't be finished. That can damage the filesystem and destroy
3724     any files in the partition.
3725    
3726     Journaling partially fixes that problem by writing most changes to the
3727     disk twice: first to a special area called journal and, after that, to
3728     the filesystem itself. If power is lost while writing to the journal was
3729     in progress, the partial change is just ignored and never committed to the
3730     filesystem itself. If power failure or OS freeze happened while writing to
3731     filesystem itself, the write operation is finished by using the information
3732     in journal.
3733    
3734     Journaling helps most of the time when the computer has been forcefully
3735     shut down, but not always. Due to performance reasons, only some
3736     write operations are written to the journal, mostly the biggest
3737     operations. Of course, journaling doesn't help if that particular
3738     operation that was in progress while power was lost didn't go
3739     through the journal. Journaling also doesn't protect from everything:
3740     for example, using ext4 filesystem in conjuction with programs that
3741     write a lot of files in a short time can result in massive data loss {{
3742     http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Possible-data-loss-in-Ext4-740467.html
3743     }}, regardless if journaling is enabled or not.
3744    
3745     In addition, journaling reduces performance. It causes more writes to
3746     the disk. That's not a big problem on mechanical hard drives, but on SSDs
3747     (Solid State Drives) and thumb drives write speed is much slower than read
3748     speed. They also have a limited number of writing cycles, so journaling
3749     reduces their lifetime. I (Jyrki) actually use ext2 and FAT32 filesystems
3750     on my external SSD drive because they do NOT support journaling at all.
3751    
3752     What are the differences between most popular filesystems?
3753     ---------------------
3754     The following table quickly describes the most important differences
3755     between them.
3756    
3757     Operating system support
3758     #############################################################################
3759     Under Under Maximum Journaling Permissions
3760     Windows GNU/Linux file size
3761     #############################################################################
3762     FAT32 Native Built-in 4 GB No No
3763     NTFS Native Included 16 EB Yes Yes
3764     ext2 3rd party driver Native 16 GB-2 TB* No Yes
3765     ext3 3rd party driver Native 16 GB-2 TB* Yes Yes
3766     ext4 No Native 16 GB-16 TB* Yes Yes
3767     exFAT Native (Vista/7)** No 64 ZB No Yes
3768    
3769     * Depends on cluster size
3770     ** This update {{ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/955704 }} adds exFAT
3771     support to Windows XP
3772    
3773     Operating system support:
3774    
3775     * "Native" means that the kernel supports the filesystem and the OS can
3776     boot from a partition using that FS.
3777     * "Built-in" means that the kernel supports the filesystem, but booting
3778     from a partition containing such FS is very difficult.
3779     * "Driver included" means that ntfs-3g (the driver that adds NTFS support
3780     to Linux) comes with most GNU/Linux distributions.
3781     * "3rd party driver" means that drivers to add filesystem support are
3782     available, but must be downloaded and installed separately. The drivers
3783     are Ext2 IFS and Ext2fsd.
3784     * "No" means that there is no way to use the filesystem within the
3785     operating system.
3786    
3787     Filesystems
3788     ****************************************
3789     This section contains more information about most popular filesystems.
3790    
3791     FAT32
3792     ---------------------
3793     The initial version of FAT (File Allocation Table), now referred as
3794     FAT12, was designed for floppy disks. A FAT12 partition can only be up
3795     to 32 megabytes in size. After that, PCs equipped with hard drives were
3796     introcuded by IBM and the sizes of hard drives began growing. Microsoft
3797     answered the need by developing first initial FAT16 and then final FAT16.
3798    
3799     FAT16 partition can be up to two gigabytes in size. In the middle of 1990s,
3800     that limit was becoming a problem. Microsoft pushed the limit up by updating
3801     FAT again.
3802    
3803     FAT32 was first introduced with Windows 95 OSR2. Windows 98,
3804     Windows Me, Windows 2000 and newer support FAT32 too. Linux
3805     kernel has supported FAT32 almost as long as Windows, but
3806     booting GNU/Linux from FAT32 partition is difficult and actually
3807     requires DOS to be installed in the partition as well. (more information {{
3808     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux#Installing_Linux_on_and_booting_it_from_FAT_volumes_using_umsdos
3809     }})
3810    
3811     FAT32 partition can be up to two terabytes in size. As of now (March 2010),
3812     there are hard drives that hit the limit, but don't exceed it. A single
3813     file within FAT32 partition can be up to four gigabytes in size.
3814    
3815     Because FAT32 is, in the end, based on FAT12, it has very few features. It
3816     doesn't support file permissions, hard/symbolic links, encryption,
3817     compression, alternative data streams, journaling... It lacks support for
3818     nearly anything that defines a modern filesystem. However, due to very
3819     few features, FAT32 is very fast filesystem if it's not fragmented or on
3820     a Flash-based drive. Mind you, FAT32 fragments very fast.
3821    
3822     Due to excellent operating system support, I recommend FAT32 for storing
3823     files which should be accessible in both Windows and GNU/Linux. FAT32
3824     is also a good filesystem on Solid State Drives and thumb drives due to
3825     its performance.
3826    
3827     ext2
3828     ---------------------
3829     Ext2 or ext2fs is the successor of extfs (extended file system). Extfs
3830     didn't support separated timestamps for access, data modification and inode
3831     modification. In order to add support for them, and make the filesystem
3832     extendable, a new filesystem had to be created.
3833    
3834     Ext2 was developed in January 1993, earlier than any other filesystem
3835     mentioned in this page.
3836    
3837     Because ext2 is designed for GNU/Linux, support in Linux kernel was
3838     implemented immediately. The first Windows driver supporting ext2,
3839     Ext2fsd 0.01, was released on 25 January 2002. Both Windows drivers
3840     for ext2 work only on Windows NT operating systems (NT 4.0 up to Vista,
3841     7 isn't supported yet).
3842    
3843     The best property of ext2 is extensibility. The superblock contains
3844     information about which version the filesystem is (ext2, ext3 or ext4)
3845     and which extensions and features are in use. By using these pieces of
3846     information, the operating system or driver can decide whether or not
3847     mounting the partition is safe. That's the most important reason why most
3848     GNU/Linux distributions still use successors of ext2 as default filesystems.
3849    
3850     Depending on cluster size, ext2 partition can be up to 2-32 terabytes in
3851     size. File size limit is 16 GB-2 TB.
3852    
3853     Ext2 supports file permissions, both hard and symbolic links and extended
3854     file attributes. Encryption, compression and journaling are unsupported.
3855    
3856     Due to lack of journaling support and existence of Windows drivers, I
3857     recommend using ext2 if you're going to install GNU/Linux on a SSD drive
3858     and want to be able to access files within Windows too. In fact, that's
3859     exactly the setup I have.
3860    
3861     However, lack of journaling support is the worst limitation of ext2. And
3862     what was done in order to get rid of the limitation?
3863    
3864     ext3
3865     ---------------------
3866     Ext3, the successor of ext2, was introduced in Linux kernel on November
3867     2001. It supports journaling, can be grown online and indexes large
3868     directories.
3869    
3870     Ext2 IFS and Ext2fsd can mount ext3 partition as ext2 if the journal
3871     is empty. (If it's not, something is wrong - journal is always emptied
3872     when the partition is unmounted or the computer is shut down.) Thus,
3873     ext3 support under Windows is just as good/bad as ext2 support.
3874    
3875     Partition and file size limits are the same as in ext2: partition size
3876     limit is 2-32 TB and file size limit 16 GB-2 TB, depending on cluster size.
3877    
3878     Due to journaling support and existence of Windows drivers, ext3 is a good
3879     choice if you're going to install GNU/Linux on a mechanical hard drive
3880     and want to be able to access files within Windows.
3881    
3882     ext4
3883     ---------------------
3884     Linux kernel support for ext4, the successor of ext3, was marked stable
3885     code on October 2008. Ext4 contains multiple performance and stability
3886     improvements over ext3.
3887    
3888     The most important new feature is extents. An extent is a contiguous area of
3889     storage that has been reserved for a file. When a process starts to write
3890     to a file, the whole extent is allocated even before the write operation
3891     begins. The idea is that even if the file is larger than expected, it
3892     doesn't fragment if it doesn't exceed the size of the extent.
3893    
3894     Another important improvement is larger partition size limit: an ext4
3895     partition can be even one exabyte in size. (An exabyte is a million
3896     terabytes.) In addition, a directory within an ext4 partition can contain up
3897     to 64 000 subdirectories (instead of 32 000, as in ext2/3) and timestamps
3898     are much more accurate. The file size limit is 16 GB-16 TB, depending on
3899     cluster size.
3900    
3901     Unfortunately, Ext2 IFS and Ext2Fsd don't support ext4 and are unable
3902     to mount ext4 partition if extents are enabled. They can be disabled,
3903     but other improvements of ext4 aren't that important for most people -
3904     using ext2 or ext3 is just easier.
3905    
3906     Due to its features, ext4 is a good filesystem on computers that only have
3907     GNU/Linux installed. Because journaling can be disabled, it is suitable
3908     for Solid State Drives and thumb drives too.
3909    
3910     NTFS
3911     ---------------------
3912     At the end of 1980s, IBM and Microsoft were developing OS/2 operating
3913     system. Both companies expected OS/2 1.1, released on 1988, to be the first
3914     popular operating system having a GUI, Presentation Manager. Even though it
3915     didn't become too popular during its first years, Microsoft didn't complain:
3916     Windows 2 didn't sell any better.
3917    
3918     But on May 1990, Microsoft released Windows 3.0. Millions of copies of it
3919     were sold during its first year, and Microsoft began to believe that OS/2
3920     had failed due to decisions of IBM. At autumn 1990, Microsoft stopped
3921     cooperating with IBM, recasted OS/2 3.0 as Windows NT and continued
3922     developing it alone, leaving IBM alone with OS/2.
3923    
3924     Windows NT was targeted for network file servers, and there were already
3925     competition, most importantly Novell NetWare and OS/2. Among other things,
3926     the filesystem of Windows NT had to be fast, space efficient and reliable.
3927    
3928     NTFS (New Technology File System) was introcuded with Windows NT 3.1. Newer
3929     versions of NTFS have been introduced with newer versions of Windows NT,
3930     and the filesystem is most likely still under development. All versions
3931     of Windows NT support NTFS, but support in Linux kernel was implemented
3932     as late as on December 2003.
3933    
3934     NTFS is still, in my opinion, the most feature-filled filesystem around. It
3935     supports file permissions, both hard and symbolic links, encryption,
3936     compression, alternative data streams, journaling... There are very few
3937     features NTFS doesn't support.
3938    
3939     Depending on cluster size, a NTFS partition can be up to 8 ZB-1 YB in
3940     size. (A zettabyte (ZB) is a milliard terabytes and a yottabyte (YB)
3941     a billion terabytes.) File size limit is 16 EB.
3942    
3943     Windows 7 can only be installed on a NTFS
3944     partition, and Vista requires a work-around {{
3945     http://www.computersplace.com/install-windows-vista-on-a-fat32-partition/windows-vista
3946     }} if one wants to install it on a FAT32 partition. Of course NTFS partitions
3947     can be used for data storage as well: due to features of NTFS, I recommend
3948     doing so on mechanical hard drives on Windows-only computers.
3949    
3950     exFAT
3951     ---------------------
3952     NTFS is a great filesystem, but due to its complexity and journaling, it's
3953     not suitable for Flash-based drives. Even Microsoft itself has recommended
3954     using FAT32 on removable Flash media.
3955    
3956     However, FAT32 only allows files up to four gigabytes in size. The limit
3957     is already becoming too small, for example a DVD disc image can exceed
3958     that limit. In addition, FAT32 lacks file permission support. In order
3959     to get rid of these limitations, Microsoft took FAT from its grave and
3960     updated it one more time.
3961    
3962     ExFAT (extended FAT), also known as FAT64, was introduced with Windows CE
3963     6.0, on November 2006. Windows Vista SP1, Windows 7 and newer support exFAT
3964     too, and by installing this update {{ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/955704
3965     }} Windows XP can be extended to support exFAT as well. Unfortunately,
3966     the only read-write exFAT driver for GNU/Linux (Tuxera exFAT for Embedded
3967     Systems) is payware.
3968    
3969     The partition and file size limits of exFAT are the same: 64
3970     zettabytes. Another important improvement is file permission support that,
3971     oddly, is lacking in Windows Vista. In addition, a directory within an
3972     exFAT partition can contain up to 2 796 202 files (instead of 65 536,
3973     as in FAT32) and timestamps have become more accurate.
3974    
3975     No operating system can be installed to an exFAT partition, so such
3976     partitions can only be used for data storage. Due to lack of journaling
3977     and support for huge files, exFAT is a good filesystem on Solid State
3978     Drives and thumb drives that are only used within Windows Vista and/or 7.
3979    
3980     Partition list
3981     ---------------------
3982     The following table presents known partition types along with their IDs:
3983    
3984     0 Empty 80 Old Minix
3985     1 FAT12 81 Minix / old Linux
3986     2 XENIX root 82 Linux swap / Solaris
3987     3 XENIX usr 83 Linux
3988     4 FAT16 <32M 84 OS/2 hidden C: drive
3989     5 Extended 85 Linux extended
3990     6 FAT16 86 NTFS volume set
3991     7 HPFS/NTFS 87 NTFS volume set
3992     8 AIX 88 Linux plaintext
3993     9 AIX bootable 8e Linux LVM
3994     a OS/2 Boot Manager 93 Amoeba
3995     b W95 FAT32 94 Amoeba BBT
3996     c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 9f BSD/OS
3997     e W95 FAT16 (LBA) a0 IBM Thinkpad hibernation
3998     f W95 Ext'd (LBA) a5 FreeBSD
3999     10 OPUS a6 OpenBSD
4000     11 Hidden FAT12 a7 NeXTSTEP
4001     12 Compaq diagnostics a8 Darwin UFS
4002     14 Hidden FAT16 <32M a9 NetBSD
4003     16 Hidden FAT16 ab Darwin boot
4004     17 Hidden HPFS/NTFS b7 BSDI fs
4005     18 AST SmartSleep b8 BSDI swap
4006     1b Hidden W95 FAT32 bb Boot Wizard hidden
4007     1c Hidden W95 FAT32 (LBA) be Solaris boot
4008     1e Hidden W95 FAT16 (LBA) bf Solaris
4009     24 NEC DOS c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-12)
4010     39 Plan 9 c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-16
4011     3c PartitionMagic recovery c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-16)
4012     40 Venix 80286 c7 Syrinx
4013     41 PPC PReP Boot da Non-FS data
4014     42 SFS db CP/M / CTOS / ...
4015     4d QNX4.x de Dell Utility
4016     4e QNX4.x 2nd part df BootIt
4017     4f QNX4.x 3rd part e1 DOS access
4018     50 OnTrack DM e3 DOS R/O
4019     51 OnTrack DM6 Aux1 e4 SpeedStor
4020     52 CP/M eb BeOS fs
4021     53 OnTrack DM6 Aux3 ee EFI GPT
4022     54 OnTrackDM6 ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
4023     55 EZ-Drive f0 Linux/PA-RISC boot
4024     56 Golden Bow f1 SpeedStor
4025     5c Priam Edisk f4 SpeedStor
4026     61 SpeedStor f2 DOS secondary
4027     63 GNU HURD or SysV fd Linux raid autodetect
4028     64 Novell Netware 286 fe LANstep
4029     65 Novell Netware 386 ff BBT
4030     70 DiskSecure Multi-Boot
4031     75 PC/IX
4032    
4033     The partitions you are most likely to see in use, are:
4034    
4035     * FAT16 (ID = 6)
4036     This is the old DOS partition type
4037     You may still find it in pure DOS installations, like vendor diagnostics
4038     tool partitions, and small USB sticks (128 - 250 MB)
4039    
4040     * HPFS/NTFS (ID = 7)
4041     This is the Windows XP partition, also known as NTFS
4042    
4043     * W95 FAT32 (LBA) (ID = c)
4044     This is the Windows 95 - 98 partition
4045     It is used in any kind of disk and large USB devices (1 GB and more)
4046    
4047     * W95 Ext'd (LBA) (ID = f)
4048     Extended partition. It acts as a container for other partitions
4049     There is one more extended partition type (ID = 5), but it does not seem
4050     to be in use as much
4051    
4052     * Linux swap / Solaris (ID = 82)
4053     Swap partition, acting as Virtual Memory
4054     Modern computers with 1 - 2 GB of memory may not use it at all
4055    
4056     * Linux (ID = 83)
4057     Linux partitions, such as ext2, ext3 and reiserfs
4058    
4059     Partitioning example
4060     ****************************************
4061     This section contains a partitioning example. I simulate the following
4062     situation in a virtual machine:
4063    
4064     I have two partitions in my disk: /dev/sda1 that contains a GNU/Linux
4065     distribution, and /dev/sda2 that is a swap partition. Here we can see the
4066     output of fdisk:
4067    
4068     root@sysresccd /root % fdisk -l
4069    
4070     Disk /dev/sda: 2097 MB, 2097152000 bytes
4071     64 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1015 cylinders
4072     Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 = 2064384 bytes
4073     Disk identifier: 0x00058a4a
4074    
4075     Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
4076     /dev/sda1 * 1 812 1636960+ 83 Linux
4077     /dev/sda2 813 1015 409248 82 Linux swap / Solaris
4078    
4079     Now I'm going to install another distribution on the same disk. First of
4080     all, I need one more partition, because only one distro can be installed on
4081     one partition. In addition, I want to separate /home to its own partition
4082     in order to be able to share it between distributions.
4083    
4084     Because the whole disk is already allocated, I must shrink at least one
4085     existing partition in order to create new partitions. I'll shrink both of
4086     them to half (/dev/sda1 from 1,6 gigabytes to 800 megabytes, and /dev/sda2
4087     from 400 MB to 200 MB). In addition, I'll move /dev/sda2 right next to
4088     /dev/sda1 to keep the partitions in order.
4089    
4090     But how many partitions there will be in total? One, two,
4091     three... four! Phew, I was near to paint myself into a corner. If I created
4092     only primary partitions, I'd be unable to create any more partitions on
4093     the disk. Thus, I'll create an extended partition instead and two logical
4094     partitions within it. Then I'll be able to create more logical partitions
4095     later if required.
4096    
4097     There is one more challenge: moving /home to a separate partition. It's
4098     very easy to move the folder itself, but the distro in /dev/sda1 will
4099     surely be confused if it doesn't find /home when it boots next time. Thus,
4100     I must edit its /etc/fstab and configure it to mount the /home partition
4101     automatically - before booting the distro itself.
4102    
4103     Now there are only two decisions left: the numbers and sizes of the new
4104     partitions. I decide to install the new distro to /dev/sda5 and move /home
4105     to /dev/sda6. Let /dev/sda5 be 800 megabytes and /dev/sda6 200 MB in size.
4106    
4107     Now it's time to boot into SystemRescueCD. Graphical mode is required
4108     this time.
4109     [[ systemrescuecd.png ]]
4110     I close the terminal and open GParted by clicking the third icon in the
4111     bottom pane.
4112     [[ gparted-00.png ]]
4113     I right-click the partition /dev/sda1 and select Resize/Move.
4114     [[ gparted-01.png ]]
4115     I enter 799 MB as the new size, click the Free Space Following (MiB)
4116     combo box and press Resize/Move.
4117     [[ gparted-02.png ]]
4118     I right-click now /dev/sda2 and select Resize/Move.
4119     [[ gparted-03.png ]]
4120     I enter 0 MB as preceding free space and 200 MB as partition size, click
4121     the Free Space Following (MiB) combo box and press Resize/Move.
4122     [[ gparted-04.png ]]
4123     I right-click the unallocated area and select New.
4124     [[ gparted-05.png ]]
4125     I select Extended Partition as the partition type. The size was already
4126     998 megabytes (the maximum) and as said, an extended partition doesn't
4127     contain any filesystem. I click Add.
4128     [[ gparted-06.png ]]
4129     I right-click the unallocated area within the extended partition and
4130     select New.
4131     [[ gparted-07.png ]]
4132     I choose the ext4 filesystem and enter 798 MB as the partition size. After
4133     that, I click first the Free Space Following (MiB) combo box and then Add.
4134     [[ gparted-08.png ]]
4135     I right-click the remaining unallocated space and select New one more time.
4136     [[ gparted-09.png ]]
4137     I choose the ext4 filesystem again. The partition size setting was already
4138     201 megabytes (the whole available space), so I just press Add.
4139     [[ gparted-10.png ]]
4140     [[ important.png ]]
4141     The next step is to commit the changes.After that some operations, for
4142     examplepartition deletion, can no longer be undone.
4143    
4144     Finally I commit the changes by pressing the rightmost icon in the main bar.
4145     [[ gparted-11.png ]]
4146     After slowly reading the warning, I confirm my decisions by pressing Apply.
4147     [[ gparted-12.png ]]
4148     GParted begins to commit the changes...
4149     [[ gparted-13.png ]]
4150     ...and when everything is done, it shows me this window that I close.
4151     [[ gparted-14.png ]]
4152     Then I can see the brand new partitions.
4153    
4154     Moving /home
4155     ---------------------
4156     I close GParted and launch Terminal by pressing the second icon in the
4157     bottom pane.
4158    
4159     I create directories as mount points:
4160    
4161     mkdir /mnt/sda1
4162     mkdir /mnt/sda6
4163    
4164     Then I mount the partitions:
4165    
4166     mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/sda1
4167     mount /dev/sda6 /mnt/sda6
4168    
4169     I move the directory:
4170    
4171     mv /mnt/sda1/home/* /mnt/sda6/
4172    
4173     After that, I unmount /dev/sda6, because it no longer needs to be mounted:
4174    
4175     sync
4176     umount /dev/sda6
4177     [[ terminal.png ]]
4178     As you can see, under Linux it's perfectly normal that the terminal doesn't
4179     answer to the commands. Don't worry - they are really executed.
4180    
4181     Now I close Terminal and launch Geany by pressing the fourth icon in the
4182     bottom pane.
4183     [[ geany-00.png ]]
4184     I select File -> Open.
4185     [[ geany-01.png ]]
4186     I press File System and navigate to folder /mnt/sda1/etc.
4187     [[ geany-02.png ]]
4188     I double-click the file fstab.
4189     [[ geany-03.png ]]
4190     I add the following line:
4191    
4192     /dev/sda6 /home ext4 defaults 0 2
4193    
4194     Finally, I select File -> Save.
4195     [[ geany-04.png ]]
4196     It's a good idea to reboot the computer now and check if the distribution
4197     in /dev/sda1 still works. Anyway, the disk should now be ready for the
4198     new distro.
4199    
4200    
4201    
4202    
4203     Data Recovery
4204     ==============================================================================
4205    
4206     Intro
4207     ****************************************
4208     Deleted or "lost" files can be recovered from failed or formatted drives
4209     and partitions, cdroms and memory cards using the software available in
4210     SystemRescueCD.
4211    
4212     Unless you can rule out hardware failure, you must not write to the failed
4213     device. The following software will passively try to recover your data
4214     from failed or failing hardware. If your data is not replaceable, do not
4215     attempt to write to the failed device if the following applications do
4216     not work but seek professional advice instead.
4217    
4218     If your device is damaged, it is advisable to image the device and work on
4219     the image file for data recovery. If hardware failure is not the problem,
4220     you can recover data directly from the device.
4221    
4222     To recover data from a failed device, you will need another device of equal
4223     or greater storage capacity onto which to save your data. If you need to make
4224     an image of the failed device, you will need yet another quantity of space.
4225    
4226     I should state here, that I haven't used any of these tools recently (other
4227     than plain and simple dd, a long time ago, which I found to be very slow),
4228     so I couldn't recommend any of them. Any comments on a tool's usability
4229     found in this page, is just what I found on the Net.
4230    
4231     Partition recovery
4232     ****************************************
4233     If you made a mistake while partitioning and the partition no longer appears
4234     in the partition table, so long as you have not written data in that space,
4235     all your data is still there and can be restored.
4236    
4237     When changing the partition table on your hard drive, you must ensure that
4238     no partition on the disk is mounted. This includes swap space. In order
4239     to restore your partition, execute:
4240    
4241     swapoff -a
4242     parted /dev/old_disk
4243    
4244     Then, use the rescue option:
4245    
4246     rescue START END
4247    
4248     where START is the area of the disk where you believe the partition began
4249     and END is it's end. If parted finds a potential partition, it will ask
4250     you if you want to add it to the partition table.
4251    
4252     Note: TestDisk can also be used to recover a "lost" partition.
4253    
4254     Disk / files recovery
4255     ****************************************
4256     Using dd
4257     ---------------------
4258     In order to duplicate a disk to another disk, execute
4259    
4260     dd if=/dev/old_disk of=/dev/new_disk conv=noerror,sync
4261    
4262     or to create an image file
4263    
4264     dd if=/dev/old_disk of=image_file conv=noerror
4265    
4266     Be careful, if you are copying a disk, the destination must also be a disk,
4267     not a partition. If you are copying a partition, the destination partition
4268     must be large enough. Copying the whole disk is recommended.
4269    
4270     To speed up the copy process, you can append bs=8k, it will read/write
4271     the disk by 16 sectors at a time.
4272    
4273     Using dd_rescue
4274     ---------------------
4275     Like dd, dd_rescue {{ http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/ }} does
4276     copy data from one file or block device to another. You can specify file
4277     positions (called seek and skip in dd). There are several differences:
4278    
4279     * dd_rescue does not provide character conversions.
4280     * The command syntax is different. Call dd_rescue -h.
4281     * dd_rescue does not abort on errors on the input file, unless you specify a
4282     maximum error number. Then dd_rescue will abort when this number is reached.
4283     * dd_rescue does not truncate the output file, unless asked to.
4284     * You can tell dd_rescue to start from the end of a file and move backwards.
4285     * It uses two block sizes, a large (soft) block size and a small (hard)
4286     block size. In case of errors, the size falls back to the small one and
4287     is promoted again after a while without errors.
4288     * It does not (yet) support non-seekable in- or output.
4289    
4290     In order to duplicate a disk to another disk, execute
4291    
4292     dd_rescue -A -v /dev/old_disk /dev/new_disk
4293    
4294     or to create an image file
4295    
4296     dd_rescue -A -v /dev/old_disk image_file
4297    
4298     The copying should go very quickly until it hits a bad sector and then it
4299     will slow down to take smaller chunks of data. People have reported very
4300     good results with this technique.
4301    
4302     Using GNU ddrescue
4303     ---------------------
4304     The GNU site describes GNU ddrescue as a data recovery tool, and lists
4305     these features:
4306    
4307     * It copies data from one file or block device (hard disc, CD-ROM, etc)
4308     to another, trying hard to rescue data in case of read errors.
4309     * It does not truncate the output file if not asked to, so every time you
4310     run it on the same output file, it tries to fill in the gaps.
4311     * It is designed to be fully automatic.
4312     * If you use the log file feature of GNU ddrescue, the data is rescued very
4313     efficiently (only the needed blocks are read). Also you can interrupt the
4314     rescue at any time and resume it later at the same point.
4315     * The log file is periodically saved to disc. So in case of a crash you
4316     can resume the rescue with little recopying.
4317     * If you have two or more damaged copies of a file, CD-ROM, etc, and run
4318     GNU ddrescue on all of them, one at a time, with the same output file,
4319     you will probably obtain a complete and error-free file. The probability
4320     of having damaged areas at the same places on different input files is
4321     very low. Using the log file, only the needed blocks are read from the
4322     second and successive copies.
4323     * The same log file can be used for multiple commands that copy different
4324     areas of the file, and for multiple recovery attempts over different subsets.
4325    
4326     The algorithm of GNU ddrescue is as follows:
4327    
4328     * Optionally read a log file describing the status of a multi-part or
4329     previously interrupted rescue.
4330     * Read the non-damaged parts of the input file, skipping the damaged areas,
4331     until the requested size is reached, or until interrupted by the user.
4332     * Try to read the damaged areas, splitting them into smaller pieces and
4333     reading the non-damaged pieces, until the hardware block size is reached,
4334     or until interrupted by the user.
4335     * Try to read the damaged hardware blocks until the specified number of
4336     retries is reached, or until interrupted by the user.
4337     * Optionally write a log file for later use.
4338    
4339     Note: GNU ddrescue is considered to be the best recovery tool available.
4340    
4341     In order to duplicate a disk to another disk, execute
4342    
4343     ddrescue -vr3 /dev/old_disk /dev/new_disk logfile
4344    
4345     or to create an image file
4346    
4347     ddrescue -vr3 /dev/old_disk image_file logfile
4348    
4349     If the disk is failing fast and you want to get the most data out of it
4350     on the first try, you should probably use "-n" on the first run. This
4351     will avoid splitting error areas. Subsequent runs can use "-r1" or "-r3",
4352     without "-n", to retry those error areas.
4353    
4354     To summarise, we execute:
4355    
4356     ddrescue -vn /dev/old_disk image_file logfile
4357     ddrescue -v -r3 -C /dev/old_disk image_file logfile
4358    
4359     Note: When working with CD-ROMs you should probably specific "-b 2048"
4360    
4361     Using Foremost
4362     ---------------------
4363     Foremost {{ http://foremost.sourceforge.net/ }} is a console program
4364     to recover files based on their headers, footers, and internal data
4365     structures. This process is commonly referred to as data carving. Foremost
4366     can work on image files, such as those generated by dd, Safeback, Encase,
4367     etc, or directly on a drive. The headers and footers can be specified
4368     by a configuration file or you can use command line switches to specify
4369     built-in file types. These built-in types look at the data structures of
4370     a given file format allowing for a more reliable and faster recovery.
4371    
4372     It can be run on an image file created with any of the above tools, to
4373     extract files:
4374    
4375     foremost -i image -o /recovery/foremost
4376    
4377     Foremost can be instructed to recover only specific file types, using the
4378     -t command line parameter. In the following example Foremost will extract
4379     only jpg files:
4380    
4381     foremost -t jpg -i image -o /recovery/foremost
4382    
4383     Available types are: jpg, gif, png, bmp, avi, exe (Windows binaries and
4384     DLLs), wav, riff, wmv (will extract wma also), mov, pdf, ole (will extract
4385     any file using the OLE file structure; this includes PowerPoint, Word,
4386     Excel, Access, and StarWriter), doc, zip (will extract .jar files and Open
4387     Office docs as well; this includes SXW, SXC, SXI, and SX? for undetermined
4388     OpenOffice files), rar, html and cpp.
4389    
4390     Using TestDisk
4391     ---------------------
4392     TestDisk {{ http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk }} was primarily
4393     designed to help recover "lost" partitions and/or make non-booting disks
4394     bootable again when these symptoms are caused by faulty software, certain
4395     types of viruses or human error (such as accidentally deleting a Partition
4396     Table). Partition table recovery using TestDisk is really easy.
4397    
4398     TestDisk can
4399    
4400     * Fix partition table, recover deleted partition
4401     * Recover FAT32 boot sector from its backup
4402     * Rebuild FAT12/FAT16/FAT32 boot sector
4403     * Fix FAT tables
4404     * Rebuild NTFS boot sector
4405     * Recover NTFS boot sector from its backup
4406     * Fix MFT using MFT mirror
4407     * Locate ext2/ext3 Backup SuperBlock
4408    
4409     Some great tutorials are available at TestDisk's site: "TestDisk Step
4410     By Step {{ http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk_Step_By_Step }}",
4411     "Running TestDisk", "Data Recovery Examples" etc.
4412    
4413     Using PhotoRec
4414     ---------------------
4415     PhotoRec {{ http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec }} is file data recovery
4416     software designed to recover "lost" files including video, documents
4417     and archives from Hard Disks and CDRom and "lost" pictures (thus, its
4418     'Photo Recovery' name) from digital camera memory. PhotoRec ignores the
4419     filesystem and goes after the underlying data, so it will still work even
4420     if your media's filesystem has been severely damaged or re-formatted.
4421    
4422     For more safety, PhotoRec uses read-only access to handle the drive or
4423     memory support you are about to recover "lost" data from.
4424    
4425     Important: As soon as a pic or file is accidentally deleted, or you discover
4426     any missing, do NOT save any more pics or files to that memory device or
4427     hard disk drive; otherwise you may overwrite your "lost" data. This means
4428     that even using PhotoRec, you must not choose to write the recovered files
4429     to the same partition they were stored on.
4430    
4431     A great tutorial titled "PhotoRec Step By Step {{
4432     http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec_Step_By_Step }}" can be found at
4433     PhotoRec's site.
4434    
4435     Links & resources
4436     ****************************************
4437     This page is a compilation of the following pages:
4438    
4439     DataRecovery
4440     https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DataRecovery
4441    
4442     Hard Drive Recovery, Ubuntu-Style
4443     http://blogs.sun.com/superpat/tags/ddrescue
4444    
4445     Recover Data and (deleted) Partition with Linux from Hard Drives, CD-ROMs
4446     or DVDs
4447     http://sysblogd.wordpress.com/2008/01/05/data-recovery-with-linux-from-hard-drives-cd-roms-or-dvds/
4448    
4449     dd_rescue
4450     http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/
4451    
4452     gddrescue: a tool for recovering data from damaged media
4453     http://debaday.debian.net/2007/12/12/gddrescue-a-tool-for-recovering-data-from-damaged-media/
4454    
4455     Foremost
4456     http://foremost.sourceforge.net/
4457    
4458     TestDisk
4459     http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk
4460    
4461     PhotoRec
4462     http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec
4463    
4464    
4465    
4466    
4467     Clonezilla-SysRescCD own scripts
4468     ==============================================================================
4469    
4470     Intro
4471     ****************************************
4472     In this page I will present the scripts I have ever written for
4473     Clonezilla-SysRescCD
4474    
4475     what-cd
4476     ****************************************
4477     Included in: SystemRescueCD
4478    
4479     This script determines the device names for your CDs/DVDs, and whether
4480     they can read/write CD/DVD-ROMs
4481    
4482     Its help screen is the following:
4483    
4484     # what-cd -h
4485     what-cd - v 1.0.0 - S. Georgaras <sng@hellug.gr>
4486    
4487     what-cd will try to identify your CD/DVDs
4488     You can use it to identify the device name of your CD-Reader (default),
4489     CD-Writer, DVD-Reader, and DVD-Writer.
4490    
4491     Usage: what-cd [options]
4492     Availabe options are:
4493     d Print info about DVDs
4494     w Print info about writers
4495     b Batch mode. Only print one device name.
4496     If more than one device is found, print
4497     nothing. For use with scripts
4498     e deviceID Eject device deviceID
4499     Accecpable values: -1...num of devices
4500     Use -1 when in batch mode
4501     v Print version info and exit
4502     h Print this screen and exit
4503    
4504     Its typical usage would be to identify the DVD writer:
4505    
4506     # what-cd -dw
4507     Device /dev/hdd (id=0) can not write DVDs
4508     Device /dev/hdc (id=1) can write DVDs
4509    
4510     When used in batch mode, it will only print a device name. This is
4511     especially useful in scripts, but also in the command line, as shown in
4512     section "Burning the DVD".
4513    
4514     # what-cd -dwb
4515     /dev/hdc
4516    
4517     continue-multi-cd
4518     ****************************************
4519     Included in: SystemRescueCD
4520    
4521     continue-multi-cd helps you append data to a multi session CD; that is
4522     it helps you prepare and burn any consecutive sessions to it. It may lack
4523     some of the functionality you would have had if you used the command line
4524     tools themselves (mksiofs and cdrecord), but because of it, it keeps you
4525     away from writing a lot of parameters.
4526    
4527     You could use it for example, to burn some extra documentation to
4528     Clonezilla-SysRescCD CD, but you cannot use it to change the configuration
4529     files of isolinux, as it just reads the first session when booting.
4530    
4531     Its help screen is the following:
4532    
4533     # continue-multi-cd -h
4534     continue-multi-cd - v 2.0.0 - S. Georgaras <sng@hellug.gr>
4535    
4536     Usage: continue-multi-cd [options] <path to be added to CD>
4537    
4538     Available options are:
4539     d Specify write device (in case auto detection does
4540     not work)
4541     c Close the CD. No more burning will be possible
4542     Default is to leave it open
4543     l Don't burn the CD after image creation
4544     o <image name> Save the image file as <image name>
4545     r Remove the image file after burning
4546     f On the fly burning of the CD. No image file will
4547     be created
4548     v Print version info and exit
4549     h Print this screen and exit
4550    
4551     You have to note one thing though: the folder <path to be added to CD>
4552     will not be present on the CD; only its contents will.
4553    
4554     Let's suppose that you want to add to the CD the folder extra-doc,
4555     which contains q-a.html and faq.html, and that its full path is
4556     /home/user/extra-doc. If you issue the command
4557    
4558     continue-multi-cd -mwr /home/user/extra-doc
4559    
4560     you will not have a extra-doc folder on the root of your CD, but the files
4561     q-a.html and faq.html will be present there.
4562    
4563     In order to have extra-doc on the CD, you have to copy it to a temporary
4564     location and pass that path to continue-multi-cd. Let's see how it's done:
4565    
4566     mkdir -p /tmp/for-the-cd
4567     cp -r /home/user/extra-doc /tmp/for-the-cd
4568     continue-multi-cd -r /tmp/for-the-cd
4569     rm -rf /tmp/for-the-cd
4570    
4571    
4572    
4573    
4574     Identifying devices in Linux
4575     ==============================================================================
4576    
4577     Intro
4578     ****************************************
4579     This page is intended to help new Linux users and Windows users identify
4580     their hard disks / CD ROMs in a Linux box.
4581    
4582     Linux disks and partition names may be different from other operating
4583     systems. You need to know the names that Linux uses when you format,
4584     mount or select partitions or disks.
4585    
4586     Linux uses the so called device name to access disks and partitions. You
4587     can think of it as a link to the actual driver of the disk. All available
4588     devices have a corresponding file in /dev (e.g. /dev/hda1).
4589    
4590     In general, each disk / CD-ROM has a three letter name, for example hda. Each
4591     partition in such a disk has a number associated with it, starting from 1. So
4592     the first partition of disk hda would be hda1, the second hda2 and so on.
4593    
4594     Depending on the device type, Linux gives the following names to devices:
4595    
4596     * IDE (ATA) floppies
4597     The first floppy drive is named /dev/fd0.
4598     The second floppy drive is named /dev/fd1.
4599    
4600     * IDE (ATA) disks /CD-ROMs
4601     The master disk on IDE primary controller is named /dev/hda.
4602     The slave disk on IDE primary controller is named /dev/hdb.
4603     The master and slave disks of the secondary controller can be called
4604     /dev/hdc and /dev/hdd, respectively.
4605    
4606     Linux represents the primary partitions as the drive name, plus the numbers
4607     1 through 4. For example, the first primary partition on the first IDE
4608     drive is /dev/hda1. The logical partitions are numbered starting at 5,
4609     so the first logical partition on that same drive is /dev/hda5. Remember
4610     that the extended partition, that is, the primary partition holding the
4611     logical partitions, is not usable by itself. This applies to SCSI disks
4612     as well as IDE disks.
4613    
4614     * SCSI disks
4615     The first SCSI disk (SCSI ID address-wise) is named /dev/sda.
4616     The second SCSI disk (address-wise) is named /dev/sdb, and so on.
4617    
4618     * SCSI CD-ROMs
4619     The first SCSI CD-ROM is named /dev/scd0, also known as /dev/sr0.
4620     The second SCSI CD-ROM is named /dev/scd1, also known as /dev/sr1, and so on.
4621    
4622     * USB disks
4623     They are named just like SCSI disks. The only difference is that the
4624     partition number has to do with the file system on the disk. If it's
4625     /dev/sdx4, then it's a VFAT file system and if it's /dev/sdx1 it's probably
4626     a linux (ext2, ext3) file system.
4627    
4628     Examples
4629     ****************************************
4630     In order to identify the disks of a system you have to work with, a basic
4631     knowledge of its configuration (how many disks it has, whether it's a
4632     dual-boot system etc.) is welcomed but not required. A more experienced
4633     user will not have to worry about it, though.
4634    
4635     Linux systems based on a 2.6.x kernel (like Clonezilla Live and
4636     SystemRescueCD) provide all the necessary support to identify a system's
4637     disk configuration, with just a couple of commands.
4638    
4639     Example 1
4640     ---------------------
4641     The first system I have to work with is a dual-boot system (Windows -
4642     Linux), with two disks and two DVD-ROMs.
4643    
4644     The first command will tell me what disks and partitions exist in the
4645     system. So here it is:
4646    
4647     # cat /proc/partitions
4648     major minor #blocks name
4649    
4650     3 0 312571224 hda
4651     3 1 23446836 hda1
4652     3 2 40957717 hda2
4653     3 3 245240257 hda3
4654     3 4 2923830 hda4
4655     3 64 244198584 hdb
4656     3 65 41945683 hdb1
4657     3 66 2104515 hdb2
4658     3 67 1 hdb3
4659     3 68 125909437 hdb4
4660     3 69 74236333 hdb5
4661    
4662     The output of this command tells me that the system has two disks (hda
4663     and hdb) which are the primary master and slave devices.
4664    
4665     The first disk contains four primary partitions (hda1-hda4) and the second
4666     one four primary partitions (hdb1-hdb4) and a logical one (hdb5). Wait a
4667     minute!!! this can't be right... In order to have a logical partition, I
4668     must have a primary that contains it, which means that in this case I can't
4669     have four primary partitions. So what is really happening here is that I have
4670     two primary and two logical, plus an extended primary which contains them.
4671    
4672     What remains to be found is what type of partitions they are. I will find
4673     that out by executing the following commands:
4674    
4675     # fdisk -l /dev/hda
4676    
4677     Disk /dev/hda: 320.0 GB, 320072933376 bytes
4678     255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders
4679     Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
4680    
4681     Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
4682     /dev/hda1 * 1 2919 23446836 7 HPFS/NTFS
4683     /dev/hda2 2920 8018 40957717+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
4684     /dev/hda3 8019 38549 245240257+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
4685     /dev/hda4 38550 38913 2923830 82 Linux swap / Solaris
4686    
4687     # fdisk -l /dev/hdb
4688    
4689     Disk /dev/hdb: 250.0 GB, 250059350016 bytes
4690     255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders
4691     Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
4692    
4693     Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
4694     /dev/hdb1 * 1 5222 41945683+ 83 Linux
4695     /dev/hdb2 5223 5484 2104515 82 Linux swap / Solaris
4696     /dev/hdb3 5485 14726 74236365 f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
4697     /dev/hdb4 14727 30401 125909437+ 83 Linux
4698     /dev/hdb5 5485 14726 74236333+ 83 Linux
4699    
4700     Ok, this clears things up. The first disk contains three Windows XP
4701     partitions (NTFS) and a Linux Swap partition. In fact, /dev/hda1 is the
4702     system "disk" for Windows, since Windows will always be installed in the
4703     first partition of the primary master disk.
4704    
4705     The second disk, on the other hand, contains a Linux partition (/dev/hdb1),
4706     a Linux Swap partition /dev/hdb2, and an extended partition /dev/hdb3
4707     which contains two more Linux partitions (/dev/hdb4 and /dev/hdb5).
4708    
4709     The final thing we need to know about this system is what CD/DVD-ROMs it
4710     has. So I execute the command:
4711    
4712     # cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info
4713     CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17
4714    
4715     drive name: hdd hdc
4716     drive speed: 0 126
4717     drive # of slots: 1 1
4718     Can close tray: 1 1
4719     Can open tray: 1 1
4720     Can lock tray: 1 1
4721     Can change speed: 1 1
4722     Can select disk: 0 0
4723     Can read multisession: 1 1
4724     Can read MCN: 1 1
4725     Reports media changed: 1 1
4726     Can play audio: 1 1
4727     Can write CD-R: 0 1
4728     Can write CD-RW: 0 1
4729     Can read DVD: 1 1
4730     Can write DVD-R: 0 1
4731     Can write DVD-RAM: 0 1
4732     Can read MRW: 1 0
4733     Can write MRW: 1 0
4734     Can write RAM: 0 1
4735    
4736     The system has two DVD-ROMs, hdc which is the secondary master and is a
4737     DVD writer, and hdd which is the secondary slave and is a DVD reader.
4738    
4739     At this point I will connect my USB stick, wait for a while and execute
4740     the command:
4741    
4742     # cat /proc/partitions
4743     major minor #blocks name
4744    
4745     3 0 312571224 hda
4746     3 1 23446836 hda1
4747     3 2 40957717 hda2
4748     3 3 245240257 hda3
4749     3 4 2923830 hda4
4750     3 64 244198584 hdb
4751     3 65 41945683 hdb1
4752     3 66 2104515 hdb2
4753     3 67 1 hdb3
4754     3 68 125909437 hdb4
4755     3 69 74236333 hdb5
4756     8 0 1007615 sda
4757     8 4 1006576 sda4
4758    
4759     As you can see, we have two more lines here, that reflect the changes to
4760     our system (the connection of the USB device). So my USB stick is recognized
4761     by the system as sda, and the disk itself contains a VFAT file system.
4762    
4763     Example 2
4764     ---------------------
4765     The second system is a Linux box with one SCSI disk and a CD-ROM. Again
4766     I issue the command:
4767    
4768     # cat /proc/partitions
4769     major minor #blocks name
4770    
4771     8 0 156290904 sda
4772     8 1 64228 sda1
4773     8 2 15735667 sda2
4774     8 3 15735667 sda3
4775     8 4 124744725 sda4
4776    
4777     From its output I see I only have one disk sda, which contains four
4778     partitions.
4779    
4780     Then I execute fdisk, which shows me that the disk contains one DOS and
4781     three Linux partitions.
4782    
4783     # fdisk -l /dev/sda
4784     Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes
4785     255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders
4786     Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
4787    
4788     Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
4789     /dev/sda1 1 8 64228+ 6 FAT16
4790     /dev/sda2 9 1967 15735667+ 83 Linux
4791     /dev/sda3 1968 3926 15735667+ 83 Linux
4792     /dev/sda4 3927 19456 124744725 83 Linux
4793    
4794     Finally I query its CD-ROMs, by executing the command:
4795    
4796     # cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info
4797     CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17
4798    
4799     drive name: hda
4800     drive speed: 0
4801     drive # of slots: 1
4802     Can close tray: 1
4803     Can open tray: 1
4804     Can lock tray: 1
4805     Can change speed: 1
4806     Can select disk: 0
4807     Can read multisession: 1
4808     Can read MCN: 1
4809     Reports media changed: 1
4810     Can play audio: 1
4811     Can write CD-R: 1
4812     Can write CD-RW: 1
4813     Can read DVD: 1
4814     Can write DVD-R: 0
4815     Can write DVD-RAM: 0
4816     Can read MRW: 1
4817     Can write MRW: 1
4818     Can write RAM: 0
4819    
4820     Which tells me that I only have an IDE CD-ROM, (hda), which is actually
4821     a CD writer.
4822    
4823     Then I connect my USB stick, and I get:
4824    
4825     # cat /proc/partitions
4826     major minor #blocks name
4827    
4828     8 0 156290904 sda
4829     8 1 64228 sda1
4830     8 2 15735667 sda2
4831     8 3 15735667 sda3
4832     8 4 124744725 sda4
4833     8 16 1007615 sdb
4834     8 20 1006576 sdb4
4835    
4836     Although it's the same stick I used with the previous system, which was
4837     recognized as sda there, now its name is sdb. So, its name depends on the
4838     system it is connected to, and will not always be the same.
4839    
4840     SCSI disks when there are none!!!
4841     ****************************************
4842     I am confused!!! I am on a disk with two ATA (PATA) disks, but when I
4843     query the partition list, this is what I get:
4844    
4845     # cat /proc/partitions
4846     major minor #blocks name
4847    
4848     3 0 312571224 sda
4849     3 1 23446836 sda1
4850     3 2 40957717 sda2
4851     3 3 245240257 sda3
4852     3 4 2923830 sda4
4853     3 64 244198584 sdb
4854     3 65 41945683 sdb1
4855     3 66 2104515 sdb2
4856     3 67 1 sdb3
4857     3 68 125909437 sdb4
4858     3 69 74236333 sdb5
4859    
4860     According to what's discussed up to now, the system seems to have two SCSI
4861     disks, but I know it actually has two ATA (PATA) disks. What's going on?.
4862    
4863     What is really happening here is that you have one of the newest Linux
4864     kernels (using the libata disk driver), which shows ALL disks as SCSI. That
4865     does not mean that the system thinks it has SCSI disks, it just names them
4866     as such.
4867    
4868     To make is clear, execute the commands:
4869    
4870     # hdparm -i /dev/sda
4871    
4872     /dev/sda:
4873    
4874     Model=WDC WD3200AAJB-00TYA0, FwRev=00.02C01, SerialNo= WD-WCAPZ0648927
4875     Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec SpinMotCtl Fixed DTR>5Mbs FmtGapReq }
4876     RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=50
4877     BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=8192kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=?16?
4878     CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=268435455
4879     IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
4880     PIO modes: pio0 pio3 pio4
4881     DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
4882     UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 *udma5
4883     AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled
4884     Drive conforms to: Unspecified: ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7
4885    
4886     * signifies the current active mode
4887    
4888     # hdparm -i /dev/sdb
4889    
4890     /dev/sdb:
4891    
4892     Model=WDC WD2500JB-00GVC0, FwRev=08.02D08, SerialNo= WD-WCAL76141931
4893     Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec SpinMotCtl Fixed DTR>5Mbs FmtGapReq }
4894     RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=57600, SectSize=600, ECCbytes=74
4895     BuffType=DualPortCache, BuffSize=8192kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=?16?
4896     CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=268435455
4897     IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
4898     PIO modes: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
4899     DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
4900     UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 *udma5
4901     AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled
4902     Drive conforms to: Unspecified: ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6
4903    
4904     * signifies the current active mode
4905    
4906     This is also valid for the CDs/DVDs of the system:
4907    
4908     # cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info
4909     CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17
4910    
4911     drive name: sr1 sr0
4912     drive speed: 0 126
4913     drive # of slots: 1 1
4914     Can close tray: 1 1
4915     Can open tray: 1 1
4916     Can lock tray: 1 1
4917     Can change speed: 1 1
4918     Can select disk: 0 0
4919     Can read multisession: 1 1
4920     Can read MCN: 1 1
4921     Reports media changed: 1 1
4922     Can play audio: 1 1
4923     Can write CD-R: 0 1
4924     Can write CD-RW: 0 1
4925     Can read DVD: 1 1
4926     Can write DVD-R: 0 1
4927     Can write DVD-RAM: 0 1
4928     Can read MRW: 1 0
4929     Can write MRW: 1 0
4930     Can write RAM: 0 1
4931    
4932     While the hdparm shows they are ATA devices:
4933    
4934     # hdparm -i /dev/sr0
4935    
4936     /dev/sr0:
4937    
4938     Model=HL-DT-ST DVDRAM GSA-H42L, FwRev=SL01 , SerialNo=K286CQF2231
4939     Config={ Fixed Removeable DTR10Mbs nonMagnetic }
4940     RawCHS=0/0/0, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=0
4941     BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=0kB, MaxMultSect=0
4942     (maybe): CurCHS=0/0/0, CurSects=0, LBA=yes, LBAsects=0
4943     IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
4944     PIO modes: pio0 pio3 pio4
4945     DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
4946     UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 *udma2 udma3 udma4
4947     AdvancedPM=no
4948     Drive conforms to: unknown: ATA/ATAPI-4,5,6,7
4949    
4950     * signifies the current active mode
4951    
4952    
4953    
4954    

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