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Fri May 21 14:49:03 2010 UTC (13 years, 10 months ago) by sng
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72 <H2>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</H2>
73 <H3>Wellcome</H3>
74 <div style="margin:0; padding: 3px; width: 980; position relative;">
75 <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px;"><H4>26/03/2010 - v 3.1.0</H4></div>
76 <div style="position: absolute; right: 0px;"><H4>Last update: 21/05/2010</H4></div>
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94 <div id="content">
95 <a name="index-top"></a>
96 <H2 style="margin-top: 0; font-size: 2em;"><a name="index-what"></a>What is it all about? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> <p><b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> is a Linux multi boot backup/restore and rescue CD, combining <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/" target="_blank">Clonezilla Live</a> and <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">System Rescue CD</a> in one CD. It is released under the <b>GNU General Public License (GPL)</b>.</p>
97 <p>Why one more Linux live CD? you might ask<br><br>
98 Well, I started this project because I wanted to have a rescue CD that would be as self-contained as possible, using my favorite tools. My goals are to have:</p>
99 <ul>
100 <li><b>A backup/restore system</b><br>I have chosen <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/" target="_blank">Clonezilla Live</a> for this, as it is flexible enough to fulfill my needs. Furthermore, it makes it possible to create automated restore CDs/DVDs. This way, restoring a system will be fast and easy enough for anyone to perform (even people with minimum technical knowledge).</li>
101 <li><b>A rescue system</b><br>I have chosen <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">SystemRescueCD</a> for this, as it is generally highly appreciated.<br>
102 <br>
103 <b>SystemRescueCD</b> is a live CD with a GUI, based on <a href="http://www.gentoo.org/" target ="_blank">gentoo</a>, which provides tools like <a href="http://gparted.sourceforge.net/" target ="_blank">GParted</a>, the graphical partition tool, <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/index.shtml" target ="_blank">GNU-Parted</a>, an excellent text based partitioning tool, <a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" target ="_blank">TestDisk</a>, a data recovery tool, <a href="http://www.clamav.net/" target ="_blank">Clam-AntiVirus</a>, a free Anti-Virus sofware, <a href="http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page" target ="_blank">Partimage</a>, <a href="http://www.python.org" target ="_blank">Python</a>, <a href="http://www.perl.org" target ="_blank">Perl</a>, file system, networking and archiving tools, editors etc.
104 </li>
105 <li><b>Both of them in just one disk</b><br>The only way to do this was to create a Multi Boot CD.</li>
106 </ul>
107 <H2><a name="enhanced"></a>Enhanced features <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> <p>Enhancements to <b>Clonezilla Live</b></p> <ul> <li><a class="void" href="restore.html#auto">Automated restore DVDs</a> can be easily created, so that anybody can perform a system restore operation (even people with minimum technical knowledge). All the necessary files for the creation of the DVD are included in <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.</li> <li>A set of <a class="void" href="reloc-img.html">shell scripts</a> make it easier to restore an image file to a location (disk or partition) different than the one originally backed up.</li> </ul> <p>Other enhancements</p> <ul> <li>Part of <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD's</b> web site is included <a class="void" href="help.html">in the CD</a>, so that help is always available.</li> </ul>
108
109 <H2><a name="versions"></a>Versions <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
110 <!--<p><b>create-clonezilla-sysresccd's</b> version number has nothing to do with its development status. It has to do with the versions of the original ISO/CDs used at release time. So this is what we have for release:</p>
111 <table style="margin-right:20pt;margin-left: 10pt">
112 <tr>
113 <td valign="top" align="right"><font color="Blue">0.1</font></td>
114 <td width="10"></td>
115 <td> first release of the program</td>
116 </tr>
117 <tr>
118 <td valign="top" align="right"><font color="Blue">0.1</font><font color="Red">.1</font></td>
119 <td width="10"></td>
120 <td> first maintenance release of version 0.1<br> It uses the original ISO files used in release 0.1</td>
121 </tr>
122 <tr><td align="right">...</td></tr>
123 <tr>
124 <td valign="top" align="right"><font color="Blue">0.2</font></td>
125 <td width="10"></td>
126 <td>A new version of one of the original ISO files has been released<br>The program may have not been changed</td>
127 </tr>
128 </table>
129 <p></p>-->
130 <table class="bordertable" cellpadding="5">
131 <tr><td class="bordertable" colspan="4"><b>Release table</b></td></tr>
132 <tr><td class="bordertable" valign="top"><b>Date</b></td><td class="bordertable" valign="top"><b>Version</b></td>
133 <td class="bordertable" valign="top"><b>Clonezilla Live Version</b></td><td class="bordertable" valign="top"><b>SystemRescueCD Version</b></td></tr>
134 <tr><td class="bordertable" >25/02/10</td><td class="bordertable" >3.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.2.3-27&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.4.0&nbsp;(mod)</td>
135 </tr>
136 <tr><td class="bordertable" >02/07/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.6.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.1.0-8&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.4&nbsp;(mod)</td>
137 </tr>
138 <tr><td class="bordertable" >11/04/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.5.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.10-8&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.1&nbsp;(mod)</td>
139 <tr><td class="bordertable" >24/03/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.4.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.9-19&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.0&nbsp;(mod)</td>
140 </tr>
141 <tr><td class="bordertable" >07/03/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.3.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.9-10&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.0&nbsp;(mod)</td>
142 </tr>
143 <tr><td class="bordertable" >22/02/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.9-10&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.3&nbsp;(mod)</td>
144 </tr>
145 <tr><td class="bordertable" >22/01/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.7-18&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.3&nbsp;(mod)</td>
146 </tr>
147 <tr><td class="bordertable" >11/12/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.4.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.7-18&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.2&nbsp;(mod)</td>
148 </tr>
149 <tr><td class="bordertable" >03/11/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.3.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.5-8&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.1&nbsp;(mod)</td>
150 </tr>
151 <tr><td class="bordertable" >07/10/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.5-8&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.0&nbsp;(mod)</td>
152 </tr>
153 <tr><td class="bordertable" >24/09/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.5-7&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.8&nbsp;(mod)</td>
154 </tr>
155 <tr><td class="bordertable" >06/09/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.3-21&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.8&nbsp;(mod)</td>
156 </tr>
157 <tr><td class="bordertable" >12/08/07</td><td class="bordertable" >0.2</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.3-21&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.7&nbsp;(mod)</td></tr>
158 <tr><td class="bordertable" >24/07/07</td><td class="bordertable" >0.1.1</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.3-18</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.7</td>
159 <tr><td class="bordertable" >23/07/07</td><td class="bordertable" >0.1</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.3-18</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.7</td></tr>
160 </table>
161 <H2><a name="changelog"></a>Changelog <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
162 <table class="bordertable" cellpadding="5">
163 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10"><b>Version</b></td><td class="bordertable" width="10"><b>Package/CD</b></td><td class="bordertable"><b>Comments</b></td></tr>
164 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="3.1.0"></a>3.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
165 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.2.4-28-686<br>
166 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 1.4.0<br>
167 -&nbsp;<b>Super Grub Disk</b> updated to version 0.9799<br>
168 -&nbsp;Added <b>Super Grub Disk 2</b> version 1.30<br>
169 -&nbsp;Most operations are now executed through the TUI (Text User Interface)<br>
170 -&nbsp;Major site / documentation update (thanks to Jyrki Vesterinen)
171 </td></tr>
172 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.6.0"></a>2.6.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
173 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.1.0-8<br>
174 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 1.0.4<br>
175 -&nbsp;<b>Super Grub Disk</b> updated to version 0.9726
176 </td></tr>
177 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.5.0"></a>2.5.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
178 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.0.10-8<br>
179 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 1.0.1<br>
180 -&nbsp;<b>Super Grub Disk</b> updated to version 0.9701
181 </td></tr>
182 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.4.0"></a>2.4.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
183 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.0.9-19<br>
184 </td></tr>
185 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.3.0"></a>2.3.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
186 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 1.0.0<br>
187 -&nbsp;Added two command line parameters to <b>ocs-iso</b>, used in auto restore DVD<br>
188 &nbsp;&nbsp;mastering. More info: <a href="restore.html#usbKeyboard">Working with a USB keyboard</a>
189 </td></tr>
190 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
191 -&nbsp;Fixed the <b>create-clonezilla-sysresccd</b> installation problem<br>
192 &nbsp;&nbsp;Thanks to Chris Rehder</td></tr>
193 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.2.0"></a>2.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
194 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.0.9-10<br>
195 -&nbsp;Updated script <b>reloc-img</b> to support remote images (through samba and nfs)
196 </td></tr>
197 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
198 -&nbsp;Added <b>patch-clonezilla-sysresccd</b>, a script that can be used to<br>
199 &nbsp;&nbsp;customize an existing <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> ISO file<br>
200 &nbsp;&nbsp;More info: <a href="custom-cd.html#custom-patch">Using patch-clonezilla-sysresccd</a></td></tr>
201 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.1.0"></a>2.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
202 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 0.4.3<br>
203 -&nbsp;<b>Super Grub Disk</b> updated to version 0.9677
204 </td></tr>
205 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="1.4.0"></a>1.4.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
206 -&nbsp;A script to help relocate a Clonezilla image file during restoration<br>
207 &nbsp;&nbsp;hase been added to Clonezilla Live. The script (called <b>reloc-img</b>) uses<br>
208 &nbsp;&nbsp;a curses like interface, which is similar to Clonezilla's interface<br>
209 <br>
210 More info: <a href="reloc-img.html">Restoring to a different location</a>
211 </td></tr>
212 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="1.3.0"></a>1.3.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
213 -&nbsp;Changed the splash screen tool selection interface<br>
214 &nbsp;&nbsp;A navigation menu scheme has been adopted<br>
215 -&nbsp;Removed <b>ranish.img</b> from the CD<br>
216 &nbsp;&nbsp;The <a href="http://www.ranish.com/part/" target="_blank">Ranish Partition Manager</a> has been integrated into <a href="http://www.freedos.org/" target="_blank">FreeDos</a><br>
217 &nbsp;&nbsp;This is because of the fact that Ranish Partition Manager would not<br>
218 &nbsp;&nbsp;execute as a standalone floppy image<br>
219 -&nbsp;Added <a href="http://www.supergrubdisk.org/" target="_blank">Super Grub Disk</a> to the available tools<br>
220 &nbsp;&nbsp;The floppy image provided by "Super Grub Disk" (english version) <br>
221 &nbsp;&nbsp;has been added to the source tarball<br>
222 -&nbsp;Script <b>continue-multi-cd</b> (SysRescCD) updated to v 2.0.0<br>
223 &nbsp;&nbsp;Use "continue-multi-cd -h" to see the new interface<br>
224 -&nbsp;Fixed a minor bug in script <b>what-cd</b>
225 </td></tr>
226 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
227 -&nbsp;All the files needed for CD creation have been included in the<br>
228 &nbsp;&nbsp;source tarball. This way the user will only have to download the<br>
229 &nbsp;&nbsp;debian live ISO file, in order to create Clonezilla-SysRescCD.<br>
230 &nbsp;&nbsp;The debian live ISO file has not been included because of its size<br>
231 &nbsp;&nbsp;(~ 79 MB), which would make the source tarball too big.<br>
232 &nbsp;&nbsp;The files can be fount in <b>/root/.clonezilla-sysresccd/files</b><br>
233 -&nbsp;All cfg files have been moved to <b>/root/.clonezilla-sysresccd/files</b><br>
234 &nbsp;&nbsp;If you are upgrading from a previous version, please delete/move<br>
235 &nbsp;&nbsp;these files, and <u>adjust</u> your configuration files (conf files)<br>
236 -&nbsp;A new variable has been inserted to the configuration files (named<br>
237 &nbsp;&nbsp;<b>DebianLiveFolder</b> in <b>clonezilla-sysresccd.conf</b> and <b>DebianLiveFolderP</b><br>
238 &nbsp;&nbsp;in <b>profiles.conf</b>). This variable should point to the folder where<br>
239 &nbsp;&nbsp;the debian live ISO has been saved. If you are upgrading from a<br>
240 &nbsp;&nbsp;previous version, please <u>adjust</u> your configuration files (conf files)<br>
241 -&nbsp;Added support to script <b>create-clonezilla-sysresccd</b> for compressed<br>
242 &nbsp;&nbsp;(tar.gz) isolinux configuration files, in order to implement menus
243 </td></tr>
244 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">1.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">-&nbsp;Added script <b>continue-multi-cd</b> to <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br>
245 &nbsp;&nbsp;This script makes it easy to continue a multi session CD
246 </td></tr>
247 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">1.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">-&nbsp;Minor changes (cfg files)
248 </td></tr>
249 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">1.0.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">-</td><td class="bordertable">
250 -&nbsp;Moved to version 1.0.0 in order to eliminate any missunderstanding about<br>
251 &nbsp;&nbsp;the development status of Clonezilla-SysRescCD
252 </td></tr>
253 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
254 -&nbsp;Added the options -A and -W to script ocs-iso (Clonezilla Live).<br>
255 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Syntax:<br>
256 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; /opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-iso -A "ocs-rs command"<br>
257 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; /opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-iso -W "ocs-rs command" [image file]<br>
258 &nbsp;&nbsp;Both options set up the restore CD/DVD for automatic image restoration.<br>
259 &nbsp;&nbsp;The difference is that when using the -W option the image [image file] is <br>
260 &nbsp;&nbsp;appended in the ISO file (maximum 4.4BG). When -A is used, the image<br>
261 &nbsp;&nbsp;file will be appended to the CD/DVD, after the ISO file created by this<br>
262 &nbsp;&nbsp;command is burnt, using growisofs -M ... (maximum 8GB).<br>
263 -&nbsp;Added the option -O to script ocs-iso (Clonezilla Live).<br>
264 &nbsp;&nbsp;Specifies the ISO file name to use when -A, -W options are used.<br>
265 -&nbsp;Added the options -V and -P to script ocs-iso (Clonezilla Live).<br>
266 &nbsp;&nbsp;The user creating a restore CD/DVD can now specify its Volume ID and<br>
267 &nbsp;&nbsp;Publisher ID, respectively.<br>
268 -&nbsp;Added the option -I to script ocs-iso (Clonezilla Live).<br>
269 &nbsp;&nbsp;Specifies the user selectable menu item title of the main screen of a<br>
270 &nbsp;&nbsp;restore CD/DVD. Applicable only with options -W and -A<br>
271 -&nbsp;Added the script what-cd to sysresccd.<br>
272 &nbsp;&nbsp;This script will identify the CDs present on a pc, and report the<br>
273 &nbsp;&nbsp;device name of the writer (if any)<br>
274 -&nbsp;Added a copy of the Clonezilla-SysRescCD site to the CD. In this way <br>
275 &nbsp;&nbsp;the documentation will be available at all times
276 </td></tr>
277 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
278 -&nbsp;Added -x [script] option<br>
279 &nbsp;&nbsp;This way you can write a BASH script that will be executed just<br>
280 &nbsp;&nbsp;before mastering the "Clonezilla-SysRescCD"
281 </td></tr>
282 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">0.2</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
283 -&nbsp;clonezilla-sysresccd contains customized versions of the original CDs<br>
284 &nbsp;&nbsp;More info in page <a href="custom-cd.html" title=" How to create the custom CDs ">Custom&nbsp;CDs</a>
285 </td></tr>
286 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
287 -&nbsp;Fixed a bug that would appear when option -b would be used without any<br>
288 &nbsp;&nbsp;other options. Then create-clonezilla-sysresccd would not be able to get the <br>
289 &nbsp;&nbsp;ISO file name
290 </td></tr>
291 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">0.1.1</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
292 -&nbsp;Build system upgrade<br>
293 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;use <b>./configure</b> to upgrade the program<br>
294 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;use <b>./configure --enable-fullInstall</b> to install it<br>
295 -&nbsp;Fixed a potential script installation bug<br>
296 -&nbsp;Normal user can get help<br>
297 -&nbsp;Minor changes
298 </td></tr>
299 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10">0.1</td><td class="bordertable" width="10"></td><td class="bordertable">-&nbsp;Initial release</td></tr>
300 </table>
301 <H2><a name="download"></a>Download <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
302 <p>
303 Installation package: <a href="http://clonezilla-sysresccd.hellug.gr/create-clonezilla-sysresccd-3.1.0".tar.gz" target="_blank">create-clonezilla-sysresccd-3.1.0.tar.gz</a> [~ B]<br>
304 ISO file: <a href="http://clonezilla-sysresccd.hellug.gr/clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.1.0.iso" target="_blank">clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.1.0.iso</a> [~ B]<br>
305 md5sum file: <a href="http://clonezilla-sysresccd.hellug.gr/md5sum.txt" target="_blank">md5sum.txt</a><br><br>
306 ISO file md5sum: <b><i></i></b></p>
307 <H2><a name="user-help"></a>Can I help? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
308 <p>Yes, of course you can. If you have:</p>
309 <ul style="margin-right: 30pt;">
310 <li>a script I can add to <b>Clonezilla Live</b> or <b>SystemRescueCD</b>, don't hesitate to send it to me.<br>
311 You can have a look at "<a href="own-scripts.html">Clonezilla-SysRescCD own scripts</a>" to see what type of scripts might be interesting.</li>
312 <li>used <b>Clonezilla Live</b> nfs mode, or any of the tools provided by <b>SystemRescueCD</b>, you can write a guide.<br>
313 I will add it to the site (and the documentation present on the CD). Please keep in mind that this CD may be used by less experienced users, so make it as detailed as possible.</li>
314 </ul>
315 <H2><a name="contact"></a>Contact me <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
316 <p>If there's anything you want to say about <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>, go ahead and <a href="mailto:&#115;&#110;&#103;&#064;&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#117;&#103;&#046;&#103;&#114;?subject=About Clonezilla-SysRescCD v 3.1.0">send me</a> a message.</p>
317 <H2><a name="lists"></a>Mailing lists <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
318 <p>There are two mailing lists available for <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>:</p>
319 <ul>
320 <li><a href="http://lists.hellug.gr/mailman/listinfo/clonezilla-sysresccd-announce" target="_blank">Clone-sysresccd-announce</a><br>This is the <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> new releases announcement list. Please do not post there.</li>
321 <li><a href="http://lists.hellug.gr/mailman/listinfo/clonezilla-sysresccd-general" target="_blank">Clone-sysresccd-general</a><br>This is the general discussion list of <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.<br>
322 If you have any questions about Clonezilla Live, please use its <a href="http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=115473" target="_blak">Mailing lists</a> or <a href="http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=115473" target="_blak">Forums</a>.
323 <br>If you have any questions about SystemRescueCD, please use its <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/" target="_blak">Forums</a>.
324 </li>
325 </ul>
326 <H2><a name="license"></a>License <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
327 <p>This project is published under the terms of <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_blank">GNU General Public License</a> as published by the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_blank">Free Software Foundation</a>.</p>
328 <H2><a name="credits"></a>Credits <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
329 <p>I would like to thank:</p>
330 <ul>
331 <li>The creators of <b>SystemRescueCD</b> and <b>Clonezilla Live</b></li>
332 <li>Eleftherios Kosmas for publishing the v 0.1 torrent</li>
333 <li>George Keramidas and &lt;&lt;V13&gt;&gt; from the <a href="http://lists.hellug.gr/mailman/listinfo/linux-greek-users" target="_blank">linux greek users</a> mailing list, who helped fixing a bug that would make the creation of the 8GB Restore DVD impossible.</li>
334 <li>Chris Rehder for reporting the <b>create-clonezilla-sysresccd</b> installation problem in v 2.2.0 and his overall assistance</li>
335 <li>Manfred Hantl for reporting and fixing the windows USB installation problem of version 2.6.0</li>
336 <li>Everyone who seeds the torrent, as it is not possible for me to be online at all times</li>
337 </ul>
338 <p>Special thanks to</p>
339 <ul>
340 <li><b>Jyrki Vesterinen</b>, documentation contributor.<br>Most of these pages have been updated / written by him.</li>
341 </ul>
342 <a name="usb-top"></a>
343 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="usb-intro"></a>Installation to USB made easy <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
344 <p>Until recently installing <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> on a USB disk would not be such a great idea, because of its size. But since USB devices become cheaper and cheaper, it is an interesting alternative.<br><br>
345 Starting with <b>version 3.1.0</b>, <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> provides an iso file that's ISO-Hybrided. This means (as we read at <a href="http://syslinux.zytor.com/wiki/index.php/Doc/isolinux#HYBRID_CD-ROM.2FHARD_DISK_MODE" target="_blank">the isolynux site</a>) that</p>
346 <p class="otherpage">"the iso file can be booted from either CD-ROM or from a device which BIOS considers a hard disk or ZIP disk, e.g. a USB key or similar. This image can then be copied using any raw disk writing tool (on Unix systems, typically "dd" or "cat") to a USB disk, or written to a CD-ROM using standard CD burning tools.<br>
347 <br>
348 The ISO 9660 filesystem is encapsulated in a partition (which starts at offset zero, which may confuse some systems.) This makes it possible for the operating system, once booted, to use the remainder of the device for persistent storage by creating a second partition."</p>
349 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
350 Incorrect use of any raw disk writing tool could cause your<br> operating system (GNU/Linux / Windows) <b>not to boot</b>.<br><br> Confirm the command before you run it.<br></td></tr></table></div>
351 <p>So, from any linux box, assuming <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> iso file is in your home directory, and your USB device name is <b><font color="Green">sdc4</font></b>, you just execute the commands:</p>
352 <p class="newcode">umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
353 dd if=~/clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.1.0.iso of=/dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font> bs=512</p>
354 <p>And that's it. Your usb device is ready to boot!!!</p>
355 <H2><a name="usb-hard"></a>Installing the "hard" way <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
356 <p>If the "easy" way does not work there is an alternative; you will use the <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> ISO file (or CD) to copy and modify a couple of files on the USB disk, and finally make it bootable, using <a href="http://syslinux.zytor.com" target="_blank">syslinux</a> and its configuration file <b>syslinux.cfg</b>.</p>
357 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
358 Incorrect use of syslinux could cause your operating system<br> (GNU/Linux / Windows) <b>not to boot</b>.<br><br> Confirm the command before you run it.<br></td></tr></table></div>
359 <p>The only thing that's important is that your USB disk must contain a VFAT (Windows 98 or DOS) file system. If this is not the case, refer to the section "<a href="#trouble">Troubleshooting</a>", to find out how you can format it, before copying files to it.<br><br>
360 The bootable USB disk creation procedure can be performed either from Linux or Windows.</p>
361 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
362 If you want to create a bootable USB flash drive for this version<br>
363 or later, remember to use the syslinux command from <b>syslinux<br>
364 3.71 or later</b>. Otherwise the boot menu won't work.</td></tr></table></div>
365 <H3><a name="linux"></a>Installation from Linux <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
366 <p>There are two ways you can proceed, if you are going to use Linux to perform the USB installation, either using a running linux box, or using <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.<br><br>
367 I will assume that you have saved <b>clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.1.0.iso</b> in your home directory (<b><font color="Green">~</font></b>).</p>
368 <H3><a name="lin-box"></a>Using a linux box [<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
369 <p>If you already have a linux box up and running, you can use it to create your <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> USB, without even having to burn it to CD beforehand. The only thing here is that you have to have <a href="http://syslinux.zytor.com" target="_blank">syslinux</a> installed.<br><br>
370 I will assume that your CD drive is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sr0</font></b> and that your USB device is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></b>. You may have to change any of them to reflect your system configuration.<br><br>
371 Boot into linux, connect your USB device and execute the following commands:</p>
372 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/mycd<br>
373 mount <font color="Green">~</font>/clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.1.0.iso /mnt/mycd -o loop<br>
374 mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
375 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font> /mnt/usbdevice<br>
376 cp -r /mnt/mycd/* /mnt/usbdevice<br>
377 umount /mnt/mycd; rmdir /mnt/mycd<br>
378 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
379 rm isolinux/*.cfg<br>
380 mv isolinux/* .<br>
381 rmdir isolinux<br>
382 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
383 rmdir /mnt/usbdevice</p>
384 <p>Finally make your USB device bootable, by executing</p>
385 <p class="newcode">syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
386 <p>and you are done.</p>
387 <H4><a name="lin-sys"></a>Using Clonezilla-SysRescCD [<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
388 <p>If you already burnt <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> to CD, you can use it to create your <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> USB.<br><br>
389 I will assume that your CD drive is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sr0</font></b> and that your USB device is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></b>. You may have to change any of them to reflect your system configuration.<br><br>
390 Boot <b>SystemRescueCD </b> using the option <b>To RAM</b>, and when it is fully loaded, execute the following commands:</p>
391 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/mycd<br>
392 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sr0</font> /mnt/mycd <br>
393 mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
394 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font> /mnt/usbdevice<br>
395 cp -r /mnt/mycd/* /mnt/usbdevice<br>
396 umount /mnt/mycd<br>
397 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
398 rm isolinux/*.cfg<br>
399 mv isolinux/* .<br>
400 rmdir isolinux<br>
401 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
402 <p>Finally make your USB device bootable, by executing</p>
403 <p class="newcode">syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
404 <p>and you are done.</p>
405 <H3><a name="windows"></a>Installation from Windows <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
406 <p>Installing <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> from Windows is as easy as it is in Linux. You have to burn <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> to CD or use a CD/DVD ROM emulator software like <a href="http://www.daemon-tools.cc/dtcc/announcements.php" target="_blank">Daemon Tools</a> to mount the ISO file.<br><br>
407 I will assume that your USB device is drive <b><font color="Green">K:</font></b> and your CD drive or mounted ISO file is drive
408 <b><font color="Green">D:</font></b>. You may have to change any of them, in order to reflect your system configuration.<br><br>
409 You will have to</p>
410 <ul>
411 <li>Copy all files from drive <b><font color="Green">D:</font></b> (CD or mounted ISO file) to drive <b><font color="Green">K:</font></b> (USB disk)</li>
412 <li>Delete <b><u>all</u> cfg</b> files from <b><font color="Green">K:</font>isolinux</b></li>
413 <li>Move all files from <b><font color="Green">K:</font>isolinux</b> to <b><font color="Green">K:</font></b></li>
414 <li>Delete folder <b><font color="Green">K:</font>isolinux</b> </li>
415 </ul>
416 <p>Now all you have to do is make your USB disk bootable. In order to do that you have to open a DOS window (in Windows XP press "<b>Start / Run </b>" and type <b>cmd</b>). Then type at DOS prompt:</p>
417 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">K:</font><br>
418 cd bootprog<br>
419 syslinux -ma <font color="Green">K:</font></p>
420 <H3><a name="booting"></a>Booting from USB <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
421 <p>Before trying to boot from your USB device, you have to set your boot device at your BIOS. This means you have to reboot having your USB device connected, get into your BIOS (usually pressing DEL) and make the appropriate settings in the BOOT section.<br><br>
422 Booting <b>Clonezilla Live</b> should not be a problem. Just select the desired option and press ENTER to boot.<br><br>
423 Booting <b>SystemRescueCD</b> has been made equally simple with <b>SystemRescueCD v 1.0.0</b>, so you shouldn't have any problem (option <b>cdroot</b> is not required any more).<br><br>
424 If you have any problems here, you may try adding any of these boot parameters:</p>
425 <p class="newcode">usbstick<br>
426 doscsi</p>
427 <H3><a name="trouble"></a>Troubleshooting <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
428 <p>Whether you can successfully boot from a USB disk or not, depends mainly on your BIOS. Chances are that you will not be able to boot on an old computer, with an old (and possibly buggy) BIOS. So I would recommend testing your <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB</b> on a new computer.</p>
429 <ul>
430 <li><p style="margin-left: 0;"><b>I can't boot (I don't even see the splash screen)</b><br>
431 or <b>Clonezilla Live does not boot</b><br>
432 The first thing you should do is double check your BIOS settings. Reboot having your USB device connected, get into your BIOS (usually pressing DEL) and make the appropriate settings in the BOOT section.<br><br>
433 If you are on linux, check that the partition on the USB disk is active (bootable), executing:</p>
434 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">fdisk -l /dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font></p>
435 <p style="margin-left: 0;">You should get something similar to this:</p>
436 <table class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0pt;" border="0" width="100%">
437 <tr><td colspan="7">Disk /dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font>: 1031 MB, 1031798272 bytes</td></tr>
438 <tr><td colspan="7">64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 983 cylinders</td></tr>
439 <tr><td colspan="7">Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes</td></tr>
440 <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
441 <tr>
442 <td align="right">Device&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><font color="Red">Boot</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Id&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">System&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td width="99%"></td></tr>
443 <tr><td align="right">/dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><font color="Red">*</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">983&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1006576&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">FAT16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td width="99%"></td>
444 </tr>
445 </table>
446 <p style="margin-left: 0;"><br>If the partition is not active (no astrisk), execute:</p>
447 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">fdisk /dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font></p>
448 <p style="margin-left: 0;">and issue "Command: " <b>a</b> (toggle a bootable flag) and "Partition number:" <b><font color="Green">4</font></b> (for <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></b>).<br><br>
449 If you are on Windows, this is taken care of by syslinux (parameters -ma).<br><br>
450 If you still have problems booting, you should try to execute</p>
451 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">syslinux -s /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
452 <p style="margin-left: 0;">from Linux, or</p>
453 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">syslinux -sma <font color="Green">K:</font></p>
454 <p style="margin-left: 0;">from Windows (from folder <b><font color="Green">K:</font>syslinux</b>).<br><br>
455 syslinux man page reads:</p>
456 <p class="otherpage" style="margin-left: 0px;"><b>(Option) -s</b><br>
457 Install a "safe, slow and stupid" version of syslinux. This version may work <br>
458 on some very buggy BIOSes on which syslinux would otherwise fail. If you find <br>
459 a machine on which the -s option is required to make it boot reliably, please <br>
460 send as much info about your machine as you can, and include the failure mode.</p></li>
461 <li><p style="margin-left: 0;"><b>I still can't boot</b><br>
462 In this case you will have to format your USB disk.<br><br>
463 If you are using linux to perform the installation, execute the command:</p>
464 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">mkdosfs -F 16 /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
465 <p style="margin-left: 0;">to create a FAT16 file system, or</p>
466 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
467 <p style="margin-left: 0;">to create a FAT32 file system.<br><br>
468 When you are done go back to section "<a href="#linux">Installation from Linux</a>".<br><br>
469 If you are on Windows, you should download the <a href="http://h50178.www5.hp.com/local_drivers/17550/SP27608.exe" target="_blank">HP-USB Format tool</a>, install it and format your USB drive using the Fat or Fat32 option. This program can be used to format USB devices that won't boot properly when formatted with Windows format tool.<br><br>
470 When you are done go back to section "<a href="#windows">Installation from Windows</a>".</p></li>
471 <li><b>I still can't boot (after formating)</b><br>
472 Things are getting tough!!! Try to format your USB disk using the option you did not use previously. So, if you have created a FAT32 file system, create a FAT16 file system this time, and recreate <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> on USB.<br><br>
473 If nothing works, you are out of luck; you will not be able to use <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB</b> on this computer... If you do manage to boot it, please <a href="mailto:&#115;&#110;&#103;&#064;&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#117;&#103;&#046;&#103;&#114;?subject=Success booting Clonezilla-SysRescCD v 3.1.0 USB">send me</a> a message.</li>
474 <li><b>SystemRescueCD does not boot</b><br>
475 Ok, you have managed to get to the splash screen and successfully booted <b>Clonezilla Live</b>. But you still can't boot <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.<br><br>
476 Refer to section <a href="#booting">Booting from USB</a> to find out the boot parameters you can use with <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.
477 </li>
478 </ul>
479 <H3><a name="cfg"></a>Customizing sysresc.cfg <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
480 <p>As stated previously, <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB</b> is booted by <b>syslinux</b> through its configuration file <b>syslinux.cfg</b>. This file loads <b>sysresc.cfg</b> in order to boot <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.<br><br>
481 If you have to specify any additional boot parameters for <b>SystemRescueCD</b>, you may want to write these changes to the configuration file, so that you don't have to insert them by hand every time.<br><br>
482 The procedure to do that is the following:<br><br>
483 Boot <b>SystemRescueCD</b> (or if that's not possible yet, bot <b>Clonezilla Linux</b> and get to the command line) using the option <b>To RAM</b>, and when it is fully loaded, execute the following commands:</p>
484 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
485 mount /dev/<font color="Green">[device]</font> /mnt/usbdevice <br>
486 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
487 cp sysresc.cfg sysresc.bak<br>
488 sed 's|<font color="Red">scandelay=5</font>|<font color="Red">scandelay=<font color="Green">x</font> [additional params]</font>|' <br>
489 sysresc.cfg &gt; sys.cfg<br>
490 mv sys.cfg sysresc.cfg<br>
491 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">[device]</font><br>
492 syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">[device]</font><br>
493 reboot</p>
494 <p>where <b><font color="Green">x</font></b> is a number from 1 to 10.</p>
495 <p>After executing these commands, you will have a new <b>sysresc.cfg</b> file, and a backup file called <b>sysresc.bak</b> (in case things go wrong).<br><br>
496 If, for example, you want to increase the device scan delay to maximum, the above commands would become:</p>
497 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
498 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font> /mnt/usbdevice <br>
499 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
500 cp sysresc.cfg sysresc.bak<br>
501 sed 's|<font color="Red">scandelay=5</font>|<font color="Red">scandelay=<font color="Green">10</font></font>|' sysresc.cfg &gt; sys.cfg<br>
502 mv sys.cfg sysresc.cfg<br>
503 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
504 syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
505 reboot</p>
506 <p>If, in addition to that, you had to use the boot parameter <b><font color="Red">usbstick</font></b>, then it would be:</p>
507 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
508 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font> /mnt/usbdevice <br>
509 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
510 cp sysresc.cfg sysresc.bak<br>
511 sed 's|<font color="Red">scandelay=5</font>|<font color="Red">scandelay=<font color="Green">10</font> usbstick</font>|' sysresc.cfg &gt; sys.cfg<br>
512 mv sys.cfg sysresc.cfg<br>
513 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
514 syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
515 reboot</p>
516 <p>In case something goes wrong with your new settings, you can always rename <b>sysresc.bak</b> to <b>sysresc.cfg</b>, either from linux or Windows.</p>
517 <a name="boot-top"></a>
518 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="boot-intro"></a>Boot parameters <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#boot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
519 <p>Booting a linux system means loading a kernel, which is actually the operating system. Well, this is not exactly true, and it is not the only thing that happens during boot up phase, but it is not my intension to explain it here.
520 <br><br>
521 The kernel is loaded by Isolinux (the CD boot manager), which is able to pass a number of parameters to it, through its configuration file <b>isolinux.cfg</b>.
522 <br><br>
523 These parameters, called boot parameters, are documented by the kernel itself, and can differentiate its behavior dramatically. In our case, each CD (SystemRescueCD and Clonezilla Live) accept a different set of parameters, because they are based on <a href="http://www.gentoo.org/" target="_blank">gentoo</a> and <a href="http://www.debian.org/" target="_blank">debian</a>, respectively.
524 <br><br>
525 While in the splash screen of <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>, you can edit the boot parameters by pressing TAB. They will be presented to you, and you can add or remove what you want. You must be careful not to change or remove the parameters that are dedicated to the CD itself, as altering them will certainty make it unbootable. When you are done, just press ENTER to boot.
526 </p>
527 <H2><a name="sysresccd"></a>SystemRescueCD boot parameters <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#boot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
528 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
529 The following info applies to <b>SystemRescueCD v. 1.3.5</b>. In case<br>
530 you need to get info for a more recent version of <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br>
531 please see the page "<a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Booting_the_CD-ROM" target="_blank">Sysresccd-manual-en Booting the CD-ROM</a>"
532 </td></tr></table></div>
533 <p>A typical sysresccd isolinux entry is:</p>
534 <p class="newcode">kernel rescuecd<br>
535 append initrd=initram.igz video=ofonly</p>
536 <p>The kernel used is <b>rescuecd</b>, and anything after the word <b>append</b> is a boot parameter.<br><br>
537 Available kernels (boot images):</p>
538 <ul class="otherpage" style="padding: 0px 10px 20px 40px">
539 <li><b>rescuecd</b> Default for 32bit systems, with Framebuffer disabled, best choice.
540 </li><li><b>rescue64</b> Default 64 bit kernel. Use it if you want to chroot to a 64bit linux system installed on your hard disk, or if you have to run 64 bits programs. This kernel is able to boot with 32bit programs, and it requires a processor with 64bit instructions (amd64 / em64t).
541 </li><li><b>altker32</b> an alternative kernel for 32bit systems. Boot with this kernel if you have problems with <b>rescuecd</b>
542 </li><li><b>altker64</b> an alternative kernel for 64bit systems. Boot with this kernel in case you have problems with <b>rescue64</b>.
543 </li>
544 </ul>
545 <p><br>The boot parameters you can use are:</p>
546 <div class="otherpage">
547 <a name="General_boot_options" id="General_boot_options"></a><p><b> General boot options</b></p>
548 <p>Press &lt;TAB&gt; to add additional options.
549 </p>
550 <ul><li><b>docache</b>: causes the CD-ROM will be fully loaded into memory. A slower start but once complete, programs start faster and the CD drive will be released allowing normal access to other CDs. This requires 400MB of memory to cache everything (including the <code>bootdisks</code> and <code>isolinux</code> directories). Add <code>lowmem</code> if you have less that 400MB of memory of to prevent these directories to be copied.
551 </li></ul>
552 <p>During boot you will be prompted for the keyboard configuration, avoid this by using
553 </p>
554 <ul><li><b>setkmap=kk</b>: which defines the keymap to load where <code>kk</code> (example: <code>setkmap=de</code> for German keyboards)
555 </li><li><b>root=/dev/xdnp</b>: the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/05/use-systemrescuecd-to-boot-a-linux-os-from-the-hard-disk/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/05/use-systemrescuecd-to-boot-a-linux-os-from-the-hard-disk/" rel="nofollow">root=&lt;device&gt; option</a> boots an existing linux system. For example, if you have linux Gentoo installed on <code>/dev/sda6</code>, use <code>rescuecd root=/dev/sda6</code> to start it. Keep in mind that you must use a 64bit kernel if your system is made of 64bit programs. This option works with LVM volumes. Use <code>rescuecd root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00</code>. Support is also provided for <code>root=auto</code>, which scans all the block devices tfor a linux system. The first linux system found will be started. So with <code>root=auto</code> let you start the system installed from the CD-ROM in case you have problem with your boot loader or kernel. It's also possible to specify a partition using its <code>filesystem label</code> or <code>filesystem uuid</code>. If the label of the partition where linux is installed is <code>mylinux</code>, then boot it using <code>rescuecd root=LABEL=mylinux</code>. Similarly <code>root=UUID=b3d3bec5-997a-413e-8449-0d0ec41ccba7</code>. See <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/05/use-systemrescuecd-to-boot-a-linux-os-from-the-hard-disk/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/05/use-systemrescuecd-to-boot-a-linux-os-from-the-hard-disk/" rel="nofollow">more details</a>.
556 </li><li><b>initscript=service:action</b>: This options allows start/stop a service at boot time. For instance if you need the samba service to be started, you can boot with: <code>initscript=samba:start</code>. This does the same thing as <code>/etc/init.d/samba start</code>. Use this option multiple times for different services. All the actions that are supported by an initscript can be used.
557 </li><li><b>backstore=xxx</b>: SystemRescueCd comes with support for the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/29/creating-a-backing-store-to-keep-your-modifications-in-sysresccd/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/29/creating-a-backing-store-to-keep-your-modifications-in-sysresccd/" rel="nofollow">backing-stores</a>. A backing-store saves all the changes you can make. so that you keep these changes the next time you boot it. By default, sysresccd automatically scan removable devices (eg: USB sticks) at boot time and uses the first backing-store it finds. A backing-store is not mandatory and it the scan fails it will store the files which change in memory. To disable the disks scan at boot time specify <code>backstore=off</code> on the boot command line. If you want to save your backing-store file on an harddisk, boot with <code>backstore=alldev</code> to scan all devices (not just removable devices). The default location for backing-stores file is any file named <code>sysrcd.bs</code> located at the root of a disk which is often an USB stick. Change the path by using <code>backstore=/sysrcd/mybackstore.bs</code>. See <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/29/creating-a-backing-store-to-keep-your-modifications-in-sysresccd/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/29/creating-a-backing-store-to-keep-your-modifications-in-sysresccd/" rel="nofollow">backing-stores</a>.
558 </li><li><b>isoloop=xxx</b>: Grub2 (currently in development: grub-1.98) provides a new feature to boot from an ISO image which is stored from the hard disk. If you put a copy of <code>systemrescuecd-x86-x.y.z.iso</code> on a partition that Grub2 can read then you can boot SystemRescueCd directly from the ISO image stored on your hard drive. This is very convenient if you frequently update SystemRescueCd and you want to boot it directly from Grub2. Grub2 knows what an ISO image is and it will load the kernel image (rescuecd/rescue64) and the initramfs (initram.igz) from the ISO into memory. It will then do its normal job and execute the kernel. The SystemRescueCd init script must then be aware that its <code>sysrcd.dat</code> file is in an ISO and not directly on the partition. For that reason, this <code>isoloop=xxx</code> boot option is required so you must use it in your <code>grub.cfg</code>. This option is only supported in SystemRescueCd-1.4.0 and more recent. This option specifies the path of the ISO image in the partition that grub considers as its root partition. It's important to understand that the path of the ISO image may be different from the path on your linux system. If you have a separate boot partition mounted on <code>/boot</code> and if you copy this ISO image to <code>/boot/sysrcd/systemrescuecd-x86-x.y.z.iso</code> then the option has to be <code>isoloop=/sysrcd/systemrescuecd-x86-x.y.z.iso</code>. This is because the boot partition is what Grub2 will consider as its root partition during the boot process. Please read <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Easy_install_SystemRescueCd_on_harddisk#Boot_the_ISO_image_from_the_disk_using_Grub2" title="Sysresccd-manual-en Easy install SystemRescueCd on harddisk">the section about isoloop</a> for more details.
559 </li></ul>
560 <a name="Hardware.2C_drivers_and_troubleshooting_options" id="Hardware.2C_drivers_and_troubleshooting_options"></a><p><b><br> Hardware, drivers and troubleshooting options</b></p>
561 <ul><li><b>dodebug</b>: Enables verbose messages in linuxrc
562 </li></ul>
563 <ul><li><b>doload=xxx</b>: loads needed modules, multiple occurrences are permitted (example: <code>doload=3c59x</code>)
564 </li><li><b>noload=xxx</b>: prevents loading modules, multiple occurrences are permitted (example: <code>noload=3c59x</code>). Use this option if you have a problem when the system loads a particular module.
565 </li><li><b>nonet</b>: this will disable the network auto detection at startup
566 </li></ul>
567 <ul><li><b>scandelay=x</b>: pauses x seconds during the startup to allow slow devices to initialize. This is required when you boot an USB device. A delay of only few seconds should be enough.
568 </li></ul>
569 <ul><li><b>doxdetect</b>: Since version 0.3.5 the auto-configuration is done in X.Org itself, mkxf86config is disabled by default. This option forces the system to run the mkxf86config startup script and to run the hardware auto-detection from this script. Use this option if you have problems with the graphical environment configuration. This option replaces the option <code>noxdetect</code> that was useful in previous versions.
570 </li><li><b>nodetect</b>: prevents generic hardware auto-detection. Use this option if you have problems with the hardware auto-detection.
571 </li></ul>
572 <ul><li><b>dostartx</b>: load the X.Org graphical environment.
573 </li><li><b>forcevesa</b>: Forces X.Org to use the safe VESA driver instead of the best video driver detected for your video card. Use this option if you cannot get the graphical environment working with the default options.
574 </li><li><b>forcevesa=xxx</b>: The <code>startx</code> command will load the <code>Xvesa</code> server instead of <code>Xorg</code>, and use the screen resolution given as parameter (eg: <code>1024x768</code>, <code>1280x1024x32</code>).
575 </li></ul>
576 <ul><li><b>all-generic-ide</b>: In case of problems related to your hard disk, try to enable this option (eg <code>rescuecd all-generic-ide</code>)
577 </li><li><b>nodmraid</b>: Disable dmraid, for some motherboards with built-in RAID controller.
578 </li><li><b>nomdadm</b>: Disable mdadm, for software RAID.
579 </li></ul>
580 <ul><li><b>acpi-off</b> / <b>noapic</b> / <b>irqpool</b>: use these options if you have problem when the kernel boots: if it hangs on a driver or if it crashes, ...
581 </li></ul>
582 <ul><li><b>lowmem</b>: For systems with smaller memory, some daemons are not started including sshd and nfsd.
583 </li></ul>
584 <ul><li><b>skipmount=/dev/xxx</b>: The system mounts all the storage devices at boot time to find the sysrcd.dat file. If your hard disk is broken it should be mounted. Boot with <code>skipmount=/dev/sda1 skipmount=/dev/sda2</code> to ignore these two partitions.
585 </li></ul>
586 <a name="Network_configuration_and_remote_access" id="Network_configuration_and_remote_access"></a><p><b><br> Network configuration and remote access</b></p>
587 <ul><li><b>dodhcp</b>: to request a DHCP server provide network attributes including an IP address, gateway... . otherwise,
588 </li><li><b>ethx=ipaddr/cidr</b>: Sets the static IP address of all the ethernet interfaces on the system. The <code>/cidr</code> extension is optional. For instance, if you use option <code>ethx=192.168.0.1</code> on a machine with two ethernet adapters, both <code>eth0</code> and <code>eth1</code> will be configured with <code>192.168.0.1</code>. You can use the format <code>ethx=10.0.0.1/24</code> (using the cidr notation) if you don't use the default netmask.
589 </li><li><b>eth0=ipaddr/cidr</b>: This option is similar to <code>ethx=ipaddr/cidr</code> but it configures only one interface at a time. To configure the network on a server that has two interfaces, use: <code>eth0=192.168.10.1/24 eth1=192.168.20.1</code>.
590 </li><li><b>dns=ipaddr</b>: Sets the static IP address of the DNS nameserver you want to use to resolve the names. For instance <code>dns=192.168.0.254</code> means that you want to use <code>192.168.0.254</code> as the DNS server.
591 </li><li><b>gateway=ipaddr</b>: Sets the static IP address of the default route on your network. For instance <code>gateway=192.168.0.254</code> means that the computer can connect to a computer outside of the local network via <code>192.168.0.254</code>.
592 </li><li><b>dhcphostname=myhost</b>: Sets the hostname that the DHCP client will send to the DHCP server. This may be required if the default hostname cannot be used with your DHCP configuration. This option has been introduced in SystemRescueCd-1.3.5.
593 </li><li><b>rootpass=123456</b>: Sets the root password of the system running on the livecd to <code>1234</code>. That way you can connect from the network and ssh on the livecd and give <code>123456</code> password as the root password.
594 </li><li><b>vncserver=x:123456</b>: The <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/04/12/use-systemrescuecd-remotely-with-vnc-server/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/04/12/use-systemrescuecd-remotely-with-vnc-server/" rel="nofollow">vncserver boot option</a> has been introduced in SystemRescueCd-1.0.2. This options forces the system to configure the VNC-server and to start it automatically at boot time. You have to replace <code>x</code> with the number of displays you want, and <code>123456</code> with your password The password must be between 5 and 8 characters, else the boot option will be ignored. In other words the <code>vncserver=2:MyPaSsWd</code> option will give you access to two displays (display=1 on tcp/5901 and display=2 on tcp/5902). Display 0 is reserved for X.Org since SystemRescueCd-1.1.0.
595 </li><li><b>nameif=xxx</b>: You can can <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/28/option-to-define-the-name-of-a-network-interface-using-the-mac-address/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/28/option-to-define-the-name-of-a-network-interface-using-the-mac-address/" rel="nofollow">specify what interface name to give</a> to a particular interface using the mac address. You need SystemRescueCd-1.1.0 or newer to do that. Here is how you can specify which interface is using which mac address on a machine with two network interfaces: <code>nameif=eth0!00:0C:29:57:D0:6E,eth1!00:0C:29:57:D0:64</code>. Be careful, you have to respect the separator (comma between the interfaces and exclamation marks between the name and the mac address).
596 </li></ul>
597 <a name="Network_boot_using_PXE" id="Network_boot_using_PXE"></a><p><b><br> Network boot using PXE</b></p>
598 <p>SystemRescueCd provides several options for booting from the network using PXE.
599 These options can be combined with other network boot options such as <code>ethx</code> (cf previous section). See <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_PXE_network_booting" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_PXE_network_booting" rel="nofollow">PXE network booting</a> to get a global overview of SystemRescueCd and PXE and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Manage_remote_windows_linux_servers_using_SystemRescueCd" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Manage_remote_windows_linux_servers_using_SystemRescueCd" rel="nofollow">Manage remote servers using PXE</a>.
600 </p><p>The second stage downloads the kernel + initramfs using DHCP/TFTP.
601 </p><p>The third stage of the PXE boot process acquires the root files system.
602 </p><p>Several protocols are available.
603 </p>
604 <ul><li><b>netboot=</b>tftp<b>://ip/path/sysrcd.dat</b>: from a TFTP server. The filesystem is loaded into memory. As a consequence computers with less than 400MB of memory won't be able to boot this way. The system will continue to work if the network is disconnected after the boot process.
605 </li><li><b>netboot=</b>http<b>://ip:port/path/sysrcd.dat</b>: from a Web server. The file system is loaded into memory. Computers with smaller memory won't be able to boot this way. The the system continues to work if the network is disconnected after the boot process.
606 </li><li><b>netboot=</b>nfs<b>://ip:/path</b>: mount an NFSv3 directory. The NFS url must be the path of the directory that contains <code>sysrcd.dat</code>. Only NFSv3 can be used, NFSv4 is not supported. NFS it allows computers with smaller memory to boot SystemRescueCd from the network. After the boot process, the connection is required or you will loose the access to the root file system.
607 </li><li><b>netboot=</b>nbd<b>://ip:port</b>: connect to an NBD server configured with <code>sysrcd.dat</code> on ip:port. NBD is easier to configure than NFS (only one TCP port involved) and it allows computers with smaller memort to boot SystemRescueCd from the network. After the boot process, the connection is required the access to the root system.
608 </li></ul>
609 <p>For information on activating <b>speakup</b>, see the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Speakup-info" title="Speakup-info">speakup info page</a>.
610 </p>
611 <a name="Options_provided_for_autorun" id="Options_provided_for_autorun"></a><p><b><br> Options provided for autorun</b></p>
612 <ul><li><b>ar_source=xxx</b>: place where the autorun are stored. It may be the root directory of a partition (<code>/dev/sda1</code>), an nfs share (<code>nfs://192.168.1.1:/path/to/scripts</code>), a samba share (<code>smb://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts</code>), or an http directory (<code><a target="_blank" href="http://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts" class="external free" title="http://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts" rel="nofollow">http://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts</a></code>).
613 </li><li><b>autoruns=[0-9]</b>: comma separated list of the autorun scrip to be run. For example <code>autoruns=0,2,7</code> the autorun sc <code>autorun0</code>, <code>autorun2</code>, <code>autorun7</code> are run. Use <code>autoruns=no</code> to disable all the autorun scripts with a number.
614 </li><li><b>ar_ignorefail</b>: continue to execute the scripts chain even if a script failed (returned a non-zero status)
615 </li><li><b>ar_nodel</b>: do not delete the temporary copy of the autorun scripts located in <code>/var/autorun/tmp</code> after execution
616 </li><li><b>ar_disable</b>: completely disable autorun, the simple <code>autorun</code> script will not be executed
617 </li><li><b>ar_nowait</b>: do not wait for a keypress after the autorun script have been executed.
618 </li></ul>
619 </p>
620 </div>
621 <H2><a name="clonezilla"></a>Clonezilla Live boot parameters <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#boot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
622 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr valign="top"><td><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
623 The following info applies to <b>Clonezilla Live v. 1.2.3-27</b><br>
624 In case you need to get info for a more recent version of <b>Clonezilla Live</b><br>
625 please see the page "<a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/doc/fine-print.php?path=./99_Misc/00_live-initramfs-manual.doc#00_live-initramfs-manual.doc" target="_blank">The boot parameters for Clonezilla live</a>"
626 </td></tr></table></div>
627 <p>A typical Clonezilla Live isolinux entry is:</p>
628 <p class="newcode"> kernel /live/vmlinuz1<br>
629 append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general"<br>
630 ocs_live_extra_param="" ocs_live_keymap="" ocs_live_batch="no" ocs_lang="" vga=791 nolocales</p>
631 <p>The kernel used is <b>vmlinuz</b>, and anything after the word <b>append</b> is a boot parameter.</p>
632 <p>The following info comes from the page titled <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/doc/fine-print.php?path=./99_Misc/00_live-initramfs-manual.doc#00_live-initramfs-manual.doc" target="_blank">The boot parameters for Clonezilla live</a>.</p>
633 <div class="otherpage">Clonezilla live is based on <a target="_blank" href="http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/" >Debian live</a> with clonezilla installed. Therefore there are 2 kinds of boot parameters:
634 <ol>
635 <li>Boot parameters from live-initramfs. You can refer to this <a href="#live-initramfs">manual of live-initramfs</a>.
636 <li>Boot parameters specially for Clonezilla. All of them are named as "ocs_*", e.g. ocs_live_run, ocs_live_extra_param, ocs_live_batch, ocs_lang.
637 <ul>
638 <li>ocs_live_run is the main program to run in Clonezilla live to save or restore. or other command. Available program: ocs-live-general, ocs-live-restore or any command you write. Use the Absolute path in Clonezilla live.<br>
639 e.g. ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general"<br>
640 <font color="red">//NOTE// You might have to use "sudo" command inside your own script, or you can assign it like: ocs_live_run="sudo bash /my-clonezilla"</font><br>
641 <li>ocs_live_extra_param will be used only when ocs_live_run=ocs-live-restore (not for ocs-live-general or any other), then it will be passed to ocs-sr. Therefore these parameters are actually those of ocs-sr.<br>
642 e.g. ocs_live_extra_param="-b -c restoredisk sarge-r5 hda"
643 <li>ocs_live_keymap is for keymap used in Clonezilla live. Man install-keymap for more details.<br>
644 e.g. ocs_live_keymap="NONE" (won't change the default layout)<br>
645 ocs_live_keymap="/usr/share/keymaps/i386/azerty/fr-latin9.kmap.gz" (French keyboard)
646 <li>batch mode or not (yes/no), if no, will run interactively.<br>
647 e.g. ocs_live_batch="no"
648 <li>ocs_lang is the language used in Clonezilla live. Available value: en_US.UTF-8, zh_TW.UTF-8... (see $DRBL_SCRIPT_PATH/lang/bash/)
649 e.g. ocs_lang="en_US.UTF-8"
650 <li>ocs_debug (or ocs-debug) is for you to enter command line prompt before any clonezilla-related action is run. This is easier for you to debug.
651 <li>ocs_daemonon, ocs_daemonoff, ocs_numlk, ocs_capslk.<br>
652 Ex. for the first 2 parameters, ocs_daemonon="ssh", then ssh service will be turned on when booting. For the last 2 parameters, use "on" or "off", e.g. ocs_numlk=on to turn on numberlock when booting.
653 <li>ocs_prerun, ocs_prerun1, ocs_prerun2... is for you to run a shell script before Clonezilla is started. E.g. ocs_prerun="/live/image/myscript.sh". If you have more commands to run, you can assign them in the order: ocs_prerun=..., ocs_prerun1=..., ocs_prerun2=.... If more than 10 parameters, remember to use ocs_prerun01, ocs_prerun02..., ocs_prerun11 to make it in order.
654 <li>ocs_live_run_tty. This option allows you to specify the tty where $ocs_live_run is run. By default $ocs_live_run is run on /dev/tty1 only. (It was also on /dev/ttyS0 before, but since Clonezilla live >= 1.2.3-22 no more this due to a problem). If you want to use ttyS0, for example, add live-getty and console=ttyS0,38400n81 in the boot parameter.<br>
655 <font color=red>//NOTE//</font><br>
656 <ul>
657 <li>This parameter was added in Clonezilla live 1.2.3-22 or later.
658 <li>If "live-getty console=$tty,38400n81" are assigned in the boot parameters, ocs_live_run_tty will honor $tty, even other value is assigned to ocs_live_run_tty in boot parameter.
659 <li>It's recommended to assign ocs_lang and ocs_live_keymap in the boot parameters too.
660 </ul>
661 <li>ip, this option allows you to specify the network parameters for network card. In Clonezilla live a patched live-initramfs is used, which is different from the original live-initramfs so that you can assign DNS server, too. Its format is: ip=ethernet port,IP address, netmask, gateway, DNS. E.g. If you want to assing eth0 with IP address 10.0.100.1, netmask 255.255.255.0, gateway 10.0.100.254, DNS server 8.8.8.8, you can assign the following in the boot parameter:<br>
662 ip=eth0,10.0.100.1,255.255.255.0,10.0.100.254,8.8.8.8<br>
663 If more than one network card, you can use ":" to separate them, e.g.:<br>
664 ip=eth0,10.0.100.1,255.255.255.0,10.0.100.254,8.8.8.8:eth1,192.168.120.1,255.255.255.0,192.168.120.254,,<br>
665 <li>Besides, "live-netdev" (yes, not ocs_live_netdev) can be used when using PXE booting, you can force to assign the network device to get filesystem.squashfs. This is useful when there are two or more NICs are linked. E.g. live-netdev="eth1" allows you to force the live-initramfs to use eth1 to fetch the root file system filesystem.squashfs.
666 </ul>
667 </ol>
668 <hr>
669 With the above options, we have the following examples:
670 <ol>
671 <li>A PXE config example for you to boot Clonezilla live via PXE, and ssh service is on, the password of account "user" is assigned:<br>
672 ----------------------------------------<br>
673 label Clonezilla Live<br>
674 MENU LABEL Clonezilla Live<br>
675 MENU DEFAULT<br>
676 kernel vmlinuz1<br>
677 append initrd=initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs noswap noprompt vga=788 fetch=tftp://192.168.120.254/filesystem.squashfs usercrypted=bkuQxLqLRuDW6 ocs_numlk="on" ocs_daemonon="ssh"<br>
678 ----------------------------------------<br>
679 The usercrypted password is created by:<br>
680 echo YOUR_PASSWORD | mkpasswd -s<br>
681 ("mkpasswd" is from package "whois" in Debian or Ubuntu. Check your GNU/Linux to see which package provides this command if you are not using Debian or Ubuntu. Replace YOUR_PASSWORD with your plain text password, and remember do not put any " in the boot parameters of live-initramfs (while it's ok for those ocs_* boot parameters), i.e. do NOT use something like usercrypted="bkuQxLqLRuDW6").<br>
682 //NOTE// If you do not assign salt to mkpasswd, the encrypted password will not be the same every time you create it.<br>
683 For more about usercrypted discussion, please check the <a href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-live/2008/10/msg00020.html" target=_blank>here</a>.
684 <br><br>
685 <li>How to put your own binary driver in Clonezilla live without modifying /live/filesystem.squashfs:
686 <ul>
687 <li>Boot clonezilla live
688 <li>Become root by running "sudo su -"
689 <li>Copy the dir lsi, which contains a precompiled kernel module matching the running kernel in Clonezilla live and a script to run it, to a working dir, e.g.: <br>
690 cp -r /live/image/lsi /home/partimag
691 <li>cd /home/partimag
692 <li>/opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-live-dev -c -s -i lsi -u lsi -x "ocs_prerun=/live/image/lsi/prep-lsi.sh"
693 <li>/opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-iso -s -i lsi -u lsi -x "ocs_prerun=/live/image/lsi/prep-lsi.sh"
694 <li>///NOTE/// In this example, the 2 files in dir lsi are: megasr.ko (the binary driver) and prep-lsi.sh. The contents of prep-lsi.sh:
695 <pre>
696 ------------------------
697 #!/bin/bash
698 cp -f /live/image/lsi/megasr.ko /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/block/
699 chown root.root /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/block/megasr.ko
700 depmod -a modprobe megasr
701 sleep 1
702 ------------------------
703 </pre>
704 </ul>
705 <li>To put your customized script with a PXE version of Clonezilla live (You have to use Clonezilla live version 1.2.2-2 or later):<br>
706 In this example, we assume (1) The IP address of your PXE server is 192.168.120.254, (2) the customized script (custom-ocs-2) is put on your PXE server's tftpd root dir (E.g. On DRBL server, the path is /tftpboot/nbi_img/. It might be different in your case if you are not use DRBL server as a PXE server).<br>
707 Therefor your pxelinux.cfg/default file is like:
708 <p>------------------------<br>
709 label Clonezilla Live<br>
710 MENU DEFAULT<br>
711 # MENU HIDE<br>
712 MENU LABEL Clonezilla Live<br>
713 # MENU PASSWD<br>
714 kernel vmlinuz1<br>
715 append initrd=initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs noswap noprompt vga=788 ip=frommedia fetch=tftp://192.168.120.254/filesystem.squashfs ocs_prerun="busybox tftp -g -b 10240 -r custom-ocs-2 -l /tmp/custom-ocs-2 192.168.120.254" ocs_live_run="bash /tmp/custom-ocs-2" ocs_live_keymap="NONE" ocs_live_batch="no" ocs_lang="en_US.UTF-8" nolocales<br>
716 TEXT HELP<br>
717 Boot Clonezilla live via network<br>
718 ENDTEXT<br>
719 <p>------------------------<br>
720 The content of custom-ocs-2 can be like:
721 <pre>
722 ------------------------
723 #!/bin/bash
724 . /opt/drbl/sbin/drbl-conf-functions
725 . /opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-functions
726 . /etc/ocs/ocs-live.conf
727 # Load language file
728 ask_and_load_lang_set en_US.UTF-8
729 # 1. Mount the clonezilla image home.
730 # Types: local_dev, ssh_server, samba_server, nfs_server
731 prep-ocsroot -t nfs_server
732 # 2. Restore the image
733 if mountpoint /home/partimag/ &>/dev/null; then
734 ocs-sr -l en_US.UTF-8 -c -p choose restoredisk ask_user ask_user
735 else
736 [ "$BOOTUP" = "color" ] && $SETCOLOR_FAILURE
737 echo "Fail to find the Clonezilla image home /home/partimag!"
738 echo "Program terminated!"
739 [ "$BOOTUP" = "color" ] && $SETCOLOR_NORMAL
740 fi
741 ------------------------
742 </pre>
743 </li>
744 </ol>
745 </div>
746 <H3><a name="live-initramfs"></a>live-initramfs manual <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#boot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
747 <p>This is the manual of <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/live-initramfs-param.php" target=_blank>live-initramfs</a>
748 <BR>
749 </p>
750 <a name="live-initramfs"></a><div class="otherpage" style="overflow: auto;"><pre>
751 live-initramfs(7)
752 =================
753 Name
754 ----
755 live-initramfs - Debian Live initramfs hook
756 Synopsis
757 --------
758 BOOT=live
759 as kernel parameter at boot prompt.
760 Description
761 -----------
762 live-initramfs is a hook for the initramfs-tools, used to generate a initramfs
763 capable to boot live systems, such as those created by *live-helper*(7).
764 This includes the Debian Live isos, netboot tarballs, and usb stick images.
765 At boot time it will look for a (read-only) media containing a "/live"
766 directory where a root filesystems (often a compressed filesystem image like
767 squashfs) is stored. If found, it will create a writable environment, using
768 aufs, for Debian like systems to boot from.
769 You probably do not want to install this package onto a non-live system,
770 although it will do no harm.
771 live-initramfs is a fork of <a href="http://packages.ubuntu.com/casper/" target="_blank">casper</a>.
772 casper was originally written by Tollef Fog Heen &amp;lt;tfheen@canonical.com&amp;gt;
773 and Matt Zimmerman &amp;lt;mdz@canonical.com&amp;gt;.
774 Boot options
775 ------------
776 Here is the complete list of recognized boot parameters by live-initramfs.
777 access=*ACCESS*::
778 Set the accessibility level for physically or visually impared users. ACCESS
779 must be one of v1, v2, v3, m1, or m2. v1=lesser visual impairment, v2=moderate
780 visual impairment, v3=blindness, m1=minor motor difficulties, m2=moderate motor
781 difficulties.
782 console=*TTY,SPEED*::
783 Set the default console to be used with the "live-getty" option. Example:
784 "console=ttyS0,115200"
785 debug::
786 Makes initramfs boot process more verbose.
787 fetch=*URL*::
788 Another form of netboot by downloading a squashfs image from a given url,
789 copying to ram and booting it.
790 hostname=*HOSTNAME*, username=*USER*, userfullname=*USERFULLNAME*::
791 Those parameters lets you override values read from the config file.
792 ignore_uuid
793 Do not check that any UUID embedded in the initramfs matches the discovered
794 medium. live-initramfs may be told to generate a UUID by setting
795 LIVE_GENERATE_UUID=1 when building the initramfs.
796 integrity-check::
797 If specified, an MD5 sum is calculated on the live media during boot and
798 compared to the value found in md5sum.txt found in the root directory of the
799 live media.
800 ip=**[CLIENT_IP]:[SERVER_IP]:[GATEWAY_IP]:[NETMASK]:[HOSTNAME]:
801 [DEVICE]:[AUTOCONF] [,[CLIENT_IP]:[SERVER_IP]:[GATEWAY_IP]:[NETMASK]:[HOSTNAME]:
802 [DEVICE]:[AUTOCONF]]***::
803 Let you specify the name(s) and the options of the interface(s) that should be
804 configured at boot time. Do not specify this if you want to use dhcp (default).
805 It will be changed in a future release to mimick official kernel boot param
806 specification (e.g. ip=10.0.0.1::10.0.0.254:255.255.255.0::eth0,:::::eth1:dhcp).
807 ip[=**frommedia**]::
808 If this variable is set, dhcp and static configuration are just skipped and the
809 system will use the (must be) media-preconfigured /etc/network/interfaces
810 instead.
811 {keyb|kbd-chooser/method}=**KEYBOARD**, {klayout|console-setup/layoutcode}=**LAYOUT**,
812 {kvariant|console-setup/variantcode}=**VARIANT**, {kmodel|console-setup/modelcode}=
813 **CODE**, koptions=**OPTIONS**::
814 Configure the running keyboard as specified, if this one misses live-initramfs
815 behaves as if "keyb=us" was specified. It will be interfered from "locale=" if
816 locale is only 2 lowecase letters as a special case. You could also specify
817 console layout, variant, code, and options (no defaults).
818 live-getty::
819 This changes the auto-login on virtual terminals to use the (experimental)
820 live-getty code. With this option set the standard kernel argument "console=" is
821 parsed and if a serial console is specified then live-getty is used to autologin
822 on the serial console.
823 {live-media|bootfrom}=**DEVICE**::
824 If you specify one of this two equivalent forms, live-initramfs will first try
825 to find this device for the "/live" directory where the read-only root
826 filesystem should reside. If it did not find something usable, the normal scan
827 for block devices is performed.
828 {live-media-encryption|encryption}=**TYPE**::
829 live-initramfs will mount the encrypted rootfs TYPE, asking the passphrase,
830 useful to build paranoid live systems :-). TYPE supported so far are "aes" for
831 loop-aes encryption type.
832 live-media-offset=**BYTES**::
833 This way you could tell live-initramfs that your image starts at offset BYTES in
834 the above specified or autodiscovered device, this could be useful to hide the
835 Debian Live iso or image inside another iso or image, to create "clean" images.
836 live-media-path=**PATH**::
837 Sets the path to the live filesystem on the medium. By default, it is set to
838 '/live' and you should not change that unless you have customized your media
839 accordingly.
840 live-media-timeout=**SECONDS**::
841 Set the timeout in seconds for the device specified by "live-media=" to become
842 ready before giving up.
843 {locale|debian-installer/locale}=**LOCALE**::
844 Configure the running locale as specified, if not present the live-media rootfs
845 configured locale will be used and if also this one misses live-initramfs behave
846 as "locale=en_US.UTF-8" was specified. If only 2 lowercase letter are specified
847 (like "it"), the "maybe wanted" locale is generated (like en:EN.UTF-8), in this
848 case if also "keyb=" is unspecified is set with those 2 lowercase letters
849 (keyb=us). Beside that facility, only UTF8 locales are supported by
850 live-initramfs.
851 module=**NAME**::
852 Instead of using the default optional file "filesystem.module" (see below)
853 another file could be specified without the extension ".module"; it should be
854 placed on "/live" directory of the live medium.
855 netboot[=**nfs**|**cifs**]::
856 This tells live-initramfs to perform a network mount. The parameter "nfsroot="
857 (with optional "nfsopts="), should specify where is the location of the root
858 filesystem. With no args, will try cifs first, and if it fails nfs.
859 nfsopts=::
860 This lets you specify custom nfs options.
861 noautologin::
862 This parameter disables the automatic terminal login only, not touching gdk/kdm.
863 noxautologin::
864 This parameter disables the automatic login of gdm/kdm only, not touching
865 terminals.
866 nofastboot::
867 This parameter disables the default disabling of filesystem checks in
868 /etc/fstab. If you have static filesystems on your harddisk and you want them to
869 be checked at boot time, use this parameter, otherwise they are skipped.
870 nopersistent::
871 disables the "persistent" feature, useful if the bootloader (like syslinux) has
872 been installed with persistent enabled.
873 noprompt
874 Do not prompt to eject the CD on reboot.
875 nosudo::
876 This parameter disables the automatic configuration of sudo.
877 swapon::
878 This parameter enables usage of local swap partitions.
879 nouser::
880 This parameter disables the creation of the default user completely.
881 noxautoconfig::
882 This parameter disables Xorg auto-reconfiguration at boot time. This is valuable
883 if you either do the detection on your own, or, if you want to ship a custom,
884 premade xorg.conf in your live system.
885 persistent[=nofiles]::
886 live-initramfs will look for persistent and snapshot partitions or files labeled
887 "live-rw", "home-rw", and files called "live-sn*", "home-sn*" and will try to,
888 in order: mount as /cow the first, mount the second in /home, and just copy the
889 contents of the latter in appropriate locations (snapshots). Snapshots will be
890 tried to be updated on reboot/shutdown. Look at live-snapshot(1) for more
891 informations. If "nofiles" is specified, only filesystems with matching labels
892 will be searched; no filesystems will be traversed looking for archives or image
893 files. This results in shorter boot times.
894 {preseed/file|file}=**FILE**::
895 A path to a file present on the rootfs could be used to preseed debconf
896 database.
897 package/question=**VALUE**::
898 All debian installed packages could be preseeded from command-line that way,
899 beware of blanks spaces, they will interfere with parsing, use a preseed file in
900 this case.
901 quickreboot::
902 This option causes live-initramfs to reboot without attempting to eject the
903 media and without asking the user to remove the boot media.
904 showmounts::
905 This parameter will make live-initramfs to show on "/" the ro filesystems
906 (mostly compressed) on "/live". This is not enabled by default because could
907 lead to problems by applications like "mono" which store binary paths on
908 installation.
909 textonly
910 Start up to text-mode shell prompts, disabling the graphical user interface.
911 timezone=**TIMEZONE**::
912 By default, timezone is set to UTC. Using the timezone parameter, you can set it
913 to your local zone, e.g. Europe/Zurich.
914 todisk=**DEVICE**::
915 Adding this parameter, live-initramfs will try to copy the entire read-only
916 media to the specified device before mounting the root filesystem. It probably
917 needs a lot of free space. Subsequent boots should then skip this step and just
918 specify the "live-media=DEVICE" boot parameter with the same DEVICE used this
919 time.
920 toram::
921 Adding this parameter, live-initramfs will try to copy the whole read-only media
922 to the computer's RAM before mounting the root filesystem. This could need a lot
923 of ram, according to the space used by the read-only media.
924 union=**aufs**|**unionfs**::
925 By default, live-initramfs uses aufs. With this parameter, you can switch to
926 unionfs.
927 utc=**yes**|**no**::
928 By default, Debian systems do assume that the hardware clock is set to UTC. You
929 can change or explicitly set it with this parameter.
930 xdebconf::
931 Uses xdebconfigurator, if present on the rootfs, to configure X instead of the
932 standard procedure (experimental).
933 xvideomode=**RESOLUTION**::
934 Doesn't do xorg autodetection, but enforces a given resolution.
935 Files
936 -----
937 /etc/live.conf
938 Some variables can be configured via this config file (inside the live system).
939 /live/filesystem.module
940 This optional file (inside the live media) contains a list of white-space or
941 carriage-return-separated file names corresponding to disk images in the "/live"
942 directory. If this file exists, only images listed here will be merged into the
943 root aufs, and they will be loaded in the order listed here. The first entry
944 in this file will be the "lowest" point in the aufs, and the last file in
945 this list will be on the "top" of the aufs, directly below /cow. Without
946 this file, any images in the "/live" directory are loaded in alphanumeric order.
947 /etc/live-persistence.binds
948 This optional file (which resides in the rootfs system, not in the live media)
949 is used as a list of directories which not need be persistent: ie. their
950 content does not need to survive reboots when using the persistence features.
951 This saves expensive writes and speeds up operations on volatile data such as
952 web caches and temporary files (like e.g. /tmp and .mozilla) which are
953 regenerated each time. This is achieved by bind mounting each listed directory
954 with a tmpfs on the original path.
955 See also
956 --------
957 live-snapshot(1), initramfs-tools(8), live-helper(7), live-initscripts(7),
958 live-webhelper(7)
959 Bugs
960 ----
961 Report bugs against live-initramfs
962 <a href="http://packages.qa.debian.org/live-initramfs" target="_blank">http://packages.qa.debian.org/live-initramfs</a>.
963 Homepage
964 --------
965 More information about the Debian Live project can be found at
966 <a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/" target="_blank">http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/</a> and
967 <a href="http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/" target="_blank">http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/</a>.
968 Authors
969 -------
970 live-initramfs is maintained by Daniel Baumann &amp;lt;daniel@debian.org&amp;gt;
971 for the Debian project.
972 live-initramfs is a fork of <a href="http://packages.ubuntu.com/casper/" target="_blank">casper</a>.
973 casper was originally written by Tollef Fog Heen &amp;lt;tfheen@canonical.com&amp;gt;
974 and Matt Zimmerman &amp;lt;mdz@canonical.com&amp;gt;.
975 </pre>
976 </div>
977 <a name="clonezilla-top"></a>
978 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="clonezilla-intro"></a>About Clonezilla Live <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
979 <p>The DRBL-based PXEBoot Clonezilla is used to clone many computers simultaneously. It is an extremely useful tool, however, it does have several limitations. In order to use it, you must first prepare a DRBL server AND the machine to be cloned must boot from a network (e.g. PXE/Etherboot).<br><br>
980 To address these limitations, the Free Software Lab at the NCHC has combined <a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/" target=_blank>Debian Live</a> with Clonezilla to produce "<b>Clonezilla Live</b>", a new software that can be used to easily clone individual machines.</p>
981 <p>
982 <b>Clonezilla Live</b> provides two modes of operation:
983 </p>
984 <ul>
985 <li><b>device-image</b><br>
986 In this mode of operation, a disk/partition can be saved to an image file. This image file can be used to restore the original disk/partition. With Clonezilla-SysRescCD, it can also be used to create an automated restore CD/DVD. This is the mode of operation we will discuss here.
987 </li>
988 <li><b>device-device (cloning)</b><br>
989 This mode of operation creates an exact copy of the original disk/partition on the fly.</li>
990 </ul>
991 <p>When working in <b>device-image</b> mode, you will always have to specify three things:</p>
992 <ul>
993 <li>The location of the image file</li>
994 <li>The working parameters for the operation</li>
995 <li>The disk/partition that will be saved/restored</li>
996 </ul>
997 <p><b>Clonezilla Live</b> provides a user friendly interface in order to insert this data.<br><br>
998 When <b>Clonezilla Live</b> is booted up, either normally or copied to RAM, the contents of the whole CD/DVD can be found in folder <b>/live/image</b>. This is where you will find any extra files, such as the <b>restorecd</b> and the <b>doc</b> folders.
999 </p>
1000 <H2><a name="start-stop"></a>Starting and stopping Clonezilla Live <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1001 <p>When you boot into <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, the program (actually a script) starts automatically. There are many places where you can stop it, by selecting <b>Cancel</b> or answering <b>N(o)</b> to a question. When you do that you will probably get the following:</p>
1002 <p class="newcode">Now you can choose to:<br>
1003 (0) Poweroff<br>
1004 (1) Reboot<br>
1005 (2) Enter command line prompt<br>
1006 (3) Start over<br>
1007 [2]</p>
1008 <p>Select Poweroff or Reboot, <b>only</b> if you haven't already mounted a disk partition. I found out by experience, it is not always safe to let any live CD automatically unmount my partitions. So if you have already specified the image partition and/or the partition to save/restore, you should enter command line prompt and type:</p>
1009 <p class="newcode"><a name="umount"></a>sudo su -<br>
1010 mount | grep /dev/[sh]d</p>
1011 <p>and then unmount the partitions shown by the last command. So if the results of this command is for example:</p>
1012 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">/dev/hda1</font> on /home/partimag type vfat (rw)</p>
1013 <p>just type the command:</p>
1014 <p class="newcode">umount <font color="Green">/dev/hda1</font></p>
1015 <p>and it's now safe to Poweroff of Reboot.<br><br>
1016 If, on the other hand, you just want to restart the program, type:</p>
1017 <p class="newcode">ocs-live</p>
1018 <H2><a name="about"></a>About the Image file <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1019 <p>One thing should be made clear about the image file: it is not a file, it is a <b>folder</b>, containing the actual image file and some data about the disk/partition it is associated with. So when you insert the image file name, you actually insert the folder name where the image will be saved/restored.<br><br>
1020 Before you are able to insert the image file name, a list of partitions will be presented to you, so that you can choose where it should be saved/found. When you select one of them, it will be mounted under <b>/home/partimag</b>.<br><br>
1021 This folder is very important for <b>Clonezilla Live</b>; the image file <b>must</b> be located under this directory, which means that the image file <b>must</b> be on the root directory of the mounted partition. So you can not, for example, create a folder called <b>all_my_images</b> and move all your image files in there; <b>Clonezilla Live</b> will not be able to find them!!!<br><br>
1022 Another thing that should be pointed out is that <b>only unmounted</b> partitions will be included in the above list. This means that if you have stopped the program at some point after specifying the partition where the image file resides, and it has been mounted, it will not be present in the list the next time it is presented to you, and you will not be able to use it.<br><br>
1023 There are two things you can do in this case; either unmount the partition, as stated <a href="#umount">above</a>, or select</p>
1024 <p class="newcode"><font color="Red">skip&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use existing /home/partimag</font></p>
1025 <p>instead of any other option, when you restart the program. The later of course means that you still want to use the previously specified partition as the image file location.<br><br>
1026 Fianlly I should say that <b>Clonezilla Live</b> is able to use a remote disk/partition as the location of the image file, mounted through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b>. Using any of these options is a more advanced topic, way beyond the scope of this presentation.</p>
1027 <H2><a name="options"></a>Scripts' options <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1028 <p>This section presents the options which are available at the "<i><b>Clonezilla advanced extra parameters</b></i>" screens, if the "Expert" mode is selected. For other options, see <a href="backup.html">Getting backups</a> and <a href="restoration.html">Restoring data</a>.</p>
1029 <H3><a name="backup-options"></a>Backup options [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1030 <H4><a name="imaging-program-priority"></a>Imaging program priority [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1031 <p class="newcode"><a name="q_option"></a><font color="Red">-q2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Priority: partclone > partimage > dd<br>
1032 -q1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Priority: Only dd (supports all filesystem, but inefficient)<br>
1033 -q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Priority: ntfsclone > partimage > dd<br>
1034 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Priority: partimage > dd (no ntfsclone)</font></p>
1035 <p>This option chooses which imaging programs are preferred. By default, <b>Clonezilla Live</b> uses <b>partclone</b> for nearly all filesystems, including ext2/3/4, NTFS and FAT32. If a filesystem isn't supported by <b>partclone</b>, but is supported by <b>partimage</b> (spesifically: if the filesystem is HFS, HPFS or JFS), it is cloned by <b>partimage</b>. If it isn't supported by either (for example Linux swap, though it doesn't make any sense to clone swap partitions), it is cloned by <b>dd</b>. Unlike <b>partclone</b> or <b>partimage</b>, <b>dd</b> copies all blocks of the partition instead of only used, resulting in slower imaging process and bigger images.</p>
1036 <p>Normally the default option <font color="Red"><b>-q2</b></font> should be preferred. Try another option if you have problems and believe they are caused by the imaging program used.</p>
1037 <H4><a name="various-backup-parameters"></a>Various parameters [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1038 <p>These options are available at the second "<i><b>Clonezilla advanced extra parameters</b></i>" screen.</p>
1039 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup-confirmation"></a><font color="Red">-c&nbsp;Client waits for confirmation before cloning</font></p>
1040 <p>This option causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask if you really want to clone the disk/partition just before it starts cloning. It is enabled by default.</p>
1041 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup-hidden-data"></a><font color="Red">-j2&nbsp;Clone the hidden data between MBR and 1st partition</font></p>
1042 <p>If this option is set, the 15 hidden sectors between Master Boot Record and the first partition are copied. This area usually contains some data necessary for booting. The option is enabled by default and should be kept enabled if you are cloning a bootable disk.</p>
1043 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup-nogui"></a><font color="Red">-nogui&nbsp;Use text output only, no TUI/GUI output</font></p>
1044 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to force the used programs to use only command-line interface even if text-based or graphical user interface is available.</p>
1045 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup-no-dma"></a><font color="Red">-a&nbsp;Do NOT force to turn on HD DMA</font></p>
1046 <p>Prevents <b>Clonezilla Live</b> from using DMA for communicating with hard drives. Slows cloning down but in some conditions cloning without this option can be impossible.</p>
1047 <p class="newcode"><a name="rm-win-swap-hib"></a><font color="Red">-rm-win-swap-hib&nbsp;Remove page and hibernation files in Win if exists</font></p>
1048 <p>This option prevents <b>Clonezilla Live</b> from cloning your page file if you are cloning a partition containing Windows. Often the page file is big and unneeded, and skipping it may speed cloning up without causing any harm. Mind you, this option is disabled by default because sometimes the page file may be necessary.</p>
1049 <p class="newcode"><a name="ntfs-ok"></a><font color="Red">-ntfs-ok&nbsp;Skip checking NTFS integrity, even bad sectors (ntfsclone only)</font></p>
1050 <p>This option works only if you selected the <font color="Red"><b>-q</b></font> option and you're cloning a NTFS partition. It prevents the integrity check of NTFS partitions and speeds the cloning process up a little. However, if the check is disabled, there is a risk that the filesystem is damaged and the image created from it is useless.</p>
1051 <p class="newcode"><a name="gen-md5"></a><font color="Red">-gm&nbsp;Generate image MD5 checksums</font></p>
1052 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to calculate MD5 checksum(s) of image(s) created. If the image cets corrupted afterwards, the checksum allows to notice the corruption before the image is restored. Mind you, calculating the checksum takes some time and slows the process down a little.</p>
1053 <p class="newcode"><a name="gen-sha1"></a><font color="Red">-gs&nbsp;Generate image SHA1 checksums</font></p>
1054 <p>This option is identical to the above, but creates SHA1 checksum(s) instead of MD5. SHA1 is considered to be more accurate checksum algorithm than MD5, but MD5 is more popular.</p>
1055 <H4><a name="compression-method"></a>Compression method [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1056 <p class="newcode"><a name="z_option"></a><font color="Red">-z1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gzip compression (fast with a smaller image)<br>
1057 -z2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bzip2 compression (slowest but smallest image)<br>
1058 -z3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lzo compression (faster with image size approx. to that of gzip)(NOTE!!)<br>
1059 -z4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lzma compression (slowest but also small image, faster decompression than bzip2)<br>
1060 -z0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No compression (fastest but largest image size)</font></p>
1061 <p>This option chooses the method which is used to compress the image while creating it.</p>
1062 <p>If no compression is used at all, there won't be any negative speed impact caused by compression. However, the image file size is the size of all the data backed up - for example, if you clone a 160 GB hard drive containing 60 gigabytes of data, the resulting disk image will be 60 gigabytes in size.</p>
1063 <p><b>Gzip</b> and <b>lzop</b> are fast compression methods. <b>Lzop</b> is many times faster than <b>gzip</b>, but creates slightly larger images. <b>Clonezilla Live</b> warns that <b>lzop</b> requires good-quality RAM, but I (the contributor who wrote this chapter) think other compression methods require good RAM too.</p>
1064 <p><b>Bzip2</b> and <b>lzma</b> are powerful compression methods. <b>Lzma</b> creates a little smaller images than <b>bzip2</b>, and decompressing lzma-compressed images is faster than decompressing <b>bzip2</b> images. But there is no free lunch: <b>lzma</b> compression method is very slow compared even to <b>bzip2</b>, which isn't fast method either.</p>
1065 <H4><a name="splitting"></a>Splitting [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1066 <p>This option (command line: <b>-i <font color="Red">[number]</font></b>) decides if the created image files are splitted into smaller pieces, and if yes, how large the pieces are. This setting doesn't usually matter, but some filesystems (most importantly FAT32) don't allow files larger than four gigabytes. If you're saving the disk image to a FAT32 partition, enter 4000 or less. (Value 0 disables splitting, so don't use it in that case.) If the filesystem allows files big enough, enter any value which isn't too small (you don't want to split the image into too many pieces, do you?)</p>
1067 <H4><a name="backup-postaction"></a>Postaction [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1068 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup_p_option"></a><font color="Red">-p true&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do nothing when the clone finishes<br>
1069 -p reboot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reboot client when the clone finishes<br>
1070 -p poweroff&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shutdown client when the clone finishes</font></p>
1071 <p>In this screen you can decide what <b>Clonezilla Live</b> does when the disk/partition is cloned.</p>
1072 <p>Spiros told <a href="#start-stop">above</a> that he has found out that it's not always safe to allow Live CDs automatically unmount partitions, and I have lost data when trying auto-unmount with a script. So, avoid <font color="Red"><b>-p reboot</b></font> and <font color="Red"><b>-p poweroff</b></font> options if possible. You have been warned.</p>
1073 <H3><a name="restore-options"></a>Restore options (script ocs-sr) [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1074 <H4><a name="various-restore-parameters"></a>Various parameters [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1075 <p>These options are available at the first "<i><b>Clonezilla advanced extra parameters</b></i>" screen.</p>
1076 <p class="newcode"><a name="reinstall-grub"></a><font color="Red">-g auto&nbsp;Reinstall grub in client disk MBR (only if grub config exists)</font></p>
1077 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to reinstall GRUB into the Master Boot Record of the disk if at least one partition contains GRUB config file (/boot/grub/menu.lst). The option is enabled by default and shouldn't cause any harm. However, it should be disabled if you for example have another bootloader in MBR and chainload GRUB with it.</p>
1078 <p class="newcode"><a name="ntfs-geometry"></a><font color="Red">-e1 auto&nbsp;Automatically adjust filesystem geometry for a NTFS boot partition if exists</font></p>
1079 <p>The NTLDR bootloader used by Windows isn't able to determine automatically where the files it needs are stored. It only knows their physical locations, which sometimes change when the disk or partition is copied. If the locations are changed and this option is selected, the location information of the files is changed accordingly. This option is enabled by default and if it's disabled, the cloned Windows will fail to boot.</p>
1080 <p class="newcode"><a name="chs-from-edd"></a><font color="Red">-e2&nbsp;sfdisk uses CHS of hard drive from EDD(for non-grub boot loader)</font></p>
1081 <p>This option requires that the <font color="Red"><b>-e1 auto</b></font> option is selected. It causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to use disk read interface named EDD for determining the physical locations of the files when updating the location information used by NTLDR. The option is enabled by default because it reduces the risk that Windows doesn't boot.</p>
1082 <p class="newcode"><a name="change-win-ip-based-host"></a><font color="Red">-hn0 PC&nbsp;Change MS Win hostname (based on IP address) after clone</font></p>
1083 <p>If this option is selected and a partition containing Microsoft Windows is cloned, its IP address -based hostname is changed after cloning. Computers which are on any network simultaneously need to have different hostnames, so this option is needed if a Windows system is cloned to another computer and the original computer is still used in addition to the one where the image was restored to.</p>
1084 <p class="newcode"><a name="change-win-mac-based-host"></a><font color="Red">-hn1 PC&nbsp;Change MS Win hostname (based on MAC address) after clone</font></p>
1085 <p>This option causes the MAC address -based hostname of Windows to change. This option needs also be enabled in the above condition.</p>
1086 <p class="newcode"><a name="verbose"></a><font color="Red">-v&nbsp;Prints verbose messages (especially for udpcast)</font></p>
1087 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to tell more information of what it does.</p>
1088 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-nogui"></a><font color="Red">-nogui&nbsp;Use text output only, no TUI/GUI output</font></p>
1089 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to force the used programs to use only command-line interface even if text-based or graphical user interface is available.</p>
1090 <p class="newcode"><a name="batch"></a><font color="Red">-b&nbsp;Run clone in batch mode (DANGEROUS!)</font></p>
1091 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to run in batch mode. According to Clonezilla Live reference card, this option is dangerous, though I (the contributor) don't know why.</p>
1092 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-confirmation"></a><font color="Red">-c&nbsp;Client waits for confirmation before cloning</font></p>
1093 <p>This option causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask if you really want to clone the disk/partition just before it starts cloning. It is enabled by default.</p>
1094 <p class="newcode"><a name="no-mbr"></a><font color="Red">-t&nbsp;Client does not restore the MBR (Mater Boot Record)</font></p>
1095 <p>Do NOT restore the MBR (Mater Boot Record) when restoring image. If this option is set, you must make sure there is an existing MBR in the current restored harddisk. Default is Yes.</p>
1096 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-syslinux-mbr"></a><font color="Red">-t1&nbsp;Client restores the prebuilt MBR from syslinux (For Windows only)</font></p>
1097 <p>If this option is set, the MBR is overwritten by prebuilt one which chainloads Windows. Use this option if you have to restore Windows and make it bootable, but don't have the original MBR or backup of it.</p>
1098 <p class="newcode"><a name="resize-fs"></a><font color="Red">-r&nbsp;Try to resize the filesystem to fit partition size</font></p>
1099 <p>This option is useful if you are cloning a small disk to larger one. It tries to resize the restored filesystem to the size of the partition where it was restored to. It allows you to use the whole size of your new disk without resizing the partition afterwards. The option requires that the disk where the image is copied already contains a partition where the image is restored or that the option <font color="Red"><b>-k1</b></font> is enabled.</p>
1100 <p class="newcode"><a name="load-geometry"></a><font color="Red">-e&nbsp;sfdisk uses the CHS value of hard drive from the saved image</font></p>
1101 <p>Force to use the saved CHS (cylinders, heads, sectors) when using sfdisk. Of cource, there is no use of it when using any of <b><font color="Red">-j0</font></b>, <b><font color="Red">-k</font></b> or <b><font color="Red">-k2</font></b> options.</p>
1102 <p class="newcode"><a name="mbr-again"></a><font color="Red">-j1&nbsp;Write MBR (512 B) again after image is restored. Not OK for partition table diffe</font></p>
1103 <p>When a disk image is restored, the partition table must be updated to reflect the actual partitions in the disk. If you don't want it to happen, enable this option. Then the Master Boot Record (including the partition table) is restored again after restoring the image. Note that using this option can destroy all the data in the target drive.</p>
1104 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-hidden-data"></a><font color="Red">-j2&nbsp;Clone the hidden data between MBR and 1st partition</font></p>
1105 <p>If this option is set, the 15 hidden sectors between Master Boot Record and the first partition are restored. This area usually contains some data necessary for booting. The option is enabled by default and should be kept enabled if you are cloning a bootable disk.</p>
1106 <p class="newcode"><a name="check-md5"></a><font color="Red">-cm&nbsp;Check image by MD5 checksums</font></p>
1107 <p>If the image folder contains MD5 checksum(s), this option causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to check if the image has corrupted by calculating its checksum and comparing it to the precalculated one. Mind you, calculating the checksum takes some time and slows the process down a little.</p>
1108 <p class="newcode"><a name="check-sha1"></a><font color="Red">-cs&nbsp;Check image by SHA1 checksums</font></p>
1109 <p><p>This option is identical to the above, but checks SHA1 checksum(s) instead of MD5.</p>
1110 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-no-dma"></a><font color="Red">-a&nbsp;Do NOT force to turn on HD DMA</font></p>
1111 <p>Prevents <b>Clonezilla Live</b> from using DMA for communicating with hard drives. Slows cloning down but in some conditions cloning without this option can be impossible.</p>
1112 <p class="newcode"><a name="run-prerun-dir"></a><font color="Red">-o0&nbsp;Run script in $OCS_PRERUN_DIR before clone starts</font></p>
1113 <p>Run the scripts in the directory $OCS_PRERUN_DIR before clone is started. The location of the directory can be determined by editing the file drbl-ocs.conf. By default it is /opt/drbl/share/ocs/prerun.</p>
1114 <p class="newcode"><a name="run-postrun-dir"></a><font color="Red">-o1&nbsp;Run script in $OCS_POSTRUN_DIR as clone finishes</font></p>
1115 <p>Run the scripts in the directory $OCS_POSTRUN_DIR when clone is finished. The location of the directory can be determined by editing the file drbl-ocs.conf. By default it is /opt/drbl/share/ocs/postrun. The command will be run before that assigned in <font color="Red"><b>-p</b></font>.</p>
1116 <p>The scripts will be executed by the program "run-parts". run-parts only accepts that the name of the scripts must consist entirely of upper and lower case letters, digits and underscores. So if your file name has an illegal character ".", run-parts won't run it. You can test which files will be executed by entering the command:</p>
1117 <p class="newcode">run-parts --test /opt/drbl/share/ocs/postrun</p>
1118 <H4><a name="partition-table"></a>Partition table [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1119 <p>This option decides what is done to the partition table of the target drive.</p>
1120 <p class="newcode"><a name="image-partition-table"></a><font color="Red">&nbsp;Use the partition table from the image</font></p>
1121 <p>This option causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to copy the partition table from the image. Use this option if you are cloning a whole disk or somehow know that the partition tables are identical (for example, if you are restoring a partition to the same disk where it was copied from and haven't repartitioned the drive after creating the backup). This is the default option.</p>
1122 <p class="newcode"><a name="no-fdisk"></a><font color="Red">-k&nbsp;Do NOT create a partition table on the target disk</font></p>
1123 <p>Do NOT create partition in target harddisk. If this option is set, you must make sure there is an existing partition table in the current restored harddisk.</p>
1124 <p class="newcode"><a name="sfdisk"></a><font color="Red">-k1&nbsp;Create partition table proportionally (OK for MRB format, not GPT)</font></p>
1125 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to create the partition table automatically using sfdisk after restoring the images. This option works nearly always, but sometimes cloned Windows don't boot. Note that this option doesn't work if you have GUID Partition Table on your disk. (Most likely you don't have one.)</p>
1126 <p class="newcode"><a name="enter-cmd"></a><font color="Red">-k2&nbsp;Enter command line prompt to create partition manually later</font></p>
1127 <p>Like the <font color="Red"><b>-k</b></font> option, this option doesn't create the partition table automatically. However, after restoring the image you are led to command line prompt where you can create the partition table manually. Don't use this option if you don't know how the partition table can be created.</p>
1128 <p class="newcode"><a name="dd"></a><font color="Red">-j0&nbsp;Use dd to create partition (NOT OK if logical drives exist)</font></p>
1129 <p>Use dd to dump the partition table from saved image instead of sfdisk.<br><br>
1130 We read in <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/faq/fine-print.php?path=./2_System/23_Missing_OS.faq#23_Missing_OS.faq" target="_blank">DRBL FAQ/Q&#038;A</a>:</p>
1131 <p style="margin-left: 40pt; margin-right: 40pt;">When I use clonezilla to clone M$ windows, there is no any problem when saving an image from template machine. However, after the image is restored to another machine, it fails to boot, the error message is "<b>Missing Operating System</b>". What's going on ?<br><br>
1132 Usually this is because GNU/Linux and M$ windows interpret the CHS (cylinder, head, sector) value of harddrive differently. Some possible solutions:<br>
1133 &nbsp;&nbsp;1. Maybe you can change the IDE harddrive setting in BIOS, try to use LBA instead of auto mode.<br>
1134 &nbsp;&nbsp;2. Try to choose<br>
1135 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>[ ] -j0 Use dd to create partition table instead of sfdisk</b><br>
1136 &nbsp;&nbsp;and<br>
1137 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>[ ] -t1 Client restores the prebuilt MBR from syslinux (For Windows only)</b><br>
1138 &nbsp;&nbsp;when you restore the image.<br>
1139 &nbsp;&nbsp;3. You can try to boot the machine with MS Windows 9x bootable floppy, and in the DOS command prompt, run: "fdisk /mbr".
1140 &nbsp;&nbsp;4. You can try to boot the machine with MS Windows XP installation CD, enter recovery mode (by pressing F10 key in MS XP, for example), then in the console, run "fixmbr" to fix it. Maybe another command "fixboot" will help, too. For more info, refer to <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/?scid=kb%3Ben-us%3B314058&x=7&y=14" target="_blank">this doc</a><br>
1141 &nbsp;&nbsp;5. Use ntfsreloc to adjust FS geometry on NTFS partitions. For more info, refer to <a href="http://www.linux-ntfs.org/doku.php?id=contrib:ntfsreloc" target="_blank">http://www.linux-ntfs.org/doku.php?id=contrib:ntfsreloc</a></p>
1142 <p>It has been confirmed that activating the <font color="Red"><b>-j0</b></font> option, fixes the problem.</p>
1143 <p>This option doesn't work if you use LVM (Logical Volume Manager).</p>
1144 <p class="newcode"><a name="exit"></a><font color="Red">exit&nbsp;Exit</font></p>
1145 <p>This option ends the restore process and enters command line prompt.</p>
1146 <H4><a name="restore-postaction"></a>Postaction [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1147 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore_p_option"></a><font color="Red">-p true&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do nothing when the clone finishes<br>
1148 -p reboot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reboot client when the clone finishes<br>
1149 -p poweroff&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shutdown client when the clone finishes</font></p>
1150 <p>When image restoration finishes, do one of the following: choose action (default), poweroff or reboot.</p>
1151 <H2><a name="ntfs"></a>Saving image files in NTFS partitions <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1152 <p>Although not recomended, you may find yourself having to save your image file in a NTFS (Windows XP) partition. You may never have a problem doing this, but you may get a message like the following one, when the partition gets mounted:</p>
1153 <p class="newcode">Volume is scheduled for check<br>
1154 Please boot into Windows TWICE, or use 'force' mount option"</p>
1155 <p>and the backup procedure fails. There are two things you can do here:</p>
1156 <ul>
1157 <li><p style="margin-left: 0pt;">Exit the program, reboot and use <b>Windows XP Recovery Console</b> to fix the NTFS file system. From Recovery Console
1158 prompt, execute the command:</p>
1159 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><font color="Red">chkdsk /f X:</font></p>
1160 <p style="margin-left: 0pt;">where <font color="Red"><b>X:</b></font> is the drive letter of the disk. When done, boot back into <b>Clonezilla Live</b> and repeat the backup procedure.</p>
1161 If the Windows version you use is not XP, boot into <b>SystemRescueCD</b> (graphical mode is not needed) and run the following command:
1162 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><font color="Red">ntfsfix /dev/hda1</font></p>
1163 <p style="margin-left: 0pt;">where <b>/dev/<font color="Red">hda1</font></b> is the partition name in GNU/Linux. When done, boot back into <b>Clonezilla Live</b> and repeat the backup procedure.</p>
1164 If the disk/partition you are trying to backup is not the Windows System disk (usually <b>C:</b>), you can boot Windows, and execute the command in a DOS window. To open a DOS window click <b>Start / Run... </b> and at the prompt <b>Open:</b> type <b><font color="Red">cmd</font>.</b></li>
1165 <li><p style="margin-left: 0pt;">If <b>Windows XP Recovery Console</b> is not available, you don't have the time to execute the procedure described above, or even if you have executed it but you still get the same message, and you are <b><u>absolutely sure</u></b> that you get this message because the NTFS partition is really scheduled for check, and it's not because Windows crushed or have become corrupt, you can mount the patririon by hand and tell <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to use it. Assuming the partition is <b>/dev/<font color="Red">hda1</font></b>, exit the program and execute the commands:</p>
1166 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0pt;">sudo su -<br>
1167 ntfs-3g -o force /dev/<font color="Red">hda1</font> /home/partimag<br>
1168 ocs-live</p>
1169 <p style="margin-left: 0pt;">and when you get to the screen "<b><i>Mount clonezilla image directory</i></b>", select</p>
1170 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><font color="Red">skip&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use existing /home/partimag</font></p>
1171 </li>
1172 </ul>
1173 <a name="backup-top"></a>
1174 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="backup-intro"></a>Getting backups <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1175 <p>In this page I will demonstrate the creation of an image file by getting a backup of a virtual partition (<b>/dev/<font color="Red">hdb1</font></b>). The image file will be saved in another virtual partition (<b>/dev/<font color="Red">hda1</font></b>).<br></p>
1176 <p>
1177 The first thing you do when you want to get a backup of a disk/partition, is make sure both the souce (to be backed up) and target (to hold the image file) partitions are in excellent condition (error free). This is the logical thing to do, cause I wouldn't want to backup a corrupt partition, or end up with a corrupt image file.<br>
1178 <br>
1179 There is one more step I would want to take: I should check that my BIOS boot settings are correct, in order to boot from my CD/DVD drive.<br>
1180 <br>
1181 Having done all of the above, I am ready to boot from <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.<br>
1182 <br>
1183 </p>
1184 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
1185 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>Clonezilla Live v 1.2.3-27</b>
1186 </td></tr></table></div>
1187 <H2><a name="backup"></a>Getting the backup <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1188 <H3><a name="bck-0"></a>Clonezilla-SysRescCD starting screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1189 <p>If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup. After that continue from <a href="#bck-4">this step</a>.</p>
1190 <p>If you need to change these settings, select one of the available <b>Clonezilla Live</b> menu entries, and press <font color="Green"><b>TAB</b></font>. The current boot parameters will be displayed.</p>
1191 <p>The default parameters for booting <b>Clonezilla Live</b> on a 1024x768 screen, are the following:</p>
1192 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1193 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1194 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1195 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="<font color="Red">en_US.UTF-8</font>" ocs_live_keymap="<font color="Red">NONE</font>" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1196 <p>By deleting the words in red, you instruct <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask you the values of these parameters. When the appropriate changes have been done (as shown bellow), just press <font color="Green"><b>ENTER</b></font> to boot.</p>
1197 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1198 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1199 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1200 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="" ocs_live_keymap="" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1201 </p>
1202 <H3><a name="bck-1"></a>Screen "Choose Language" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1203 <p><img src="images/backup-00.png"><br>
1204 I select "<font color="Red"><b>en_US.UTF-8 English</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1205 <H3><a name="bck-2"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1206 <p><img src="images/backup-01.png"><br>
1207 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Select keymap from full list</b></font>" and press ENTER. If you're using US keymap, the default option "<font color="Red"><b>Don't touch keymap</b></font>" is a better choice.</p>
1208 <H3><a name="bck-3"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1209 <p><img src="images/backup-02.png"><br>
1210 As I (the contributor who wrote a great deal of this page) use Finnish keyboard, I select "<font color="Red"><b>pc / qwerty / Finnish / Standard / Standard</b></font>". Because you most likely use a different keyboard, choose the one you use.</p>
1211 <H3><a name="bck-4"></a>Screen "Start Clonezilla" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1212 <p><img src="images/backup-03.png"><br>
1213 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Start Clonezilla</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1214 </p>
1215 <H3><a name="bck-5"></a>Screen "Clonezilla" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1216 <p><img src="images/backup-04.png"><br>
1217 I select "<font color="Red"><b>device-image</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br>
1218 </p>
1219 <H3><a name="bck-6"></a>Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1220 <p>In this screen I can select the way the image file directory will be saved.
1221 Available options are local directory, remote directory through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b> and <b>skip</b>, to use the previously used directory. More info about the image file can be found at section "<a href="clonezilla.html#about">About the Image file</a>".<br>
1222 <br>
1223 <img src="images/backup-05.png"><br>
1224 I select "<font color="Red"><b>local_dev</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1225 </p>
1226 <H3><a name="bck-7"></a>Next screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1227 <p>This is where I choose the location of the image file. It will be saved at the root directory of the selected partition.<br><br>
1228 <img src="images/backup-06.png"><br>
1229 I select partition <font color="Red"><b>hda1</b></font> and press ENTER.<br>
1230 <br>
1231 <img src="images/backup-07.png"><br>
1232 and then ENTER again.</p>
1233 <p><img src="images/backup-08.png"><br>
1234 This screen displays the mounting result.<br>
1235 As we can see, <font color="Red"><b>/dev/hda1</b></font> has been successfully mounted under <b>/tmp/local-dev</b>.</p>
1236 <H3><a name="bck-7a"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1237 <p><img src="images/backup-09.png">
1238 <br>I select <font color="Red"><b>Beginer mode</b></font> to accept the default backup options. If you select <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be found <a href="clonezilla.html#backup-options" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
1239 <H3><a name="bck-8"></a>Screen "Select mode" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1240 <p>Here I can select the desired operation.<br>
1241 <br>
1242 <img src="images/backup-10.png"><br>
1243 I select "<font color="Red"><b>savedisk</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br></p>
1244 <H3><a name="bck-9"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1245 <p><img src="images/backup-11.png"><br>
1246 In this screen I select the image name.<br>
1247 I type "Backup_5-2010_hdb", which in my opinion is more informative name than the default.
1248 </p>
1249 <H3><a name="bck-10"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1250 <p><img src="images/backup-12.png"><br>
1251 Finally I am asked to select the partition to save.<br>
1252 I just press ENTER again.
1253 </p>
1254 <H3><a name="bck-11"></a>Starting the backup [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1255 <p><img src="images/backup-13.png"><br>
1256 Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will ask me to press ENTER. <br>
1257 Then I will be asked to confirm the operation by pressing <font color="Red"><b>y</b></font> and ENTER.
1258 <br>
1259 <br><img src="images/backup-14.png"><br>
1260 After that, the backup begins<br>
1261 <br>
1262 <img src="images/backup-15.png"><br>
1263 and when it's successfully completed, I will be able to reboot the system by pressing <font color="Red"><b>1</b></font> and ENTER.
1264 </p>
1265 <a name="backup-smb-top"></a>
1266 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="backup-smb-intro"></a>Getting backups on Samba <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1267 <p>What if you don't have a spare local disk or partition or a USB disk? How will you be able to get a backup of your system? Well, if your PC is on the same LAN with another PC running Windows (or linux), you can use <b>Samba</b> to save your image file on that remote PC (which we will call <b>Samba server</b> from now on).<br><br>
1268 Using <b>Samba</b> you will be able to mount a Windows share resource (or Samba share resource), from within <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, and save the image file there. Then you can boot that PC using <b>SystemRescueCD</b> and create a restore DVD.<br><br>
1269 In this page I will demonstrate the creation of an image file by getting a backup of my Windows partition (<b>/dev/<font color="Red">hda1</font></b>). The image file will be save in my Samba server which is my laptop (ip: <b><font color="Red">10.0.0.2</font></b>, Windows share resource name: <b><font color="Red">data</font></b>).
1270 </p>
1271 <H3><a name="what-is"></a>What is Samba? [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1272 <p>We read at <a href="http://us1.samba.org/samba/" target="_blank">http://us1.samba.org/samba/</a>:</p>
1273 <p class="otherpage">Samba is an Open Source/Free Software suite that provides seamless file and print services to SMB/CIFS clients. Samba is freely available, unlike other SMB/CIFS implementations, and allows for interoperability between Linux/Unix servers and Windows-based clients.<br><br>
1274 Samba is software that can be run on a platform other than Microsoft Windows, for example, UNIX, Linux, IBM System 390, OpenVMS, and other operating systems. Samba uses the TCP/IP protocol that is installed on the host server. When correctly configured, it allows that host to interact with a Microsoft Windows client or server as if it is a Windows file and print server.
1275 </p>
1276 <H2><a name="info"></a>Gathering info <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1277 <p>Before you can use this approach to get a backup, you have to get some info about the <b>Samba server</b>.<br><br>
1278 The <b>Samba server</b> I have used for this example was my laptop, so I already knew most of the info required. If this is not the case for you, just ask the owner, user or system admin.<br><br>
1279 The info required is:</p>
1280 <ol>
1281 <li>The IP address of the Samba server</li>
1282 <li>The domain on the Samba server<br>
1283 This may exist if your PC is connected to a larger LAN (a corporation network, for example). In my case this is empty.</li>
1284 <li>The user name and password you can use</li>
1285 <li>The directory on the Samba server you can use to save your backup<br>
1286 This is the name of the <b>Windows share resource</b> (Samba share resource) as it is known in the network, which is not necessarily the same as the local directory name. The user whose account will be used to login to the <b>Samba server</b>, must have write permission to this directory.</li>
1287 </ol>
1288 <H2><a name="backup-smb"></a>Getting the backup <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1289 <p>If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup.
1290 </p>
1291 <p>If you need to change these settings, go to the <a href="backup.html#bck-0" target="_blank">Getting backups</a> page for instructions .</p>
1292 <H3><a name="bck-smb-1"></a>Screen "Start Clonezilla" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1293 <p>I select "<font color="Red"><b>Start Clonezilla</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1294 <H3><a name="bck-smb-2"></a>Screen "Clonezilla" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1295 <p>I select "<font color="Red"><b>device-image</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1296 <H3><a name="bck-smb-3"></a>Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a></H3>
1297 <p>In this screen I can select the way the image file directory will be saved.
1298 Available options are local directory, remote directory through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b> and skip, to use the previously used directory. More info about the image file can be found at section "<a href="clonezilla.html#about">About the Image file</a>".<br>
1299 <br>
1300 I select "<font color="Red"><b>samba server</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1301 <H3><a name="bck-smb-4"></a>Screen "Mount Samba Server" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1302 <p>This is where I have to enter the IP address of my Samba server.<br><br> I type "<font color="Red"><b>10.0.0.2</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1303 <H3><a name="bck-smb-5"></a>Screen "Mount Samba Server" (second time) [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1304 <p>This is where I have to enter the account (user) name on my Samba server.<br><br> I type "<font color="Red"><b>spiros</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1305 <H3><a name="bck-smb-6"></a>Screen "Mount Samba Server" (third time) [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1306 <p>This is where I have to enter the domain name on my Samba server.<br><br> I select "<font color="Red"><b>Cancel</b></font>" and press ENTER, as there is no domain in my LAN. If there is a domain in your network, you have to type its name (something like <b>my_company.com</b>) and press ENTER.</p>
1307 <H3><a name="bck-smb-7"></a>Screen "Mount Samba Server" (fourth time) [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1308 <p>This is where I have to enter the directory name on my Samba server, in which the image file will be saved.<br><br> I type "/<font color="Red"><b>data</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br><br>
1309 At this point I will be asked for the password for user <b><font color="Red"><b>spiros</b></font></b>. I will be able to continue only after entering it correctly.</p>
1310 <H3><a name="bck-smb-7a"></a>Screen "Clonezilla - Opensource Clone System (OCS)" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1311 <p>I select <font color="Red"><b>Beginner mode</b></font> to accept the default backup options. If you select <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be found <a href="clonezilla.html#backup-options" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
1312 <H3><a name="bck-smb-8"></a>Screen "Clonezilla: Select mode" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1313 <p>Here I can select the desired operation. Available options are:</p>
1314 <p>savedisk<br>
1315 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Save entire disk to image<br>
1316 <br>
1317 restoredisk<br>
1318 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restore entire disk from image<br>
1319 <br>
1320 saveparts<br>
1321 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Save partition to image<br>
1322 <br>
1323 restoreparts<br>
1324 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restore partition from image<br>
1325 <br>
1326 recovery-iso-zip<br>
1327 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Create an automated restore CD/DVD/USB drive</p>
1328 <p>I select "<font color="Red"><b>saveparts</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br></p>
1329 <H3><a name="bck-smb-11"></a>Screen "Clonezilla - Opensource Clone System (OCS) | Mode: saveparts" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1330 <p>This is the name of the image file. You can insert anything you like, as long as it makes sence to you, so that you can distinguish the image file afterwards.<br>
1331 <br>
1332 I insert "<font color="Red"><b>win_img</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1333 <H3><a name="bck-smb-12"></a>Next screen [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1334 <p>Here I can select the partition that will be backed up. <br><br> I select "<font color="Red"><b>( ) hda1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ntfs</b></font>" by pressing SPACE and press ENTER, and ENTER again.<br>
1335 <br>
1336 Then a message is displayed asking for confirmation in order to continue. I just press <b>y</b>, and the backup procedure begins.</p>
1337 <H2><a name="reboot"></a>Rebooting the system <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1338 <p>When the backup is done, I get the following:</p>
1339 <p class="newcode">(0) Poweroff<br>
1340 (1) Reboot<br>
1341 (2) Enter command line prompt<br>
1342 (3) Start over<br>
1343 [2]</p>
1344 <p>Then I press ENTER and get to the shell. I execute the commands:</p>
1345 <p class="newcode">sudo su -<br>
1346 cd<br>
1347 umount -a<br>
1348 reboot<br><br></p>
1349 <a name="restore-top"></a>
1350
1351
1352
1353 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="restore-intro"></a>Restoring data <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1354
1355 <p>Image files are always created for one purpose: restoring the data they contain. Images can be, for example, a backup solution: as long as hardware works, the computer can be restored to the state it was when creating the image. Another usage scenario is changing the hard drive: files can be copy-pasted from the old drive to the new, but that method doesn't make the new drive bootable. Disk images do.</p>
1356
1357 <p>This page contains a demonstration of the latter case. On the <a href="backup.html">Getting backups</a> page, a 500 MB virtual disk containing 160 megabytes of data was copied to a 2 GB virtual disk which was empty. Now the 500 MB disk is changed to an empty 2 GB disk (still virtual) and I'll restore the data to that disk.</p>
1358
1359 <p>When creating a disk image, one needs to check that both the source and target partitions are error free. That's not required when the image is restored, because restoration process can't damage the disk image. Note, however, that restoring an image erases all the data in the target disk/partition.</p>
1360
1361 <p>You also need to check the BIOS settings to be able to boot from <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>. Some BIOSes contain a boot menu, others require editing settings pernamently. Details can be found on the manual of the motherboard or laptop.</p>
1362
1363 <p>Now let's boot.</p>
1364
1365 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1366 Restore process erases all the data on the target disk/partition.<br><br>Before restoring make sure you have backup of all the data<br> on the target disk/partition, even if the filesystem is corrupted.
1367 </td></tr></table></div>
1368 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
1369 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>Clonezilla Live v 1.2.3-27</b>
1370 </td></tr></table></div>
1371
1372
1373 <H2><a name="restore"></a>Restoring data <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1374
1375 <H3><a name="res-0"></a>Clonezilla-SysRescCD starting screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1376
1377 <p>If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup. After that continue from <a href="#res-4">this step</a>.</p>
1378
1379 <p>If you need to change these settings, select one of the available <b>Clonezilla Live</b> menu entries, and press <font color="Green"><b>TAB</b></font>. The current boot parameters will be displayed.</p>
1380
1381 <p>The default parameters for booting <b>Clonezilla Live</b> on a 1024x768 screen, are the following:</p>
1382
1383 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1384 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1385 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1386 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="<font color="Red">en_US.UTF-8</font>" ocs_live_keymap="<font color="Red">NONE</font>" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1387
1388 <p>By deleting the words in red, you instruct <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask you the values of these parameters. When the appropriate changes have been done (as shown bellow), just press <font color="Green"><b>ENTER</b></font> to boot.</p>
1389
1390 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1391 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1392 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1393 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="" ocs_live_keymap="" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1394 </p>
1395
1396 <H3><a name="res-1"></a>Screen "Choose Language" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1397
1398 <p><img src="images/backup-00.png"><br>
1399 I select "<font color="Red"><b>en_US.UTF-8 English</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1400
1401 <H3><a name="res-2"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1402
1403 <p><img src="images/backup-01.png"><br>
1404 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Select keymap from full list</b></font>" and press ENTER. If you're using US keymap, the default option "<font color="Red"><b>Don't touch keymap</b></font>" is a better choice.</p>
1405
1406 <H3><a name="res-3"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1407
1408 <p><img src="images/backup-02.png"><br>
1409 Because I haven't changed my keyboard, I select "<font color="Red"><b>pc / qwerty / Finnish / Standard / Standard</b></font>". Because you most likely use a different keyboard, choose the one you use.</p>
1410
1411 <H3><a name="res-4"></a>Screen "Start Clonezilla" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1412
1413 <p><img src="images/backup-03.png"><br>
1414 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Start Clonezilla</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1415 </p>
1416
1417 <H3><a name="res-5"></a>Screen "Clonezilla" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1418
1419 <p><img src="images/backup-04.png"><br>
1420 I select "<font color="Red"><b>device-image</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br>
1421 </p>
1422
1423 <H3><a name="res-6"></a>Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1424
1425 <p>In this screen I can select the way the image file directory has been saved.
1426 Available options are local directory, remote directory through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b> and <b>skip</b>, to use the previously used directory. More info about the image file can be found at section "<a href="clonezilla.html#about">About the Image file</a>".<br>
1427 <br>
1428 <img src="images/backup-05.png"><br>
1429 I select "<font color="Red"><b>local_dev</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1430 </p>
1431
1432 <H3><a name="res-7"></a>Next screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1433
1434 <p>This is where I choose the location of the image file.<br><br>
1435 <img src="images/restoration-06.png"><br>
1436 I select partition <font color="Red"><b>hda1</b></font> and press ENTER.<br>
1437 <br>
1438 <img src="images/backup-07.png"><br>and then ENTER again.</p>
1439
1440 <p><img src="images/restoration-08.png"><br>
1441 This screen displays the mounting result.<br>
1442 As we can see, <font color="Red"><b>/dev/hda1</b></font> has been successfully mounted under <b>/tmp/local-dev</b>.</p>
1443
1444 <H3><a name="res-7a"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1445
1446 <p><img src="images/backup-09.png"><br>
1447 I select <font color="Red"><b>Beginer mode</b></font> to accept the default restore options. If you select <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be found <a href="clonezilla.html#restore-options" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
1448
1449 <H3><a name="res-8"></a>Screen "Select mode" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1450
1451 <p>Here I can select the desired operation.<br>
1452 <br>
1453 <img src="images/restoration-10.png"><br>
1454 I select "<font color="Red"><b>restoredisk</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br></p>
1455
1456 <H3><a name="res-9"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1457
1458 <p><img src="images/restoration-11.png"><br>
1459 In this screen I select the image folder. This partition contains only one image.</p>
1460
1461 <H3><a name="res-10"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1462
1463 <p><img src="images/restoration-12.png"><br>
1464 Finally I am asked to select which partition the image will be restored to. After double-checking the disk doesn't contain anything important, I press ENTER.</p>
1465
1466 <H3><a name="res-11"></a>Starting the restoration [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1467
1468 <p><img src="images/restoration-13.png"><br>
1469 Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will ask me to press ENTER. <br>
1470 Then I will be asked to confirm the operation by pressing <font color="Red"><b>y</b></font> and ENTER.<br>
1471 <img src="images/restoration-14.png"><br>
1472
1473 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1474 <b>This is the last confirmation Clonezilla Live asks.<br>After this step there is no coming back.</b><br></td></tr></table></div>
1475 Then my confirmation is asked one last time. After checking one more time the disk doesn't contain any important data, I press <font color="Red"><b>y</b></font> and ENTER.<br>
1476 <br>
1477 <img src="images/restoration-15.png"><br>
1478 After that, the restore process begins
1479 <br>
1480 <br>
1481 <img src="images/restoration-16.png"><br>
1482 and when it's successfully completed, I will be able to reboot the system by pressing <font color="Red"><b>1</b></font> and ENTER.
1483 </p>
1484
1485
1486 <a name="restore-top"></a>
1487
1488 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="restore-intro"></a>Creating a Restore DVD - Part 1
1489 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1490 <p>Assuming you have used <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to make a backup of your Windows XP system (partition <b>/dev/<font color="Red">hda1</font></b>), which you have saved as <font color="Green"><b>win_img</b></font>, you will probably be wondering what to do with it now. Well, one option would be to keep it to the disk you used to save it in, store the disk, and use it whenever you need it. Another option would be to create a DVD you can use to restore this image.<br><br>
1491
1492 Before, up to <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD 2.6.0</b>, the process to create an automated restore DVD required entering command line prompt and writing some commands, that can be uncomfortable or even difficult for many people.<br><br>
1493
1494 Later, a TUI option to create an automated recovery disc was added to <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, and <b>ocs-iso</b> script included in <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD 3.1.0</b> and newer has a TUI too. Old command-line options are no longer supported. This page walks you through the creation of an automated restore DVD via TUI.<br><br>
1495
1496 Assuming you have saved your image file <font color="Green"><b>win_img</b></font> in partition <font color="Green"><b>hdb4</b></font>, you have to boot <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, using <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.</p>
1497
1498 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
1499 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>Clonezilla Live v 1.2.3-27</b>
1500 </td></tr></table></div>
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506 <H2><a name="dvd"></a>Creating the disk image <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1507
1508 <H3><a name="rui-0"></a>Clonezilla-SysRescCD starting screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1509
1510 <p>If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup. After that continue from <a href="#rui-4">this step</a>.</p>
1511
1512 <p>If you need to change these settings, select one of the available <b>Clonezilla Live</b> menu entries, and press <font color="Green"><b>TAB</b></font>. The current boot parameters will be displayed.</p>
1513
1514 <p>The default parameters for booting <b>Clonezilla Live</b> on a 1024x768 screen, are the following:</p>
1515
1516 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1517 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1518 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1519 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="<font color="Red">en_US.UTF-8</font>" ocs_live_keymap="<font color="Red">NONE</font>" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1520
1521 <p>By deleting the words in red, you instruct <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask you the values of these parameters. When the appropriate changes have been done (as shown bellow), just press <font color="Green"><b>ENTER</b></font> to boot.</p>
1522
1523 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1524 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1525 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1526 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="" ocs_live_keymap="" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1527 </p>
1528
1529 <H3><a name="rui-1"></a>Screen "Choose Language" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1530
1531 <p><img src="images/backup-00.png"><br>
1532 I select "<font color="Red"><b>en_US.UTF-8 English</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1533
1534 <H3><a name="rui-2"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1535
1536 <p><img src="images/backup-01.png"><br>
1537 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Select keymap from full list</b></font>" and press ENTER. If you're using US keymap, the default option "<font color="Red"><b>Don't touch keymap</b></font>" is a better choice.</p>
1538
1539 <H3><a name="rui-3"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1540
1541 <p><img src="images/backup-02.png"><br>
1542 Because I haven't changed my keyboard, I select "<font color="Red"><b>pc / qwerty / Finnish / Standard / Standard</b></font>". Because you most likely use a different keyboard, choose the one you use.</p>
1543
1544 <H3><a name="rui-4"></a>Screen "Start Clonezilla" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1545
1546 <p><img src="images/backup-03.png"><br>
1547 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Start Clonezilla</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1548 </p>
1549
1550 <H3><a name="rui-5"></a>Screen "Clonezilla" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1551
1552 <p><img src="images/backup-04.png"><br>
1553 I select "<font color="Red"><b>device-image</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br>
1554 </p>
1555
1556 <H3><a name="rui-6"></a>Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1557
1558 <p>In this screen I can select the way the image file directory has been saved.
1559 Available options are local directory, remote directory through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b> and <b>skip</b>, to use the previously used directory. More info about the image file can be found at section "<a href="clonezilla.html#about">About the Image file</a>".<br>
1560 <br>
1561 <img src="images/backup-05.png"><br>
1562 I select "<font color="Red"><b>local_dev</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1563 </p>
1564
1565 <H3><a name="rui-7"></a>Next screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1566
1567 <p>This is where I choose the location of the image file.<br><br>
1568 <img src="images/restore-06.png"><br>
1569 I select partition <font color="Red"><b>hda1</b></font> and press ENTER.<br>
1570 <br>
1571 <img src="images/backup-07.png"><br>
1572 and then ENTER again.</p>
1573
1574 <p><img src="images/restore-08.png"><br>
1575 This screen displays the mounting result.<br>
1576 As we can see, <font color="Red"><b>/dev/hda1</b></font> has been successfully mounted under <b>/tmp/local-dev</b>.</p>
1577
1578 <H3><a name="rui-7a"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1579
1580 <p><img src="images/backup-09.png"><br>
1581 I select <font color="Red"><b>Beginer mode</b></font> to accept the default restore options, which are used if the recovery disk is ever used. If you select <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be found <a href="clonezilla.html#restore-options" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
1582
1583 <H3><a name="rui-8"></a>Screen "Clonezilla: Select mode" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1584
1585 <p>Here I can select the desired operation.<br>
1586 <br>
1587 <img src="images/restore-10.png"><br>
1588 I select "<font color="Red"><b>recovery-iso-zip</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br></p>
1589
1590 <H3><a name="rui-9"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1591
1592 <p><img src="images/restore-11.png"><br>
1593 In this screen I select the image folder. This partition contains only one image.</p>
1594
1595 <H3><a name="rui-10"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1596
1597 <p><img src="images/restore-12.png"><br>
1598 Now I am asked to select which disk the image will be restored to, if the recovery disc is used. Because this image is a backup, I choose the same disk where the original data resides. If you're upgrading your hard drive, choose the new drive.</p>
1599
1600 <H3><a name="rui-11"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1601
1602 <p><img src="images/restore-13.png"><br>
1603 In this screen I can select the language that the recovery disc uses. I choose "<font color="Red"><b>en_US.UTF-8</b></font>".</p>
1604
1605 <H3><a name="rui-12"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1606
1607 <p><img src="images/restore-14.png"><br>
1608 This screen allows me to select the keymap that the recovery disc uses. Unfortunately, changing the keymap requires knowing where the keymap file resides in Debian GNU/Linux. Because I don't know it, I just press ENTER to accept US keymap.</p>
1609
1610 <H3><a name="rui-13"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1611
1612 <p><img src="images/restore-15.png"><br>
1613 I select "<font color="Red"><b>iso</b></font>" to create a CD/DVD disk image which I can burn to a recordable CD/DVD disc. The good thing about recordable discs is that overwriting the backup by accident is impossible. The "<font color="Red"><b>zip</b></font>" option creates a ZIP file which can be used to create a bootable pendrive or external hard drive.</p>
1614
1615 <p><img src="images/restore-16.png"><br>
1616 Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will ask me to press ENTER.</p>
1617
1618 <p><a name="dl-dvd"></a><img src="images/cust-menu-01.png"><br>
1619 Due to limitations of <b>mkisofs</b>, the script can't create a ISO file which is over 4,5 gigabytes in size. It causes problems if the size of your image is over 4,4 gigabytes. <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> contains a workaround that creates a ISO file that contains no image, so you can add the image manually later. This dialog asks if you want to do so. Note that if you see this dialog, you most likely need a dual layer DVD+R or Blu-ray disc to burn the image. <b>Growisofs</b> doesn't support multisession burning on dual layer DVD-R discs, so such disc can't be used either.</p>
1620
1621 <H3><a name="rui-14"></a>Screen "Customization section" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1622
1623 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-02.png"><br>
1624 Now I am asked if I want to customize the boot menu of the disc. I answer "<font color="Red"><b>Yes</b></font>". If you don't want to customize the menu, continue from <a href="#rui-22">this step</a>.</p>
1625
1626 <H3><a name="rui-15"></a>Screen "DVD Title" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1627
1628 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-03.png"><br>
1629 In this screen I select the title of the boot menu. I type "Home PC Restore DVD".</p>
1630
1631 <H3><a name="rui-16"></a>Screen "Menu Items Caption" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1632
1633 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-04.png"><br>
1634 This screen allows me to select the caption for all menu items. I enter "Restore Win XP".</p>
1635
1636 <H3><a name="rui-17"></a>Screen "Boot delay" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1637
1638 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-05.png"><br>
1639 I press ENTER to accept the default delay of 30 seconds. It means that when a computer is booted from the restore disc, it waits 30 seconds before choosing the default option automatically. You may want to reduce this delay if, for example, your keyboard doesn't work in boot menu and you must wait until the delay ends.</p>
1640
1641 <H3><a name="rui-18"></a>Screen "Default Boot Item" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1642
1643 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-06.png"><br>
1644 In this screen I can select the default option of the menu. Selecting one of the options that restore the image makes using the disc even easier, but also raises the risk that the image is restored accidentally. Another reason to select such option may be that your keyboard doesn't work in boot menu, preventing you from choosing any non-default option. I select the first option that restores the image using pixel dimensions of 1024*768.</p>
1645
1646 <H3><a name="rui-19"></a>Screen "Boot Screen Image" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1647
1648 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-07.png"><br>
1649 This screen allows me to select the background picture of the menu. Note that the picture must be in the same partition that contains the disk image, if you don't mind entering command line and mounting the right partition manually. I choose picture <b><font color="Green">mysplash.png</font></b> in the root of the partition. Because the partition has been mounted in <b>/home/partimag</b>, the full path of the picture is <b>/home/partimag/<font color="Green">mysplash.png</font></b>.</p>
1650
1651 <H3><a name="rui-20"></a>Screen "ISO Label" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1652
1653 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-08.png"><br>
1654 In this screen I can select the volume label of the disc. Volume label is the name of the disc you may see in various situations, for example in the notification you see when you insert the disc into your DVD writer. I type "Backup_52-2009_hdb".</p>
1655
1656 <H3><a name="rui-21"></a>Screen "Publisher ID" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1657
1658 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-09.png"><br>
1659 This is where I choose the publisher ID of the ISO file and the disc. Publisher ID means the person or company who created the disc. However, at least in GNU/Linux reading the publisher ID is, strictly speaking, a challenge. <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/getting-volume-information-from-cds-iso-images/" target="_blank">Here</a> are instructions to read the publisher ID of a ISO file. I didn't find any working instructions to read the ID from the disc.</p>
1660
1661 <H3><a name="rui-22"></a>Starting the creation of the disk image [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1662
1663 <p><img src="images/restore-17.png"><br>
1664 After that, creation of the disk image begins. Note that no confirmation is asked it the disk image is small enough to fit to a CD.
1665 <br>
1666 <br>
1667 <img src="images/cust-menu-10.png">
1668 <br>
1669 If you have <a href="#dl-dvd">above</a> enabled the workaround to create a ISO file without any image, you get the info screen, which explains the actions to be taken in order to burn the ISO file and add the iamge file to the DVD. A script file is also saved as <b>/tmp/burnISO</b>.<br>
1670 <br>
1671 <img src="images/restore-18.png"><br>
1672 When the disk image is successfully created, I must reboot in order to burn the disc because my DVD burner is still in use. <b>Clonezilla Live</b> can be loaded into computer memory during boot in order to be able to burn disc(s) within it. However, due to a known bug, the disk image can't be created if <b>Clonezilla Live</b> has been loaded into memory. (<a href="http://free.nchc.org.tw/clonezilla-live/stable/Known-issues-Clonezilla-live.txt" target="_blank">source</a>) Thus, I press <font color="Red"><b>1</b></font> and ENTER to reboot to another operating system and burn the image using graphical burning program. For instructions, follow one of these links:<br>
1673 <br>
1674 <a href="restore-burn.html">If the ISO file contains the disk image</a><br>
1675 <a href="restore-burn.html#dvd-noimage">If the ISO file contains no image</a><br>
1676 <a href="restore-burn.html#zip">If you've created a ZIP file</a></p>
1677
1678
1679
1680 <a name="restore-burn-top"></a>
1681 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="restore-burn-intro"></a>What to do with the disk image <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1682 <p>The <a href="restore.html">previous page</a> contains partial instructions to create an automated recovery DVD. They're partial because they only tell how the disk image can be created, not what one should do with the image. Of course, partial instructions are not enough, but don't worry - this page is the other part.<br><br>
1683 Earlier versions of <b>Clonezilla Live</b> allowed creating the DVD without reboot, but it's no longer possible due to a known bug. The disk image can't be created if <b>Clonezilla Live</b> has been loaded into memory (<a href="http://free.nchc.org.tw/clonezilla-live/stable/Known-issues-Clonezilla-live.txt" target="_blank">source</a>) and the image can't be burned to disc if <b>Clonezilla Live</b> isn't in memory. And if the computer must be rebooted anyway, it's a good idea to use one's favorite operating system and a graphical burning program for burning the disc. Doing so also allows reading these instructions while burning the disc.<br><br>
1684 This page walks through burning the disc by using <b>ImgBurn</b> and <b>K3b</b>. The instructions can be adapted for many other burning programs as well. If your burning program is too different, download either of the programs mentioned - they both can be downloaded for free.<br><br>
1685 In addition to a DVD, bootable pendrive or external hard drive can be created as well. If you want to do so, follow instructions <a href="#zip">below</a>.<br><br>
1686 Before following these instructions, insert a writable DVD or Blu-ray disc to your burner.</p>
1687 <H2><a name="dvd"></a>Burning the disc <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1688 <H3><a name="dvd-image"></a>If the ISO file contains the disk image [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1689 <H4><a name="dvd-imgburn"></a>Using ImgBurn [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1690 <p><a href="http://www.imgburn.com/" target="_blank">ImgBurn</a> is a lightweight but very feature-rich disc burning program. It only requires about two megabytes disk space and contains <a href="http://cynthia.ownit.nu/ImgBurn/guide_settings/settings01a.png" target="_blank">a lot of settings</a>. <b>ImgBurn</b> is closed-source freeware and - unfortunately - Windows-only software. I (Jyrki) personally use <b>ImgBurn</b> when burning discs within Windows.<br><br>
1691 Launch <b>ImgBurn</b> and press <b>Write image file to disc</b>. Select the disk image you just created.<br><br>
1692 At the settings window, keep <b>Test Mode</b> disabled. I also recommend keeping the <b>Verify</b> option enabled. Verifying the integrity of the disc after burning requires time and doesn't prevent the disc from becoming a so-called coaster, but it allows you to know immediately if the burning attempt failed, so you can try burning the disc again.<br><br>
1693 Keep the number of copies as 1 (or increase it, if you really want multiple copies of the disc). Use your best judgment while choosing the burning speed: according to <a href="http://club.myce.com/f33/high-speed-vs-low-speed-burning-69698/" target="_blank">this forum thread</a> lowering the burning speed gives very mixed results in quality. I personally use ¾ of the maximum speed of the disc, for example 12x on a disc rated 16x.<br><br>
1694 After choosing the settings, press the big picture at the bottom-left of the window. Don't do anything that requires much computer resources while burning, because doing so increases the likelihood of burning failure.<br><br>
1695 That's it. You own now an automated recovery disc.</p>
1696 <H4><a name="dvd-k3b"></a>Using K3b [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1697 <p><a href="http://k3b.plainblack.com/" target="_blank">K3b</a> (KDE Burn Baby Burn) is the disc burning program included in KDE Software Compilation. It comes with most, if not all, KDE-based GNU/Linux distributions. It can also be installed on other distributions, but I recommend <i>against</i> doing so - <b>K3b</b> requires KDE base packages to be installed, and it doesn't make much sense to install KDE base only for <b>K3b</b>.<br><br>
1698 <img src="images/k3b-00.png"><br>
1699 I launch <b>K3b</b> and navigate to the folder where the disk image resides.<br><br>
1700 <img src="images/k3b-01.png"><br>
1701 I double-click the file <b>clonezilla-live-<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hda</font>.iso</b>.<br><br>
1702 <img src="images/k3b-02.png"><br>
1703 This window allows me to choose burning settings. I don't touch <b>Image Type</b> or <b>Burn Medium</b>, because they're auto-detected anyway. The maximum burning speed allowed by the disc is 16x, so I choose speed 12x. According to <a href="http://club.myce.com/f33/high-speed-vs-low-speed-burning-69698/" target="_blank">this forum thread</a> low burning speed can decrease burning quality, so I always use speed near the maximum speed of the disc.<br><br>
1704 I keep <b>Writing Mode</b> as Auto and number of copies as 1. I also keep the <b>Simulate</b> option disabled and enable the <b>Verify written data</b> option. The latter allows me to notice immediately if the burning attempt failed, so I can try burning the disc again, rather than owning a so-called coaster and relying on it if something happens to my data...<br><br>
1705 <img src="images/k3b-03.png"><br>
1706 I click <b>Start</b> and the burning process begins.<br><br>
1707 <img src="images/k3b-04.png"><br>
1708 Because I enabled the <b>Verify written data</b> option, <b>K3b</b> starts verifying the integrity of the disc right after burning.<br><br>
1709 <img src="images/k3b-05.png"><br>
1710 The burning attempt succeeded.<br><br>
1711 <H3><a name="dvd-noimage"></a>If the ISO file contains no image [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1712 <p>If you have enabled the workaround to create a ISO file that contains no disk image (required if the size of the image is over 4,4 gigabytes), things become much more problematic. The ISO file and the image can't be burned to the disc simultaneously, they must be written one-by-one. That requires two burning sessions: the first for writing the ISO file to the disc and the second for adding the disk image. Many burning programs don't even support multisession burning at all. About the programs I've mentioned in this page: <b>K3b</b> supports multisession burning, <b>ImgBurn</b> doesn't.<br><br>
1713 I didn't find any instructions for adding an additional file to a spesific directory by using <b>K3b</b>. Actually, I don't even know if that's possible at all. Thus, I recommend using <b>growisofs</b> for burning the disc if the workaround has been enabled, because <b>growisofs</b> allows adding any file to any directory. However, there's one more limitation: <b>growisofs</b> doesn't support multisession burning on dual layer DVD-R discs, so you must use dual layer DVD+R or Blu-ray disc. (<a href="http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/-RW/#nomultisess" target="_blank">source</a>)<br><br>
1714 <b>Growisofs</b> is a command-line program and a part of <b>dvd+rw-tools</b> that is installed on most GNU/Linux distributions. <b>Dvd+rw-tools</b> is Linux-only software, so if you use a competing operating system, you must boot into <b>SystemRescueCD</b> (graphical mode is not needed) in order to burn the disc.<br><br>
1715 Open terminal and mount the partition that contains the image. The commands below must be run as root.</p>
1716 <p class="newcode">mkdir /media/usb<br>
1717 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font> /media/usb</p>
1718 <p><b>Note:</b> How a command can be run as root depends on the GNU/Linux distribution you use. If it's Ubuntu or a distro based on it, simply put "<b>sudo</b>" above the command. For example, the latter of the above commands can be executed by typing "<b>sudo mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font> /media/usb</b>". If you're using <b>SystemRescueCD</b>, all commands are run as root, so you don't need to add any prefix to the commands.</p>
1719 <p><b>Note:</b> In the command replace <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font></b> with the partition where the disk image resides. It's the same partition you mounted as <b>/home/partimag</b> when creating the image.</p>
1720 <p>Go to root of the partition:</p>
1721 <p class="newcode">cd /media/usb</p>
1722 <p>Burn the ISO file to the disc:</p>
1723 <p class="newcode">growisofs -Z /dev/dvd=clonezilla-live-<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>.iso</p>
1724 <p><b>Note:</b> In the last command I have assumed your ISO file is <b>clonezilla-live-<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>.iso</b>. You will have to replace this with the actual name of the file.</p>
1725 <p><b>Note:</b> If your computer has multiple DVD drives, replace <b>/dev/dvd</b> with the name of your DVD writer.</p>
1726 <p>The disc must be ejected because it's the only known way to force the drive to reread the disc. Do it:</p>
1727 <p class="newcode">eject /dev/dvd</p>
1728 <p><b>Note:</b> If your drive can't reload the disc, insert the disc back right after ejecting it.</p>
1729 <p>Finally, add the image file to the disc:</p>
1730 <p class="newcode">growisofs -M /dev/dvd -R -J -V "<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>" --publisher "<font color="Green">Your Name</font>" -graft-points /<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>/=/media/usb/<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font></p>
1731 <p><b>Note:</b> In the command replace <b><font color="Green">Your Name</font></b> with anything you want to be the publisher ID of the disc. If you don't want the disc to have any publisher ID, run this command instead:</p>
1732 <p class="newcode">growisofs -M /dev/dvd -R -J -V "<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>" -graft-points /<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>/=/media/usb/<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font></p>
1733 <p><img src="images/restore-20.png"><br>Here we can see the boot menu of the disc.</p>
1734 <H2><a name="zip"></a>ZIP file instructions <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1735 <p>Often the image file is way too big to fit to even 8 GB DVD. Some people may also want to be able to overwrite the backup when it becomes outdated. In addition, netbooks don't have optical drives at all.</p>
1736 <p>One option is using recovery thumb drive or external hard drive instead of DVD. If the external HD is big enough, the disk image can be even over a terabyte in size. Recovery USB drive can also be used on netbooks and overwritten at will.</p>
1737 <p><b>Clonezilla Live</b> allows creating a ZIP file instead of disk image. If you want to do so, follow this step-by-step guide.</p>
1738 <p>Before creating the disk image, make sure it is split to pieces of four gigabytes or less. It is split automatically if you use <font color="Red"><b>Beginner mode</b></font>, and if you use <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you should already know how the splitting setting can be changed.</p>
1739 <H3><a name="zip-linux"></a>Using GNU/Linux [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1740 <p>After creating the disk image and booting into GNU/Linux, make sure that the filesystem of the partition where you plan to put the disk image is FAT32. If you don't know the filesystem, open terminal and run this command as root:</p>
1741 <p class="newcode">fdisk -l /dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font></p>
1742 <p><b>Note:</b> How a command can be run as root depends on the GNU/Linux distribution you use. If it's Ubuntu or a distro based on it, simply put "<b>sudo</b>" above the command. For example, the above command can be executed by typing "<b>sudo fdisk -l /dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font></b>"</p>
1743 <p><b>Note:</b> In the command replace <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font></b> with the name of your USB disk.</p>
1744 <p><b>Note:</b> The l in parameter <b>-l</b> is lowercase L, not number 1.</p>
1745 <p>If your disk doesn't contain any FAT32 partition, but it contains a partition which is big enough and doesn't contain any important data, format the partition as FAT32. The command below needs root access too.</p>
1746 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1747 The command below erases all the data on the target partition.<br><br>Make sure you don't format a wrong partition by accident.
1748 </td></tr></table></div>
1749 <p class="newcode">mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font></p>
1750 <p>After formatting the partition or noticing that it was already FAT32, extract the ZIP archive to the root of the partition. Also these commands need root rights.</p>
1751 <p class="newcode">mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font> /media/usb<br>
1752 unzip clonezilla-live-<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>.zip -d /media/usb/</p>
1753 <p><b>Note:</b> In the last command I have assumed your image file is <b>clonezilla-live-<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>.zip</b>. You will have to replace this with the actual name of the file.</p>
1754 <p>ZIP package contains a script to make the USB drive bootable. Let's run it. The latter of these commands needs root access.</p>
1755 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1756 The latter of the commands below replaces the<br>existing bootloader of the target disk, if there is one.<br><br>Make sure you don't select a wrong disk by accident.
1757 </td></tr></table></div>
1758 <p class="newcode">cd /media/usb/utils/linux<br>
1759 ./makeboot.sh /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font></p>
1760 <p>That's all. Your thumb drive or external hard drive should be now an automatic recovery disk.</p>
1761 <H3><a name="zip-windows"></a>Using Windows [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1762 <p>If the Windows version you use is not Vista or 7, you need to be logged in as administrator. If you're not, but you have access to an admin account, log out and then log again in as admin.</p>
1763 <p>If you don't have admin rights at all, boot into <b>SystemRescueCD</b> (you don't need graphical mode this time) and follow <a href="#zip-linux">the instructions for GNU/Linux</a>. In <b>SystemRescueCD</b> all commands are run as root, so you don't need to add any prefix to the commands.</p>
1764 <p>If you normally use Windows, you maybe don't know the name of your USB disk in GNU/Linux. If that's the case, don't specify any disk in the first command. It causes <b>fdisk</b> to tell about all disks in the computer and you should be able to identify both the right disk and the right partition.</p>
1765 <p>After creating the disk image and booting into Windows, make sure that the filesystem of the partition where you plan to put the disk image is FAT32. If you don't know the filesystem, open <b>My Computer</b>, right-click the partition and select <b>Properties</b>. Then read the "File system" column. If there reads anything but FAT32, check other partitions of the disk too, if the disk contains multiple partitions. If you have a suitable FAT32 partition, continue from <a href="#extract">this step</a>.</p>
1766 <p>If your disk doesn't contain any FAT32 partition, but it contains a partition which is big enough and doesn't contain any important data, format the partition as FAT32.</p>
1767 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1768 Formatting erases all the data on the target partition.<br><br>Make sure the partition contains nothing important.
1769 </td></tr></table></div>
1770 <p>Right-click the partition and select <b>Format...</b>. If the Windows version you use is Vista or 7, an UAC prompt asks for admin password. Enter it.</p>
1771 <p>At the format window, choose the FAT32 filesystem. You can enter any volume label (it means the name of the partition you can see next to the partition letter) and enable <b>Quick Format</b> if you're in a hurry. If <b>Quick Format</b> is disabled, Windows checks if the partition is physically OK after formatting it. Enabling <b>Quick Format</b> makes the formatting process many times faster and, contrary to popular belief, hardly ever causes any harm.</p>
1772 <p><a name="extract"></a>After formatting the partition or noticing that it was already FAT32, extract the ZIP archive to the root of the partition. Navigate to the folder where you've saved the ZIP file and right-click it. Choose <b>Extract all...</b>, and when you're asked for location where the archive is extracted, enter the letter of the partition, for example <b>H:\</b>. Do NOT choose any folder in the partition!</p>
1773 <p>After that, browse to the folder <b><font color="Green">X</font>:\utils\win32</b>, where <b><font color="Green">X</font>:</b> is the letter of the partition.</p> Then, double-click <b>makeboot.bat</b>. If the Windows version you use is Vista or 7, another UAC prompt appears. Enter the password again. Then just follow the prompts to make the USB drive bootable.</p>
1774 <p>Now you're done. Your thumb drive or external hard drive should be an automatic recovery disk.</p>
1775 <a name="reloc-img-top"></a>
1776 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="reloc-img-intro"></a>Restoring to a different location <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1777 <p>In the past restoring to a different location was not supported by <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at all. Because of that, a script called <b>reloc-img</b> was added to <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>, which would help the user perform this task.</p>
1778 <p>Recent versions of <b>Clonezilla Live</b> partly support restoring to a different location, so the <b>reloc-img</b> script is obsolete, and has been removed. <b>Clonezilla Live</b> now supports:</p>
1779 <ul>
1780 <li>Relocation of a disk image (restoring a whole disk)</li>
1781 <li>Relocation of a partition image (restoring a partition)</li>
1782 </ul>
1783 <p><b>Clonezilla Live</b> does not support:</p>
1784 <ul>
1785 <li>Relocation of a single partition contained into a disk image.<br>
1786 <br>
1787 Imagine you have a disk backup image named <b>hda-2009-02-02</b>. The image contains three partitions, <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">hda1</span> (operating system), <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">hda2</span> (user data) and <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">hda3</span> (other data).<br>
1788 <br>
1789 You want to restore your <b>other data</b> partition (<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">hda3</span>), to a different system (partition <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold;">sdb2</span>) but there is no way to restore (extract) a single partition from a disk image - you can only restore the whole disk.
1790 </li>
1791 </ul>
1792 <p>In order to address this situation, two new scripts have been written for <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>: <b>imginfo</b> and <b>imgconvert</b>
1793 <H2><a name="imginfo-script"></a>Script imginfo <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1794 <p>The script will be used to print info about existing image files.</p>
1795 <p>Its help screen is:</p>
1796 <p class="newcode">
1797 #&nbsp;<font color="Red">imginfo&nbsp;-h</font><br>
1798 Clonezilla&nbsp;Live&nbsp;Image&nbsp;Information<br>
1799 imginfo&nbsp;v.&nbsp;0.1&nbsp;-&nbsp;(C)&nbsp;2009&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Georgaras&nbsp;&lt;sng@hellug.gr&gt;<br>
1800 <br>
1801 Usage:&nbsp;imginfo&nbsp;&lt;options&gt;&nbsp;&lt;directory&gt;<br>
1802 <br>
1803 Available&nbsp;options:<br>
1804 &nbsp;&nbsp;s&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Search&nbsp;in&nbsp;sub-directories&nbsp;too<br>
1805 &nbsp;&nbsp;i&nbsp;[name]&nbsp;&nbsp;Pring&nbsp;info&nbsp;for&nbsp;image&nbsp;[name]<br>
1806 &nbsp;&nbsp;v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;version&nbsp;info&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit<br>
1807 &nbsp;&nbsp;h&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;this&nbsp;screen&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit
1808 </p>
1809 <H2><a name="imgconvert-script"></a>Script imgconvert <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1810 <p>The script will be used to convert an existing <b>disk</b> image file to a new <b>partition</b> image file.</p>
1811 <p><b>imgconvert</b> can create two type of images:</p>
1812 <ol>
1813 <li><b>Temporary image</b><br>
1814 This type of image is created by linking the data files of the existing disk image to the new partition image. This means that the original image <b>must</b> be present for the new image to be used. This is the default image type created by <b>imgconvert</b>.
1815 </li>
1816 <li><b>Permanent image</b><br>
1817 This type of image is created by copying the data files from the existing disk image to the new partition image. This means that the original image is not needed in order to use the new one. Permenant image files are created using the command line parameter <b>-p</b>.</li>
1818 </ol>
1819 <p>Its help screen is:</p>
1820 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Red">imgconvert -h</font><br>
1821 Clonezilla Live Image Conversion<br>
1822 imgconvert v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras &lt;sng@hellug.gr&gt;<br>
1823 <br>
1824 Usage: imgconvert &lt;options&gt; [image] [partition] &lt;new partition&gt;<br>
1825 <br>
1826 Parameters&nbsp;are:<br>
1827 &nbsp;&nbsp;[image]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Disk&nbsp;image&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;converted&nbsp;to&nbsp;partition&nbsp;image<br>
1828 &nbsp;&nbsp;[partition]&nbsp;Partition&nbsp;name&nbsp;to&nbsp;convert.&nbsp;It&nbsp;must&nbsp;be&nbsp;a&nbsp;valid&nbsp;device&nbsp;name<br>
1829 <br>
1830 Available&nbsp;options:<br>
1831 &nbsp;&nbsp;o&nbsp;[image]&nbsp;&nbsp;Save&nbsp;new&nbsp;imag&nbsp;as&nbsp;[image]<br>
1832 &nbsp;&nbsp;p&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Save&nbsp;new&nbsp;partition&nbsp;instead&nbsp;of&nbsp;making&nbsp;a&nbsp;link&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;old&nbsp;one<br>
1833 &nbsp;&nbsp;v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;version&nbsp;info&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit<br>
1834 &nbsp;&nbsp;h&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;this&nbsp;screen&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit</p>
1835 <H2><a name="scripts-using"></a>Using the scripts <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1836 <H3><a name="restore_part"></a>Restoring to a partition <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
1837 <p>After booting into <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, I select<br>
1838 <br>
1839 <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Enter_shell&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Enter command line prompt</span><br>
1840 <br>
1841 when the menu is displayed and then I press <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">2</span> to exit to the shell.<br>
1842 <br>
1843 At this point I will mount my images partition (in this example <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">/dev/sdc4</span>), and use script <b>imginfo</b> to get info about my image files.</p>
1844 <p class="newcode">$ sudo su -<br>
1845 # mount <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">/dev/sdc4</span> /home/partimag<br>
1846 # cd /home/partimag<br>
1847 # <span style="color: Red;">imginfo</span><br>
1848 Image files found in: <span style="color: Green;">/home/partimag</span><br>
1849 &nbsp;&nbsp;Image:&nbsp;usb250-img,&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;sda,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;259MB,&nbsp;parts:&nbsp;1<br>
1850 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;part:&nbsp;sda4,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;247.00MB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;FAT16<br>
1851 &nbsp;&nbsp;Image:&nbsp;sys-bck,&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;hda,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;320.0GB,&nbsp;parts:&nbsp;3<br>
1852 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;part:&nbsp;hda1,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;22.36GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux<br>
1853 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;part:&nbsp;hda2,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;39.06GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux<br>
1854 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;part:&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">hda3</span>,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;233.87GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux
1855 </p>
1856 <p>As you can see there are two disk images under /home/partimag: <b>usb250-img</b> and <b>sys-bck</b>. </p>
1857 <p><b>sys-bck</b> is a backup of my old system, which had three partitions. What I need to do now is "copy" the <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">hda3</span> partition to my current system, by transfering its data to partition <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">sdb2</span>.<br>
1858 <br>
1859 The way to proceed is:
1860 </p>
1861 <ol>
1862 <li>Create a new partition image (containing <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">hda3</span>'s data) based on the existing disk image file, by executing the command:
1863 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">imgconvert sys-bck hda3 sdb2</span><br>
1864 Clonezilla Live Image Conversion<br>
1865 imgconvert v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras <sng@hellug.gr><br>
1866 <br>
1867 Determining input image<br>
1868 &nbsp;&nbsp;Input&nbsp;image:&nbsp;"/home/partimag/sys-bck"<br>
1869 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;image...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1870 Determining&nbsp;input&nbsp;partition<br>
1871 &nbsp;&nbsp;Input&nbsp;partition:&nbsp;"hda3"<br>
1872 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;input&nbsp;partition...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1873 Determining&nbsp;output&nbsp;image<br>
1874 &nbsp;&nbsp;Output&nbsp;image:&nbsp;"<span style="color: Green;">/home/partimag/sys-bck-cnv</span>"<br>
1875 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;output&nbsp;image...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1876 &nbsp;&nbsp;Checking&nbsp;permissions...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1877 Determining&nbsp;output&nbsp;partition<br>
1878 &nbsp;&nbsp;Output&nbsp;partition:&nbsp;"sda2"<br>
1879 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;output&nbsp;partition...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1880 Creating&nbsp;output&nbsp;image:&nbsp;/home/partimag/sys-bck-cnv<br>
1881 &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: #990000;">Linking&nbsp;files...</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done<br>
1882 &nbsp;&nbsp;Fixing&nbsp;info&nbsp;files...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done
1883 </p>
1884 This command will create a <b>temporary</b> partition image file (automatically named <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">sys-bck-cnv</span>), which contains <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">sdb2</span> only, as you can see by executing:
1885 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">imginfo -i</span> <span style="color: Green;">sys-bck-cnv</span><br>
1886 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Image: sys-bck-cnv, part:&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">sdb2</span>,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;233.87GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux
1887 </p>
1888 </li>
1889 <li>Restart <b>Clonezilla Live</b> by pressing <b>Control-D</b> twice.</li>
1890 <li>Restore the new image file into <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">sdb2</span>, by selecting<br>
1891 <br>
1892 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;1:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start_Clonezilla&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start Clonezilla</span><br>
1893 <br>
1894 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;2:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;device-image&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;disk/partition to/from image</span><br>
1895 <br>
1896 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;3:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;skip&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;use existing /home/partimag</span><br>
1897 <br>
1898 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;4:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Beginer / Expert</span><br>
1899 <br>
1900 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;5:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;restoreparts&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restore_an_image_to_local_partition</span><br>
1901 <br>
1902 and continue as usual to restore the partition.</li>
1903 </ol>
1904 <H3><a name="converting_img"></a>Converting image files <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
1905 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">imgconvert <span style="color: #990000;">-p -o other_data</span> sys-bck hda3 sdb2</span><br>
1906 Clonezilla Live Image Conversion<br>
1907 imgconvert v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras <sng@hellug.gr><br>
1908 <br>
1909 Determining input image<br>
1910 &nbsp;&nbsp;Input&nbsp;image:&nbsp;"/home/partimag/sys-bck"<br>
1911 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;image...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1912 Determining&nbsp;input&nbsp;partition<br>
1913 &nbsp;&nbsp;Input&nbsp;partition:&nbsp;"hda3"<br>
1914 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;input&nbsp;partition...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1915 Determining&nbsp;output&nbsp;image<br>
1916 &nbsp;&nbsp;Output&nbsp;image:&nbsp;"<span style="color: Green;">/home/partimag/other_data</span>"<br>
1917 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;output&nbsp;image...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1918 &nbsp;&nbsp;Checking&nbsp;permissions...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1919 Determining&nbsp;output&nbsp;partition<br>
1920 &nbsp;&nbsp;Output&nbsp;partition:&nbsp;"sda2"<br>
1921 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;output&nbsp;partition...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1922 Creating&nbsp;output&nbsp;image:&nbsp;/home/partimag/other_data<br>
1923 &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: #990000;">Copying&nbsp;files...</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done<br>
1924 &nbsp;&nbsp;Fixing&nbsp;info&nbsp;files...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done
1925 </p>
1926 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">imginfo -i</span> <span style="color: Green;">other_data</span><br>
1927 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Image: other_data, part:&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">sdb2</span>,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;233.87GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux</p>
1928 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">ls -la <span style="color: Green;">sys-bck</span></span><br>
1929 total 1111972<br>
1930 drwxr-xr-x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4096&nbsp;2007-11-22&nbsp;03:21&nbsp;.<br>
1931 drwxr-xr-x.&nbsp;34&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4096&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:28&nbsp;..<br>
1932 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;disk<br>
1933 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;1081716736&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:32&nbsp;hda1.aa<br>
1934 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;45453312&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;hda2.aa<br>
1935 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">10317824</span>&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">hda3.aa</span><br>
1936 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37&nbsp;2007-11-21&nbsp;18:56&nbsp;hda-chs.sf<br>
1937 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37&nbsp;2007-11-21&nbsp;18:50&nbsp;hda-chs.sf.orig<br>
1938 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;512&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:31&nbsp;hda-mbr<br>
1939 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;259&nbsp;2007-11-21&nbsp;18:59&nbsp;hda-pt.sf<br>
1940 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;259&nbsp;2007-11-21&nbsp;18:50&nbsp;hda-pt.sf.orig<br>
1941 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;parts<br>
1942 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;swappt-hda4.info<br>
1943 #<br>
1944 #<br>
1945 # <span style="color: Red;">ls -la <span style="color: Green;">other_data</span></span><br>
1946 total 24<br>
1947 drwxr-xr-x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4096&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;.<br>
1948 drwxr-xr-x.&nbsp;35&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4096&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;..<br>
1949 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;parts<br>
1950 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">10317824</span>&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">sdb2.aa</span><br>
1951 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;sdb-chs.sf<br>
1952 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;sdb-pt.sf
1953 </p>
1954 <H2><a name="reloc-img-boot"></a>Booting a restored Linux system <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1955 <p>A Linux system that has been restored to a new disk/partition, is usually not ready to be booted right after the restoration procedure is finished.</p>
1956 <p>There are two more steps that you may have to take:</p>
1957 <ul>
1958 <li>Fix <b>/etc/fstab</b></li>
1959 <li>Reinstall <b>GRUB</b>.<br>
1960 I will assume GRUB is your boot manager, as it is the usual case nowadays.</li>
1961 </ul>
1962 <p>For this example I will assume that you have restored a Linux system (that used to be in <font color="Red"><b>sdb</b></font>), to a new disk (<font color="Green"><b>hda</b></font>), and that it contains three partitions, <b>/</b> (the root partition), <b>/home</b> (user's partition) and a <b>swap</b> partition. You must be really careful here, as the name of the new disk depends on the system to be booted. If it uses one of the newest Linux kernels (using the libata disk driver), ALL your disks will be recognised as SCSI. More info: "<a href="annex-a-devices.html#annex-a-scsi-ata">Identifying devices in Linux</a>" section "<a href="annex-a-devices.html#annex-a-scsi-ata">SCSI disks when there are none!!!</a>".</p>
1963 <p>This is what we have:</p>
1964 <p class="newcode">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root partition&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;home partition&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap partition<br>
1965 Old system&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">/dev/sdb1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">/dev/sdb2</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">/dev/sdb3</font><br>
1966 New system&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Green">/dev/hda1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Green">/dev/hda2</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Green">/dev/hda3</font></p>
1967 <H3><a name="reloc-img-boot-fstab"></a>Fixing /etc/fstab <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
1968 <p>Since we are still in <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, right after the restore procedure has finished, we will use it to mount our restored root partition, and edit its <b>/etc/fstab</b>. We issue the commands:</p>
1969 <p class="newcode">mkdir /new-root<br>
1970 mount /dev/hda1 /new-root<br>
1971 vi /new-root/etc/fstab</p>
1972 <p>The contents of <b>/etc/fstab</b> could be something like</p>
1973 <p class="newcode"><font color="Red">/dev/sdb1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reiserfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acl,user_xattr&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;1<br>
1974 <font color="Red">/dev/sdb2</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/home&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reiserfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;2<br>
1975 <font color="Red">/dev/sdb3</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;0</p>
1976 <p>and we have to change ti to</p>
1977 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">/dev/hda1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reiserfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acl,user_xattr&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;1<br>
1978 <font color="Green">/dev/hda2</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/home&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reiserfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;2<br>
1979 <font color="Green">/dev/hda3</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;0</p>
1980 <p>Finally, we unmount the partition, and we are ready to reboot</p>
1981 <p class="newcode">umount /new-root<br>
1982 reboot</p>
1983 <H3><a name="reloc-img-boot-grub"></a>Reinstalling GRUB <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
1984 <p>When <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> menu appears, we select <i><b>Tools &gt; Super Grub Disk</b></i></p>
1985 <p>Then we select <i><b>Super Grub Disk &gt; Super Grub Disk (WITH HELP) &gt; English Super Grub Disk &gt; Gnu/Linux &gt; Fix Boot of Gnu/Linux (GRUB)</b></i>. From this entry we will be able to reinstall GRUB to our hard disk.</p>
1986 <p>You may also want to have a look at <b>Super Grub Disk</b> "<a href="http://www.supergrubdisk.org/wiki/SuperGrubDiskDocumentation" target="_blank">documentation</a>".</p>
1987 <a name="sgd-top"></a>
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="sgd-intro"></a>Fixing boot problems
1993 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1994
1995 <p>Boot problems are probably the most feared computer problems. Without an operating system you can't access your data, get the work done or even google for help. That's why it's often a good idea to have an alternative operating system available for searching help if the main OS doesn't work. Also a copy of <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> can be invaluable help.<br>
1996 <br>
1997 Actually, the initial reason why I (Jyrki) installed GNU/Linux at all was that I wanted to be able to fix Windows boot problems if they occur. I installed both GNU/Linux and GRUB to my external hard drive, completely separating operating systems. Even if either bootloader stopped working, I'd still be able to boot one of my OSes.<br>
1998 <br>
1999 But such configuration is not easy to create, and when I installed GNU/Linux, I knew very little about it. If I didn't read the instructions I found here and there very carefully, I probably would have done a common mistake: installing GRUB to my internal hard drive. Such mistake would have caused two problems:<br>
2000 <br>
2001 <ul>
2002 <li>Inability to boot GNU/Linux at any computer expect the one which was used for installing</li>
2003 <li>Inability to boot Windows when the external drive isn't connected</li>
2004 </ul>
2005 <br><br>
2006 In this page, I simulate that situation in a virtual machine and fix both problems.</p>
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 <H2><a name="sgd-symptoms"></a>Symptoms <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2013
2014 <p>What happens when I try to boot the external hard drive on another computer depends on the BIOS of the computer. For example, on my computer I see a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Screen_of_Death" target="_blank">Black Screen of Death</a> when I try booting from a disk with empty Master Boot Record. Other BIOSes may boot the local operating system or display an error message (for example "Disk boot failure", "Missing operating system" or "Operating system not found").<br>
2015 <br>
2016 The other problem is very easy to determine. When external drive is disconnected and I try to boot, I'll see this:<br>
2017 <br>
2018 <img src="images/error-21.png"></p>
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024 <H2><a name="sgd-goals"></a>Goals <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2025
2026 <p>Because I still want to separate my operating systems completely, I try to restore NTLDR to the Master Boot Record of the internal disk, if possible. If that's not possible, I install there another bootloader that chainloads Windows.<br>
2027 <br>
2028 I could reinstall GNU/Linux completely and make sure that the GRUB is installed to the right disk this time, but it's not a good idea if I only need to overwrite the first 446 bytes (yes, bytes, not kilo- or megabytes) of the disk. So, I only install GRUB to the external disk, by using <b>Super Grub Disk</b>.<br>
2029 <br>
2030 Your problem (if you have one at all) most likely is different, but goals are often the same.<br>
2031 <br>
2032 You need to restore NTLDR if you...<br>
2033 <br>
2034 <ul>
2035 <li>...just installed GNU/Linux, but the boot menu doesn't mention Windows at all. You're not willing to learn how Windows can be added to the boot menu, you just need to make your computer to boot Windows again right now.</li>
2036 <li>...cloned your Windows partition to your brand new computer but didn't clone the Master Boot Record.</li>
2037 <li>...are about to uninstall GNU/Linux and aren't willing to use GRUB as your bootloader.</li>
2038 </ul>
2039 <br>
2040 <br>
2041 You need to install GRUB if you...<br>
2042 <br>
2043 <ul>
2044 <li>...just installed Windows and want to make GNU/Linux bootable again.</li>
2045 <li>...cloned your GNU/Linux partition to your brand new computer but didn't clone the Master Boot Record.</li>
2046 <li>...just installed GNU/Linux but installed GRUB to a non-first hard drive by accident. (The symptom is that your computer still boots to the operating system you had installed already.)</li></p>
2047
2048 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
2049 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>Super Grub Disk v0.9799</b>
2050 </td></tr></table></div>
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056 <H2><a name="ntldr"></a>Restoring NTLDR <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2057
2058 <p>There are a lot of ways to restore NTLDR. However, sometimes there is no legal way to restore it, and I'm NOT telling about the illegal ones. The last resort is using syslinux to chainload Windows; there is usually no way to notice that syslinux is used instead of NTLDR.<br>
2059 <br>
2060 I've listed here the most important options in order I'd use them.</p>
2061
2062 <H3><a name="ntldr-backup"></a>Restoring NTLDR from a backup <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2063
2064 <p>If you've been smart enough to use <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to create a disk image of your first hard drive, it's very easy to restore NTLDR.<br>
2065 <br>
2066 Your NTLDR is safe in a file called <b>hda-mbr</b> or <b>sda-mbr</b>. You can use <b>dd</b> to overwrite your existing Master Boot Record.</p>
2067
2068 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
2069 Don't restore all 512 bytes of your Master Boot Record.<br><br>The MBR contains your partition table and restoring it after<br>repartitioning your disk <b>erases all the data on the disk</b>.
2070 </td></tr></table></div>
2071
2072 <p>If you normally use GNU/Linux, open terminal and run these commands as root:</p>
2073
2074 <p class="newcode">mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font> /mnt/usb<br>
2075 dd if=/mnt/usb/<font color="Green">Backup</font>/<font color="Green">sda</font>-mbr of=/dev/<font color="Green">sda</font> bs=446 count=1</p>
2076
2077 <p><b>Note:</b> In the commands I have assumed that your first hard drive is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sda</font></b> and that your disk image resides in the folder <b><font color="Green">Backup</font></b> in partition <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font></b>. You will have to replace them with the correct pieces of information.</p>
2078
2079 <p><b>Note:</b> How a command can be run as root depends on the GNU/Linux distribution you use. If it's Ubuntu or a distro based on it, simply put "<b>sudo</b>" above the command. For example, the latter of the above commands can be executed by typing "<b>sudo dd if=/mnt/usb/<font color="Green">Backup</font>/<font color="Green">sda</font>-mbr of=/dev/<font color="Green">sda</font> bs=446 count=1</b>"</p>
2080
2081 <p>If you normally use another operating system, boot into <b>SystemRescueCD</b> and run the above commands. In <b>SystemRescueCD</b> all commands are run as root, so you don't need to add any prefix to the commands.</p>
2082
2083 <p>If you don't know the name of the partition, run this command as root:</p>
2084
2085 <p class="newcode">fdisk -l</p>
2086
2087 <p>It tells how many hard drives you have, how many partitions they contain and what filesystems the partitions use. If you know, for example, that the disk where you've saved the disk image contains only one partition, look for such disks.</p>
2088
2089 <H3><a name="ntldr-vista"></a>Using Bootrec.exe (Windows Vista/7 only) <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2090
2091 <p>You need Windows Vista/7 install disc for this. If you don't have one (for example, if you bought a laptop that was bundled with preinstalled Windows and manufacturer's recovery disc), download a recovery disc from <a href="http://neosmart.net/blog/2008/windows-vista-recovery-disc-download/" target="_blank">here</a>.<br>
2092 <br>
2093 Then boot from the disc. After selecting language, time, currency and keyboard, click <b>Repair your computer</b>. You'll get a list of operating systems you're able to repair. Choose any of them; that choice doesn't matter.<br>
2094 <br>
2095 After that, you'll see a dialog box named <b>System Recovery Options</b>. Click <b>Command Prompt</b>. Then you only need to execute one command:</p>
2096
2097 <p class="newcode">Bootrec /FixMbr</p>
2098
2099 <p><b>Note:</b> The command is case-insensitive. You can type, for example, "<b>bootrec /fixmbr</b>".</p>
2100
2101 <H3><a name="ntldr-xp"></a>Using FIXMBR (Windows XP only) <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2102
2103 <p>You need Windows XP install disc. Boot from it, and when you see the screen "Windows XP Home Edition Setup" or "Windows XP Professional Setup", press <font color="Red"><b>R</b></font> to enter the Recovery Console. Then choose the Windows installation you want to log onto. If you have only one copy of Windows installed, press <font color="Red"><b>1</b></font> and ENTER. After that, enter the administator password and press ENTER.<br>
2104 <br>
2105 There is only one command to run:</p>
2106
2107 <p class="newcode">FIXMBR</p>
2108
2109 <p><b>Note:</b> The command is case-insensitive. You can type, for example, "<b>fixmbr</b>".</p>
2110
2111 <H3><a name="ntldr-9x"></a>Using FDISK (Windows 95/98/Me only) <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2112
2113 <p>For this, you need a floppy drive. You also need to run a Windows-only program, so your first challenge is to boot Windows without NTLDR.<br>
2114 <br>
2115 Don't worry, <b>Super Grub Disk</b> makes it possible. Boot into it.</p>
2116
2117 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-01.png"><br>
2118 Just choose the option "<font color="Red"><b>!WIN!&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:(((</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br>
2119 <br>
2120 When you have Windows up and running, download the boot disk image appropriate to your version of Windows from <a href="http://www.bootdisk.com/bootdisk.htm" target="_blank">Bootdisk.Com</a>. Then put a floppy to your floppy drive.<br>
2121 <br>
2122 If the floppy isn't already formatted, open <b>My Computer</b>, right-click the floppy drive and select <b>Format...</b>.<br>
2123 <br>
2124 At the format window, choose the capacity of 1,44 megabytes and <b>Full</b> format type. You can enter any label (it means the name of the floppy you can see next to the floppy drive letter) and disable the summary if you wish. Keep the <b>Copy system files</b> option disabled.<br>
2125 <br>
2126 When you have a formatted floppy in your drive, double-click the boot disk image you downloaded. When it's done, shut Windows down and check your BIOS settings to be able to boot from the floppy. Some BIOSes contain a boot menu, others require editing settings pernamently. Details can be found on the manual of the motherboard or laptop.<br>
2127 <br>
2128 Then boot from the floppy. When you're given three boot options, choose the option <b>2. Start computer without CD-ROM support</b>. Wait a moment to enter command line and run this command:</p>
2129
2130 <p class="newcode">FDISK /MBR</p>
2131
2132 <p><b>Note:</b> The command is case-insensitive. You can type, for example, "<b>fdisk /mbr</b>".</p>
2133
2134
2135 <H3><a name="ntldr-sgd"></a>Installing syslinux using Super Grub Disk <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2136
2137 <p>The above four are the only legal ways I know to restore NTLDR to the Master Boot Record. Unfortunately, sometimes none of them can be used. If that's the case, it's time to switch bootloader. GRUB can be configured to chainload Windows, and usually it even does that automatically, but this page isn't intended to help configuring GRUB. I assume that if you're primarily a Windows user and reading this page, you don't want to learn how to use GNU/Linux, you just want to make Windows bootable again.<br>
2138 <br>
2139 Maybe the easiest way to do so is installing syslinux using <b>Super Grub Disk</b>. <b>Super Grub Disk</b> configures it automatically to chainload the first active partition. The partition should contain Windows, Windows can't boot if its partition isn't active.<br>
2140 <br>
2141 Boot into <b>Super Grub Disk</b>.</p>
2142
2143 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-01a.png"><br>
2144 Choose the option "<font color="Red"><b>WIN => MBR & !WIN!&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:(((((((((((((((((((((</b></font>" and press ENTER. Windows will be booted automatically right after installing syslinux.</p>
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150 <H2><a name="grub"></a>Installing GRUB <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2151
2152 <p>Contrary to various ways to restore NTLDR, there is only one way to install GRUB I recommend. That's <b>Super Grub Disk</b>, because it contains GRUB no matter what has happened to the hard drive(s). First, I boot into it.</p>
2153
2154 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-01b.png"><br>
2155 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Choose Language & HELP&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:-)))</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
2156
2157 <H3><a name="grub-1"></a>Screen "S.G.D. Language Selection." [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2158
2159 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-02.png"><br>
2160 I select "<font color="Red"><b>English Super Grub Disk</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
2161
2162 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-03.png"><br>
2163 I press ENTER...</p>
2164
2165 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-04.png"><br>
2166 ...and then ENTER again...</p>
2167
2168 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-05.png"><br>
2169 ...and then ENTER once again...</p>
2170
2171 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-06.png"><br>
2172 ...and finally ENTER one more time.</p>
2173
2174 <H3><a name="grub-2"></a>Screen "English Super Grub Disk (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2175
2176 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-07.png"><br>
2177 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Advanced</b></font>".</p>
2178
2179 <H3><a name="grub-3"></a>Screen "Advanced (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2180
2181 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-08.png"><br>
2182 I select "<font color="Red"><b>GRUB</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
2183
2184 <H3><a name="grub-4"></a>Screen "GRUB (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2185
2186 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-09.png"><br>
2187 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR)</b></font>" and press ENTER...</p>
2188
2189 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-10.png"><br>
2190 ...and ENTER.</p>
2191
2192 <H3><a name="grub-5"></a>Screen "Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR) (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2193
2194 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-11.png"><br>
2195 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Manual Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR)</b></font>" and press ENTER. If you want to install GRUB to the Master Boot Record of the first hard drive, "<font color="Red"><b>Automatically Install</b></font>" is a better choice. If you don't know if you want GRUB to the first or some other disk, you most likely want it to the first disk.</p>
2196
2197 <H3><a name="grub-6"></a>Screen "Manual Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR) (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2198
2199 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-12.png"><br>
2200 I confirm my decision by selecting "<font color="Red"><b>Manual Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR)</b></font>" again and pressing ENTER.</p>
2201
2202 <H3><a name="grub-7"></a>Screen "Partition of GRUB" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2203
2204 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-13.png"><br>
2205 In this screen I can select the disk that contains the partition that contains the files needed by GRUB. In this case, that disk is the external hard drive. As you can see, the disk is only three megabytes in size - because the computer used for screenshots is still virtual. Actually, the "disk" where I'm installing GRUB is just a file.</p>
2206
2207 <H3><a name="grub-8"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2208
2209 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-14.png"><br>
2210 This is where I choose the partition where GRUB files reside. This disk contains only one partition.</p>
2211
2212 <H3><a name="grub-9"></a>Screen "Restore to MBR of Hard Disk" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2213
2214 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-15.png"><br>
2215 I select the external hard drive to install GRUB to its Master Boot Record.</p>
2216
2217 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-12.png"><br>
2218 Some text scrolled in the screen (too fast to read or take a screenshot) and I was back at this screen. I rebooted the computer. (In this situation, you can safely do a "hard reboot" by pressing reset button once or power button twice.)</p>
2219
2220 <p><img src="images/grub-loading.png"><br>
2221 GRUB booted successfully.</p>
2222
2223
2224 <a name="oldboot-top"></a>
2225 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="oldboot-intro"></a>Booting an old PC <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2226 <p>Have you ever tried to boot an old PC off a CD-ROM, and found out it wouldn't, because its BIOS does not support it, or it's faulty or for any other reason? Well, I have. So this page is an effort to solve this problem.</p>
2227 <p>The only way to do it, is to boot of a floppy disk which will help me "load" whatever operation system I want from a CD. This means that I will have to write a boot loader to the floppy disk.</p>
2228 <p>The software I will use is <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/btmgr/" target="_blank">Smart Boot Manager</a>, a small boot manager with a nice TUI (Text User Interface). Its floppy image, already accessible from the "Tools" menu, can be found in the <b>bootdisk</b> folder of the CD under the name <b>sbm.img</b>.</p>
2229 <H2><a name="oldboot-write"></a>Writing the image to a floppy disk <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2230 <p>All you have to do is get to a PC equipped with a floppy drive, get a floppy disk which is in excellent condition (no bad sectors/blocks), and copy the image file to it.</p>
2231 <H3><a name="oldboot-fromLinux"></a>1. From Linux <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2232 <p>You can either boot <b>Clonezilla Live</b> or <b>SystemRescueCD</b>, and when the system is fully up, execute the command:</p>
2233 <p class="newcode">dd if=<font color="Green">/path/to/</font>sbm.img of=/dev/fd0</p>
2234 <p>where <font color="Green" style="font-weight: bold;">/path/to</font> is<br>
2235 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red" style="font-weight: bold;">/live/image/bootdisk</font> for <b>Clonezilla Live</b><br>
2236 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red" style="font-weight: bold;">/mnt/livecd/bootdisk</font> for <b>SystemRescueCD</b>
2237 <H3><a name="oldboot-fromDOS"></a>2. From DOS <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2238 <p>You can get into any DOS (boot FreeDOS from the CD, for example), and use any of the following programs found in the <b>rawrite</b> folder of the CD:</p>
2239 <ul class="otherpage" style="padding: 0px 10px 20px 40px">
2240 <li><b>rawrite.exe</b>: is just here for completeness, as it may be needed for someone</li>
2241 <li><b>rawrite2.exe</b>: should be the fastest</li>
2242 <li><b>rawrite3.com</b>: should work if <b>rawrite2</b> fails for some reason</li>
2243 <li><b>fdimage.exe</b>: rawrite alternative</li>
2244 </ul>
2245 <p>I found these programms at the <a href="http://www.fdos.org/ripcord/rawrite/" target="_blank">FreeDOS web site</a>, where the following info is included:</p>
2246 <p class="otherpage" style="padding: 20px 10px 20px 40px">
2247 <span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><b>Basic Usage (Rawrite):</b><br>
2248 Depending on the exact version, the output and command line support may vary, i.e. not work<br>
2249 <br>
2250 Usage:<br>
2251 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MS-DOS prompt> RAWRITE<br>
2252 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and follow the prompts, -or-<br>
2253 <br>
2254 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MS-DOS prompt> RAWRITE [-f <file>] [-d <drive>] [-n(owait)] [-h(elp)]<br>
2255 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;where:&nbsp;&nbsp;-f <file> - name of disk image file<br>
2256 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-d <drive> - diskette drive to use, must be A or B<br>
2257 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-n - don't prompt for user to insert diskette<br>
2258 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-h - print usage information to stdout<br>
2259 <br>
2260 The diskette must be formatted or rawrite will not work.<br>
2261 The contents of the disk do not matter and will be overwritten. <br>
2262 When ran interactively (without command line options) you will be prompted for the disk image filename (you must remember this as there is no file chooser).<br>
2263 You will also be prompted for the target/destination drive, either A or B for A: or B: respectively. <br><br>
2264 <b>Basic Usage (FDImage):</b><br>
2265 fdimage is an updated DOS program meant to replace rawrite. It does not require a pre-formatted floppy diskette. <br>
2266 <br>
2267 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;FDIMAGE - Write disk image to floppy disk<br>
2268 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Version 1.5 Copyright (c) 1996-7 Robert Nordier<br>
2269 <br>
2270 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Usage: fdimage [-dqsv] [-f size] [-r count] file drive<br>
2271 <br>
2272 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-d&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debug mode<br>
2273 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-f size&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Specify the floppy disk format by capacity, eg:<br>
2274 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;160K, 180K, 320K, 360K, 720K, 1.2M, 1.44M, 2.88M<br>
2275 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Quick mode: don't format the disk<br>
2276 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-r count&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Retry count for format/write operations<br>
2277 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-s&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Single-sector I/O<br>
2278 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Verbose</span>
2279 </p>
2280 <p>In order to write the image file to a pre-formatted diskette, execute the commands:</p>
2281 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">X:</font><br>
2282 cd rawrite<br>
2283 rawrite2 -f <font color="Green">X:</font>bootdisksbm.img -d b:</p>
2284 <p>In order to write the image file and format the diskette at the same time, execute the commands:</p>
2285 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">X:</font><br>
2286 cd rawrite<br>
2287 fdimage -f 1.44M <font color="Green">X:</font>bootdisksbm.img b:</p>
2288 <p>where <b><font color="Green">X:</font></b> is the drive name in DOS</p>
2289 <H3><a name="oldboot-fromWindows"></a>3. From Windows <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2290 <p>The final alternative is to use Windows program <b>rawwritewin.exe</b> (found in the <b>utils\rawrite</b> folder of the CD), as shown in the following image:</p>
2291 <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="images/rawwritewin.png" border="0"></div>
2292 <a name="sysresccd-top"></a>
2293 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="sysresccd-intro"></a>Using SystemRescueCD <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2294 <p><b>SystemRescueCD</b> is an excellent Live CD. It contains cloning software too (<a href="http://www.fsarchiver.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">FSArchiver</a> and <a href="http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">partimage</a>, to be spesific), but is unable to clone a whole disk, instead of only individual partitions.<br>
2295 <br>
2296 <b>Clonezilla Live</b> is a great cloning solution, but it is unable to do anything but clone. For general system administration, you need a lot more functions - like these offered by <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.<br>
2297 <br>
2298 <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> has all of the functions of both discs. It's a multi boot CD, so switching between CDs requires a reboot, but using both individual discs requires switching the physical disc - in addition to rebooting.<br>
2299 <br>
2300 But, of course, to be able to use <b>SystemRescueCD</b>'s functions, you need to know how to use them. We don't have permission to redistribute <b>SystemRescueCD</b> documentation, so this page contains only just enough information to allow you to look for more help in <b>SystemRescueCD</b> documentation.</p>
2301 <H2><a name="boot-options"></a>Which boot option to pick? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2302 <p>You may be confused because of the number of boot options you have. After choosing "<b>CD 2: System Rescue CD</b>" you have a total of 15 options to boot <b>SystemRescueCD</b>. Here is a table of them.<br>
2303 <br>
2304 <table border="1">
2305 <tr>
2306 <td></td>
2307 <td>Normal</td>
2308 <td>To RAM</td>
2309 <td>Graphical Environment</td>
2310 <td>VESA</td>
2311 <td>Mini Shell</td>
2312 </tr>
2313 <tr>
2314 <td>32-bit kernel</td>
2315 <td style="background-color:red"></td>
2316 <td></td>
2317 <td style="background-color:green"></td>
2318 <td></td>
2319 <td></td>
2320 </tr>
2321 <tr>
2322 <td>32-bit kernel (alternative)</td>
2323 <td></td>
2324 <td></td>
2325 <td></td>
2326 <td></td>
2327 <td></td>
2328 </tr>
2329 <tr>
2330 <td>64-bit kernel</td>
2331 <td style="background-color:red"></td>
2332 <td></td>
2333 <td style="background-color:green"></td>
2334 <td></td>
2335 <td></td>
2336 </tr>
2337 </table><br>
2338 <br>
2339 In the table, I have marked the options you most likely need. You should choose either of the options on <span style="background-color:green">green background</span> if you have no idea and/or time to read the next sections.</p>
2340 <H3><a name="boot-column"></a>Choosing the column <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2341 <p>If you're accustomed to graphical environment, choose <b>Graphical Environment</b>. In <b>Graphical Environment</b> you're able to use graphical programs, like <b>GParted</b> and <b>Mozilla Firefox</b>. Terminals are also available, so using <b>Graphical Environment</b> doesn't prevent using command line. The only negative thing of <b>Graphical Environment</b> is that it slows booting process down a bit - and it's often just plain unneeded.<br>
2342 <br>
2343 Try <b>VESA</b>, if normal <b>Graphical Environment</b> doesn't work. <b>VESA</b> uses <b>Xvesa</b> graphical environment instead of <b>X.Org</b> that sometimes doesn't work. The drawbacks of <b>Xvesa</b> compared to <b>X.Org</b> are that <b>Xvesa</b> isn't optimized to any hardware (which means poorer performance) and <b>Xvesa</b> requires 32-bit kernel. Thus, if you use this option, do NOT choose 64-bit kernel, the combination leaves you at command line.<br>
2344 <br>
2345 If you're accustomed to command line and know already that you're not going to use any graphical program, choose one of the normal options (just below "System Rescue CD Menu"). Booting to command line is a bit faster process than booting to graphical environment, and you can start X manually later.<br>
2346 <br>
2347 You need the option <b>To RAM</b> if you plan to burn discs while using <b>SystemRescueCD</b>. The option copies the whole <b>SystemRescueCD</b> to the memory of the computer during the boot process, allowing you to put another disc to your CD/DVD writer while using <b>SystemRescueCD</b>. The negative thing is that reading all the contents of the disc slows boot process down a lot. There is no option which copies the disc to the memory and starts graphical environment automatically, but you can easily start it manually.<br>
2348 <br>
2349 <b>Mini Shell</b> is probably the least used option. It enters <b>BusyBox</b> shell after booting. <b>BusyBox</b> is an application that "combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable." However, <b>SystemRescueCD</b> contains most of these utilities anyway, so there is not much need to use this option. <a href="http://www.busybox.net/about.html" target="_blank">some information</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox" target="_blank">about BusyBox</a></p>
2350 <H3><a name="boot-row"></a>Choosing the row (kernel) <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2351 <p>After having chosen the column of the above table, you still have three options. Now you need to choose the kernel.<br>
2352 <br>
2353 The optimal kernel depends on the processor of your computer. If it's an IA-32 processor, like Intel Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon XP, you should choose <b>32-bit kernel</b>, because <b>64-bit kernel</b> doesn't work at all. If you have a x86-64 processor, like AMD Athlon 64 or Intel Core 2, you can choose any kernel - the processor can run all of them. <b>64-bit kernel</b> should be preferred, because it allows chrooting on an existing GNU/Linux partition containing 64-bit programs. Note, though, that you can't use <b>64-bit kernel</b> with <b>VESA</b> option.</br>
2354 <br>
2355 If you don't know your processor architecture, try <b>64-bit kernel</b>. If your processor architecture is IA-32, you'll see the following error message:</p>
2356 <p class="newcode">This kernel requires an x86-64 CPU, but only detected an i686 CPU. Unable to boot - please use a kernel appropriate for your CPU.</p>
2357 <p>At this stage, simply press Ctrl-Alt-Del to reboot and use always <b>32-bit kernel</b> on the machine.<br>
2358 <br>
2359 There is one more kernel - <b>32-bit kernel (alternative)</b>. It's designed to support more recent hardware than the regular kernel. Try it if standard <b>32-bit kernel</b> doesn't work.</p>
2360 <H2><a name="after-booting"></a>After booting <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2361 <H3><a name="graphical-mode"></a>HELP!!! Where are the desktop and Start menu? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2362 <p>You should have read <a href="#boot-column">this section</a> if you're looking for them. However, you don't need to reboot in order to enter graphical environment. Simply type this command and press ENTER:</p>
2363 <p class="newcode">wizard</p>
2364 <p>The command asks you to choose a graphical environment. Try first <b>X.Org</b>, and if it fails, run the command again and choose <b>Xvesa</b>.</p>
2365 <H3><a name="internet"></a>Connecting to the Internet <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2366 <p>The CD doesn't contain any <b>SystemRescueCD</b> documentation, because we don't have permission to redistribute it. In addition, our time is limited and we can't rewrite it all. So, you need to connect to the Internet to be able to read <b>SystemRescueCD</b>'s official online documentation.<br>
2367 <br>
2368 Luckily, establishing Internet connection should be easy, if you're in a network using DHCP. Nowadays, most people are. If you're using graphical mode and terminal isn't already open, open it via the menu that opens when you click the leftmost icon in the bottom pane.<br>
2369 <br>
2370 Then, type this command and press ENTER:</p>
2371 <p class="newcode">dhcpcd eth0</p>
2372 <p>If the network doesn't use DHCP, you can also configure Internet settings by hand. You should be able to do so if you've previously configured your settings in the operating system you normally use. The command to run is</p>
2373 <p class="newcode">net-setup</p>
2374 <H2><a name="stop"></a>When you're done <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2375 <p>When you're done, you naturally want to either shut the computer down or reboot. Wait! Don't do it yet!<br>
2376 <br>
2377 Both I and Spiros have found out that letting a live CD to automatically unmount partitions is often a bad idea. It can damage the filesystems of the partitions which were mounted when the computer was shut down and destroy any files in the partitions, even them you didn't use within the CD.<br>
2378 <br>
2379 So, I recommend unmounting them refore shutdown or reboot. Just run these commands when you're done.<br>
2380 <br>
2381 If you want to reboot:</p>
2382 <p class="newcode">cd<br>
2383 umount -a<br>
2384 reboot</p>
2385 <p>If you want to shut down:</p>
2386 <p class="newcode">cd<br>
2387 umount -a<br>
2388 poweroff</p>
2389 <H2><a name="more"></a>More info <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2390 <p>Here are some links to the official <b>SystemRescueCD</b> resources.<br>
2391 <br>
2392 SystemRescueCD - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page</a><br>
2393 Detailed packages list- <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Detailed-packages-list" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Detailed-packages-list</a><br>
2394 Manual - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Online-Manual-EN" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Online-Manual-EN</a><br>
2395 FAQ - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/FAQ" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/FAQ</a><br>
2396 Howto - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto</a><br>
2397 Forum - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/</a><br></p>
2398 <a name="partitions-top"></a>
2399 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="partitions-intro"></a>Managing partitions <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2400 <p>One of the most important maintenance tasks that can only be done by using a live CD is partitioning. No operating system allows partitioning the same disk where the OS itself resides. Trying to do so is like attempting to repair a car while its engine is turned on.<br><br>
2401 Of course, <b>SystemRescueCD</b> contains multiple programs that are related to partitioning. Most important are <b>GParted</b> (graphical partitioning program), <b>GNU Parted</b> (text-based partitioning program), <b>fdisk</b> and <b>sfdisk</b> (partition table editors) and various filesystem tools (like <b>ntfsprogs</b> and <b>e2fsprogs</b>).<br><br>
2402 This page contains some theory about partitions and filesystems, advice for choosing the right filesystem and a partitioning example by using <b>GParted</b>.</p>
2403 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
2404 While partitioning, an user error or a bug can damage your partitions.<br><br>Creating a disk image of the disk to be<br>partitioned beforehand is highly recommended.
2405 </td></tr></table></div>
2406 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
2407 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>SystemRescueCD v 1.4.0</b>
2408 </td></tr></table></div>
2409 <H2><a name="theory"></a>Some theory <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2410 <H3><a name="partitions-partition"></a>What is a partition? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2411 <p>A partition is a logical division of a hard disk created so that you can have different operating systems on the same hard disk or to create the appearance of having separate hard drives for file management, multiple users, or other purposes.</p>
2412 <p>In Windows, a one-partition hard disk is labelled the "C:" drive ("A:" and "B:" are typically reserved for diskette drives). A two-partition hard drive would typically contain "C:" and "D:" drives. (CD-ROM drives typically are assigned the last letter in whatever sequence of letters have been used as a result of hard disk formatting, or typically with a two-partition, the "E:" drive.).</p>
2413 <p>In UNIX-based systems, a partition is used to host the / (root) file system, and optionally the /opt, /usr and /home file systems. There may also be a swap partition, which doesn't host any file system.</p>
2414 <p>Each operatin system provides some kind of tool to create and manage partitions. Examples of such tools are <b>fdisk</b> in DOS/Windows, <b>fdisk</b>, <b>sfdisk</b> and <b>parted</b> in Linux, etc.</p>
2415 <H3><a name="partitions-extended"></a>What is the difference between primary, extended and logical partitions? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2416 <p>Information about partitions is saved in so-called partition table in Master Boot Record. MBR itself is only 512 bytes in size, and only 64 bytes are reserved for partition table. That's not enough, and there are many workarounds to bypass limitations caused by the size, for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing#LBA.2C_ATA_devices_and_Enhanced_BIOS" target="_blank">logical block addressing</a>. Extended partitions are another workaround.</p>
2417 <p>Partition table can only store information about four partitions. If one has, for example, two GNU/Linux distributions on the same disk, both of them having separate root partitions, shared /home and shared swap, the partition number limit has been hit already.</p>
2418 <p>A partition that is mentioned in the partition table is called primary partition. Because of the limit, one disk can only contain 1-4 primary partitions.</p>
2419 <p>An extended partition fixes the problem simply by containing more boot records, called Extended Boot Records (EBR). Each EBR contains information about one logical partition and, if the extended partition contains multiple logical partitions, link to the next EBR. Thus, an extended partition can contain unlimited amount of logical partitions.</p>
2420 <p>Extended partition contains only EBRs and logical partitions (and maybe unallocated space). Extended partition doesn't contain any filesystem and files can't be stored in it. Of course, logical partition can contain any filesystem (or be unformatted).</p>
2421 <p>Extended partition itself must be primary partition: an extended partition can't be within another extended partition. In addition, a disk can contain only one extended partition.</p>
2422 <p>Logical partitions can always be used for storing data: any operating system can see logical partitions. GNU/Linux distributions can be installed to logical partitions as well, but Windows requires a lot of tweaking. See <a href="http://www.goodells.net/multiboot/index.htm" target="_blank">this outdated guide</a>.</p>
2423 <H3><a name="partitions-lvm"></a>What is LVM? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2424 <p>LVM means "Logical Volume Manager". It allows creating volume groups on top of hard drives and logical volumes within volume groups. Logical volumes are NOT the same thing as logical partitions!</p>
2425 <p>Volume groups can be created very flexibly: a volume group can allocate, for example, the first half of the first hard drive and the second half of the third drive. One can even create a massive volume group containing all storage he/she has.</p>
2426 <p>The computer sees a logical volume as a partition: logical volume can be left unformatted or contain any filesystem.</p>
2427 <p>LVM has many benefits: for example, if one has three hard drives 60 gigabytes each, he/she can create a 160-gigabyte partition for storing massive files and/or saving some disk space. In addition, logical volumes can be resized even when they're in use, so when creating logical volumes one doesn't need to worry if they're too small or big - if they are, he/she can resize them at any time.</p>
2428 <p>However, resizing a logical volume doesn't resize the filesystem in it, so using a filesystem that can be resized in use (online resizing) is recommended. Very few filesystems can be shrinked online, but most GNU/Linux filesystems (including ext3/4, ReiserFS, XFS and btrfs) can be grown online. It's generally a good idea to leave unallocated space within volume group, so logical volumes can later be grown without shrinking any other logical volume.</p>
2429 <p>Here come bad news for people who dualboot: Windows doesn't support LVM, it sees volume groups as unformatted partitions. If you try to access volume group within Windows, you're just prompted to format the partition. That prompt is annoying at best and dangerous at worst.</p>
2430 <p>More information about LVM can be found <a href="http://sunoano.name/ws/public_xhtml/lvm.html" target="_blank">here</a> (almost everything about LVM in a single page) and <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-Guide-EN-LVM2" target="_blank">here</a> (official SystemRescueCD documentation about LVM).</p>
2431 <H3><a name="partitions-filesystem"></a>What is a file system? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2432 <p>A file system is the way in which files are named and where they are placed logically for storage and retrieval. The DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and UNIX-based operating systems all have file systems in which files are placed somewhere in a hierarchical (tree) structure. A file is placed in a directory (folder in Windows) or subdirectory at the desired place in the tree structure.</p>
2433 <p>The most important difference between filesystems is operating system support. Some filesystems are supported by all modern operating systems, but especially the newest filesystems are very rarely supported. Other important limits are maximum file size, journaling support and file permission metadata support.</p>
2434 <p>The reason that file size limits exist is that all filesystems reserve a fixed number of bits for storing the file size. If the size of the file, in bytes, is bigger than the biggest number that can be stored in file size bits, the operating system must refuse to store the file at all in order to prevent data corruption.</p>
2435 <p>File permission metadata means that the filesystem stores in the metadata of the file, among other things, information about who owns the file and what different users are allowed to do with the file. That metadata is especially useful in multi-user environment because it mostly prevents users from reading each other's files. Permissions can be bypassed, however.</p>
2436 <H3><a name="partitions-journaling"></a>What is journaling? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2437 <p>Ideally, data in a partition never corrupts. But, in the real world, there are power failures and operating system freezes. And if a computer is forcefully shut down while something is written to the drive, the write operation can't be finished. That can damage the filesystem and destroy any files in the partition.</p>
2438 <p>Journaling partially fixes that problem by writing most changes to the disk twice: first to a special area called journal and, after that, to the filesystem itself. If power is lost while writing to the journal was in progress, the partial change is just ignored and never committed to the filesystem itself. If power failure or OS freeze happened while writing to filesystem itself, the write operation is finished by using the information in journal.</p>
2439 <p>Journaling helps most of the time when the computer has been forcefully shut down, but not always. Due to performance reasons, only some write operations are written to the journal, mostly the biggest operations. Of course, journaling doesn't help if that particular operation that was in progress while power was lost didn't go through the journal. Journaling also doesn't protect from everything: for example, using ext4 filesystem in conjuction with programs that write a lot of files in a short time can result in <a href="http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Possible-data-loss-in-Ext4-740467.html" target="_blank">massive data loss</a>, regardless if journaling is enabled or not.</p>
2440 <p>In addition, journaling reduces performance. It causes more writes to the disk. That's not a big problem on mechanical hard drives, but on SSDs (Solid State Drives) and thumb drives write speed is much slower than read speed. They also have a limited number of writing cycles, so journaling reduces their lifetime. I (Jyrki) actually use ext2 and FAT32 filesystems on my external SSD drive because they do NOT support journaling at all.</p>
2441 <H3><a name="partitions-filesystems"></a>What are the differences between most popular filesystems? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2442 <p>The following table quickly describes the most important differences between them.</p>
2443 <table border="1">
2444 <tr>
2445 <th></th>
2446 <th colspan="2">Operating system support</th>
2447 <th></th>
2448 <th></th>
2449 <th></th>
2450 </tr>
2451 <tr>
2452 <th></th>
2453 <th>Under Windows</th>
2454 <th>Under GNU/Linux</th>
2455 <th>Maximum file size</th>
2456 <th>Journaling</th>
2457 <th>Permissions</th>
2458 </tr>
2459 <tr>
2460 <th>FAT32</th>
2461 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2462 <td style="background-color: rgb(127,255,0)">Built-in</td>
2463 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">4 GB</td>
2464 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2465 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2466 </tr>
2467 <tr>
2468 <th>NTFS</th>
2469 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2470 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,255,0)">Driver included</td>
2471 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,255,0)">16 EB</td>
2472 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2473 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2474 </tr>
2475 <tr>
2476 <th>ext2</th>
2477 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">3rd party driver</td>
2478 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2479 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">16 GB-2 TB*</td>
2480 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2481 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2482 </tr>
2483 <tr>
2484 <th>ext3</th>
2485 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">3rd party driver</td>
2486 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2487 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">16 GB-2 TB*</td>
2488 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2489 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2490 </tr>
2491 <tr>
2492 <th>ext4</th>
2493 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2494 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2495 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">16 GB-16 TB*</td>
2496 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2497 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2498 </tr>
2499 <tr>
2500 <th>exFAT</th>
2501 <td style="background-color: rgb(127,255,0)">Native (Vista/7)**</td>
2502 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2503 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">64 ZB</td>
2504 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2505 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2506 </tr>
2507 </table>
2508 <p>* Depends on cluster size<br>
2509 ** <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/955704" target="_blank">This update</a> adds exFAT support to Windows XP</p>
2510 <p>Operating system support:</p>
2511 <ul>
2512 <li>"Native" means that the kernel supports the filesystem and the OS can boot from a partition using that FS.</li>
2513 <li>"Built-in" means that the kernel supports the filesystem, but booting from a partition containing such FS is very difficult.</li>
2514 <li>"Driver included" means that ntfs-3g (the driver that adds NTFS support to Linux) comes with most GNU/Linux distributions.</li>
2515 <li>"3rd party driver" means that drivers to add filesystem support are available, but must be downloaded and installed separately. The drivers are <a href="http://www.fs-driver.org" target="_blank">Ext2 IFS</a> and <a href="http://www.ext2fsd.com" target="_blank">Ext2fsd</a>.</li>
2516 <li>"No" means that there is no way to use the filesystem within the operating system.</li>
2517 </ul>
2518 <H2><a name="filesystems"></a>Filesystems <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2519 <p>This section contains more information about most popular filesystems.</p>
2520 <H3><a name="partitions-fat32"></a>FAT32 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2521 <p>The initial version of FAT (File Allocation Table), now referred as FAT12, was designed for floppy disks. A FAT12 partition can only be up to 32 megabytes in size. After that, PCs equipped with hard drives were introcuded by IBM and the sizes of hard drives began growing. Microsoft answered the need by developing first initial FAT16 and then final FAT16.</p>
2522 <p>FAT16 partition can be up to two gigabytes in size. In the middle of 1990s, that limit was becoming a problem. Microsoft pushed the limit up by updating FAT again.</p>
2523 <p>FAT32 was first introduced with Windows 95 OSR2. Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000 and newer support FAT32 too. Linux kernel has supported FAT32 almost as long as Windows, but booting GNU/Linux from FAT32 partition is difficult and actually requires DOS to be installed in the partition as well. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux#Installing_Linux_on_and_booting_it_from_FAT_volumes_using_umsdos" target="_blank">more information</a>)</p>
2524 <p>FAT32 partition can be up to two terabytes in size. As of now (March 2010), there are hard drives that hit the limit, but don't exceed it. A single file within FAT32 partition can be up to four gigabytes in size.</p>
2525 <p>Because FAT32 is, in the end, based on FAT12, it has very few features. It doesn't support file permissions, hard/symbolic links, encryption, compression, alternative data streams, journaling... It lacks support for nearly anything that defines a modern filesystem. However, due to very few features, FAT32 is very fast filesystem if it's not fragmented or on a Flash-based drive. Mind you, FAT32 fragments very fast.</p>
2526 <p>Due to excellent operating system support, I recommend FAT32 for storing files which should be accessible in both Windows and GNU/Linux. FAT32 is also a good filesystem on Solid State Drives and thumb drives due to its performance.</p>
2527 <H3><a name="partitions-ext2"></a>ext2 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2528 <p>Ext2 or ext2fs is the successor of extfs (extended file system). Extfs didn't support separated timestamps for access, data modification and inode modification. In order to add support for them, and make the filesystem extendable, a new filesystem had to be created.</p>
2529 <p>Ext2 was developed in January 1993, earlier than any other filesystem mentioned in this page.</p>
2530 <p>Because ext2 is designed for GNU/Linux, support in Linux kernel was implemented immediately. The first Windows driver supporting ext2, <a href="http://www.ext2fsd.com" target="_blank">Ext2fsd</a> 0.01, was released on 25 January 2002. Both Windows drivers for ext2 work only on Windows NT operating systems (NT 4.0 up to Vista, 7 isn't supported yet).</p>
2531 <p>The best property of ext2 is extensibility. The superblock contains information about which version the filesystem is (ext2, ext3 or ext4) and which extensions and features are in use. By using these pieces of information, the operating system or driver can decide whether or not mounting the partition is safe. That's the most important reason why most GNU/Linux distributions still use successors of ext2 as default filesystems.</p>
2532 <p>Depending on cluster size, ext2 partition can be up to 2-32 terabytes in size. File size limit is 16 GB-2 TB.</p>
2533 <p>Ext2 supports file permissions, both hard and symbolic links and extended file attributes. Encryption, compression and journaling are unsupported.</p>
2534 <p>Due to lack of journaling support and existence of Windows drivers, I recommend using ext2 if you're going to install GNU/Linux on a SSD drive and want to be able to access files within Windows too. In fact, that's exactly the setup I have.</p>
2535 <p>However, lack of journaling support is the worst limitation of ext2. And what was done in order to get rid of the limitation?</p>
2536 <H3><a name="partitions-ext3"></a>ext3 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2537 <p>Ext3, the successor of ext2, was introduced in Linux kernel on November 2001. It supports journaling, can be grown online and indexes large directories.</p>
2538 <p>Ext2 IFS and Ext2fsd can mount ext3 partition as ext2 if the journal is empty. (If it's not, something is wrong - journal is always emptied when the partition is unmounted or the computer is shut down.) Thus, ext3 support under Windows is just as good/bad as ext2 support.</p>
2539 <p>Partition and file size limits are the same as in ext2: partition size limit is 2-32 TB and file size limit 16 GB-2 TB, depending on cluster size.</p>
2540 <p>Due to journaling support and existence of Windows drivers, ext3 is a good choice if you're going to install GNU/Linux on a mechanical hard drive and want to be able to access files within Windows.</p>
2541 <H3><a name="partitions-ext4"></a>ext4 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2542 <p>Linux kernel support for ext4, the successor of ext3, was marked stable code on October 2008. Ext4 contains multiple performance and stability improvements over ext3.</p>
2543 <p>The most important new feature is extents. An extent is a contiguous area of storage that has been reserved for a file. When a process starts to write to a file, the whole extent is allocated even before the write operation begins. The idea is that even if the file is larger than expected, it doesn't fragment if it doesn't exceed the size of the extent.</p>
2544 <p>Another important improvement is larger partition size limit: an ext4 partition can be even one exabyte in size. (An exabyte is a million terabytes.) In addition, a directory within an ext4 partition can contain up to 64 000 subdirectories (instead of 32 000, as in ext2/3) and timestamps are much more accurate. The file size limit is 16 GB-16 TB, depending on cluster size.</p>
2545 <p>Unfortunately, Ext2 IFS and Ext2Fsd don't support ext4 and are unable to mount ext4 partition if extents are enabled. They can be disabled, but other improvements of ext4 aren't that important for most people - using ext2 or ext3 is just easier.</p>
2546 <p>Due to its features, ext4 is a good filesystem on computers that only have GNU/Linux installed. Because journaling can be disabled, it is suitable for Solid State Drives and thumb drives too.</p>
2547 <H3><a name="partitions-ntfs"></a>NTFS <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2548 <p>At the end of 1980s, IBM and Microsoft were developing OS/2 operating system. Both companies expected OS/2 1.1, released on 1988, to be the first popular operating system having a GUI, Presentation Manager. Even though it didn't become too popular during its first years, Microsoft didn't complain: Windows 2 didn't sell any better.</p>
2549 <p>But on May 1990, Microsoft released Windows 3.0. Millions of copies of it were sold during its first year, and Microsoft began to believe that OS/2 had failed due to decisions of IBM. At autumn 1990, Microsoft stopped cooperating with IBM, recasted OS/2 3.0 as Windows NT and continued developing it alone, leaving IBM alone with OS/2.</p>
2550 <p>Windows NT was targeted for network file servers, and there were already competition, most importantly Novell NetWare and OS/2. Among other things, the filesystem of Windows NT had to be fast, space efficient and reliable.</p>
2551 <p>NTFS (New Technology File System) was introcuded with Windows NT 3.1. Newer versions of NTFS have been introduced with newer versions of Windows NT, and the filesystem is most likely still under development. All versions of Windows NT support NTFS, but support in Linux kernel was implemented as late as on December 2003.</p>
2552 <p>NTFS is still, in my opinion, the most feature-filled filesystem around. It supports file permissions, both hard and symbolic links, encryption, compression, alternative data streams, journaling... There are very few features NTFS doesn't support.</p>
2553 <p>Depending on cluster size, a NTFS partition can be up to 8 ZB-1 YB in size. (A zettabyte (ZB) is a milliard terabytes and a yottabyte (YB) a billion terabytes.) File size limit is 16 EB.</p>
2554 <p>Windows 7 can only be installed on a NTFS partition, and Vista requires a <a href="http://www.computersplace.com/install-windows-vista-on-a-fat32-partition/windows-vista" target="_blank">work-around</a> if one wants to install it on a FAT32 partition. Of course NTFS partitions can be used for data storage as well: due to features of NTFS, I recommend doing so on mechanical hard drives on Windows-only computers.</p>
2555 <H3><a name="partitions-exfat"></a>exFAT <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2556 <p>NTFS is a great filesystem, but due to its complexity and journaling, it's not suitable for Flash-based drives. Even Microsoft itself has recommended using FAT32 on removable Flash media.</p>
2557 <p>However, FAT32 only allows files up to four gigabytes in size. The limit is already becoming too small, for example a DVD disc image can exceed that limit. In addition, FAT32 lacks file permission support. In order to get rid of these limitations, Microsoft took FAT from its grave and updated it one more time.</p>
2558 <p>ExFAT (extended FAT), also known as FAT64, was introduced with Windows CE 6.0, on November 2006. Windows Vista SP1, Windows 7 and newer support exFAT too, and by installing <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/955704" target="_blank">this update</a> Windows XP can be extended to support exFAT as well. Unfortunately, the only read-write exFAT driver for GNU/Linux (<a href="http://www.tuxera.com/products/exfat-for-embedded-systems/" target="_blank">Tuxera exFAT for Embedded Systems</a>) is payware.</p>
2559 <p>The partition and file size limits of exFAT are the same: 64 zettabytes. Another important improvement is file permission support that, oddly, is lacking in Windows Vista. In addition, a directory within an exFAT partition can contain up to 2 796 202 files (instead of 65 536, as in FAT32) and timestamps have become more accurate.</p>
2560 <p>No operating system can be installed to an exFAT partition, so such partitions can only be used for data storage. Due to lack of journaling and support for huge files, exFAT is a good filesystem on Solid State Drives and thumb drives that are only used within Windows Vista and/or 7.</p>
2561 <H3><a name="annex-b-list"></a>Partition list <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-b-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2562 <p>The following table presents known partition types along with their IDs:</p>
2563 <p class="newcode" style="margin-right: 0;">&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;Empty&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;80&nbsp;&nbsp;Old&nbsp;Minix<br>
2564 &nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;FAT12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;81&nbsp;&nbsp;Minix&nbsp;/&nbsp;old&nbsp;Linux<br>
2565 &nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;XENIX&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">82&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;swap&nbsp;/&nbsp;Solaris</font><br>
2566 &nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;XENIX&nbsp;usr&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Green">83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux</font><br>
2567 &nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;&lt;32M&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;84&nbsp;&nbsp;OS/2&nbsp;hidden&nbsp;C:&nbsp;drive<br>
2568 &nbsp;5&nbsp;&nbsp;Extended&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;extended<br>
2569 &nbsp;<font color="Red">6&nbsp;&nbsp;FAT16</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;86&nbsp;&nbsp;NTFS&nbsp;volume&nbsp;set<br>
2570 &nbsp;<font color="Green">7&nbsp;&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;87&nbsp;&nbsp;NTFS&nbsp;volume&nbsp;set<br>
2571 &nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;AIX&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;88&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;plaintext<br>
2572 &nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;AIX&nbsp;bootable&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8e&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;LVM<br>
2573 &nbsp;a&nbsp;&nbsp;OS/2&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;Manager&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;93&nbsp;&nbsp;Amoeba<br>
2574 &nbsp;b&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;94&nbsp;&nbsp;Amoeba&nbsp;BBT<br>
2575 &nbsp;<font color="Red">c&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT32&nbsp;(LBA)</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9f&nbsp;&nbsp;BSD/OS<br>
2576 &nbsp;e&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;(LBA)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a0&nbsp;&nbsp;IBM&nbsp;Thinkpad&nbsp;hibernation<br>
2577 &nbsp;<font color="Green">f&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;Ext'd&nbsp;(LBA)</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a5&nbsp;&nbsp;FreeBSD<br>
2578 10&nbsp;&nbsp;OPUS&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a6&nbsp;&nbsp;OpenBSD<br>
2579 11&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;FAT12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a7&nbsp;&nbsp;NeXTSTEP<br>
2580 12&nbsp;&nbsp;Compaq&nbsp;diagnostics&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a8&nbsp;&nbsp;Darwin&nbsp;UFS<br>
2581 14&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;&lt;32M&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a9&nbsp;&nbsp;NetBSD<br>
2582 16&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ab&nbsp;&nbsp;Darwin&nbsp;boot<br>
2583 17&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b7&nbsp;&nbsp;BSDI&nbsp;fs<br>
2584 18&nbsp;&nbsp;AST&nbsp;SmartSleep&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b8&nbsp;&nbsp;BSDI&nbsp;swap<br>
2585 1b&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bb&nbsp;&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;Wizard&nbsp;hidden<br>
2586 1c&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT32&nbsp;(LBA)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be&nbsp;&nbsp;Solaris&nbsp;boot<br>
2587 1e&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;(LBA)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bf&nbsp;&nbsp;Solaris<br>
2588 24&nbsp;&nbsp;NEC&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c1&nbsp;&nbsp;DRDOS/sec&nbsp;(FAT-12)<br>
2589 39&nbsp;&nbsp;Plan&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c4&nbsp;&nbsp;DRDOS/sec&nbsp;(FAT-16&nbsp;<&nbsp;32M)<br>
2590 3c&nbsp;&nbsp;PartitionMagic&nbsp;recovery&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c6&nbsp;&nbsp;DRDOS/sec&nbsp;(FAT-16)<br>
2591 40&nbsp;&nbsp;Venix&nbsp;80286&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c7&nbsp;&nbsp;Syrinx<br>
2592 41&nbsp;&nbsp;PPC&nbsp;PReP&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;da&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-FS&nbsp;data<br>
2593 42&nbsp;&nbsp;SFS&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;db&nbsp;&nbsp;CP/M&nbsp;/&nbsp;CTOS&nbsp;/&nbsp;...<br>
2594 4d&nbsp;&nbsp;QNX4.x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;de&nbsp;&nbsp;Dell&nbsp;Utility<br>
2595 4e&nbsp;&nbsp;QNX4.x&nbsp;2nd&nbsp;part&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;df&nbsp;&nbsp;BootIt<br>
2596 4f&nbsp;&nbsp;QNX4.x&nbsp;3rd&nbsp;part&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e1&nbsp;&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;access<br>
2597 50&nbsp;&nbsp;OnTrack&nbsp;DM&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e3&nbsp;&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;R/O<br>
2598 51&nbsp;&nbsp;OnTrack&nbsp;DM6&nbsp;Aux1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e4&nbsp;&nbsp;SpeedStor<br>
2599 52&nbsp;&nbsp;CP/M&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eb&nbsp;&nbsp;BeOS&nbsp;fs<br>
2600 53&nbsp;&nbsp;OnTrack&nbsp;DM6&nbsp;Aux3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ee&nbsp;&nbsp;EFI&nbsp;GPT<br>
2601 54&nbsp;&nbsp;OnTrackDM6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ef&nbsp;&nbsp;EFI&nbsp;(FAT-12/16/32)<br>
2602 55&nbsp;&nbsp;EZ-Drive&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f0&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux/PA-RISC&nbsp;boot<br>
2603 56&nbsp;&nbsp;Golden&nbsp;Bow&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f1&nbsp;&nbsp;SpeedStor<br>
2604 5c&nbsp;&nbsp;Priam&nbsp;Edisk&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f4&nbsp;&nbsp;SpeedStor<br>
2605 61&nbsp;&nbsp;SpeedStor&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f2&nbsp;&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;secondary<br>
2606 63&nbsp;&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;HURD&nbsp;or&nbsp;SysV&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fd&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;raid&nbsp;autodetect<br>
2607 64&nbsp;&nbsp;Novell&nbsp;Netware&nbsp;286&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fe&nbsp;&nbsp;LANstep<br>
2608 65&nbsp;&nbsp;Novell&nbsp;Netware&nbsp;386&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ff&nbsp;&nbsp;BBT<br>
2609 70&nbsp;&nbsp;DiskSecure&nbsp;Multi-Boot<br>
2610 75&nbsp;&nbsp;PC/IX</p>
2611 <p>The partitions you are most likely to see in use, are:</p>
2612 <ul>
2613 <li><b><font color="Red">FAT16 (ID = 6) </font></b><br>
2614 This is the old DOS partition type<br>
2615 You may still find it in pure DOS installations, like vendor diagnostics tool partitions, and small USB sticks (128 - 250 MB)</li>
2616 <li><b><font color="Green">HPFS/NTFS (ID = 7)</font></b><br>
2617 This is the <b>Windows XP</b> partition, also known as <b>NTFS</b></li>
2618 <li><b><font color="Red">W95 FAT32 (LBA) (ID = c)</font></b><br>
2619 This is the <b>Windows 95 - 98</b> partition<br>
2620 It is used in any kind of disk and large USB devices (1 GB and more)</li>
2621 <li><b><font color="Green">W95 Ext'd (LBA) (ID = f)</font></b><br>
2622 Extended partition. It acts as a container for other partitions<br>
2623 There is one more extended partition type (ID = 5), but it does not seem to be in use as much</li>
2624 <li><b><font color="Red">Linux swap / Solaris (ID = 82)</font></b><br>
2625 Swap partition, acting as <b>Virtual Memory</b><br>
2626 Modern computers with 1 - 2 GB of memory may not use it at all</li>
2627 <li><b><font color="Green">Linux (ID = 83)</font></b><br>
2628 Linux partitions, such as <b>ext2</b>, <b>ext3</b> and <b>reiserfs</b></li>
2629 </ul>
2630 <H2><a name="example"></a>Partitioning example <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2631 <p>This section contains a partitioning example. I simulate the following situation in a virtual machine:</p>
2632 <p>I have two partitions in my disk: <b>/dev/sda1</b> that contains a GNU/Linux distribution, and <b>/dev/sda2</b> that is a swap partition. Here we can see the output of <b>fdisk</b>:</p>
2633 <p class="newcode">root@sysresccd /root % fdisk -l<br>
2634 <br>
2635 Disk /dev/sda: 2097 MB, 2097152000 bytes<br>
2636 64 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1015 cylinders<br>
2637 Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 = 2064384 bytes<br>
2638 Disk identifier: 0x00058a4a<br>
2639 <br>
2640 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System<br>
2641 /dev/sda1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;812&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1636960+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
2642 /dev/sda2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;813&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1015&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;409248&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux swap / Solaris</p>
2643 <p>Now I'm going to install another distribution on the same disk. First of all, I need one more partition, because only one distro can be installed on one partition. In addition, I want to separate /home to its own partition in order to be able to share it between distributions.</p>
2644 <p>Because the whole disk is already allocated, I must shrink at least one existing partition in order to create new partitions. I'll shrink both of them to half (<b>/dev/sda1</b> from 1,6 gigabytes to 800 megabytes, and <b>/dev/sda2</b> from 400 MB to 200 MB). In addition, I'll move <b>/dev/sda2</b> right next to <b>/dev/sda1</b> to keep the partitions in order.</p>
2645 <p>But how many partitions there will be in total? One, two, three... four! Phew, I was near to paint myself into a corner. If I created only primary partitions, I'd be unable to create any more partitions on the disk. Thus, I'll create an extended partition instead and two logical partitions within it. Then I'll be able to create more logical partitions later if required.</p>
2646 <p>There is one more challenge: moving /home to a separate partition. It's very easy to move the folder itself, but the distro in <b>/dev/sda1</b> will surely be confused if it doesn't find /home when it boots next time. Thus, I must edit its <b>/etc/fstab</b> and configure it to mount the /home partition automatically - before booting the distro itself.
2647 <p>Now there are only two decisions left: the numbers and sizes of the new partitions. I decide to install the new distro to <b>/dev/sda5</b> and move /home to <b>/dev/sda6</b>. Let <b>/dev/sda5</b> be 800 megabytes and <b>/dev/sda6</b> 200 MB in size.</p>
2648 <p>Now it's time to boot into <b>SystemRescueCD</b>. Graphical mode is required this time.</p>
2649 <img src="images/systemrescuecd.png">
2650 <p>I close the terminal and open <b>GParted</b> by clicking the third icon in the bottom pane.</p>
2651 <img src="images/gparted-00.png">
2652 <p>I right-click the partition <b>/dev/sda1</b> and select <b>Resize/Move</b>.</p>
2653 <img src="images/gparted-01.png">
2654 <p>I enter 799 MB as the new size, click the <b>Free Space Following (MiB)</b> combo box and press <b>Resize/Move</b>.</p>
2655 <img src="images/gparted-02.png">
2656 <p>I right-click now <b>/dev/sda2</b> and select <b>Resize/Move</b>.</p>
2657 <img src="images/gparted-03.png">
2658 <p>I enter 0 MB as preceding free space and 200 MB as partition size, click the <b>Free Space Following (MiB)</b> combo box and press <b>Resize/Move</b>.</p>
2659 <img src="images/gparted-04.png">
2660 <p>I right-click the unallocated area and select <b>New</b>.</p>
2661 <img src="images/gparted-05.png">
2662 <p>I select <b>Extended Partition</b> as the partition type. The size was already 998 megabytes (the maximum) and as said, an extended partition doesn't contain any filesystem. I click <b>Add</b>.</p>
2663 <img src="images/gparted-06.png">
2664 <p>I right-click the unallocated area within the extended partition and select <b>New</b>.</p>
2665 <img src="images/gparted-07.png">
2666 <p>I choose the ext4 filesystem and enter 798 MB as the partition size. After that, I click first the <b>Free Space Following (MiB)</b> combo box and then <b>Add</b>.</p>
2667 <img src="images/gparted-08.png">
2668 <p>I right-click the remaining unallocated space and select <b>New</b> one more time.</p>
2669 <img src="images/gparted-09.png">
2670 <p>I choose the ext4 filesystem again. The partition size setting was already 201 megabytes (the whole available space), so I just press <b>Add</b>.</p>
2671 <img src="images/gparted-10.png">
2672 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
2673 The next step is to commit the changes.<br><br>After that some operations, for example<br>partition deletion, can no longer be undone.
2674 </td></tr></table></div>
2675 <p>Finally I commit the changes by pressing the rightmost icon in the main bar.</p>
2676 <img src="images/gparted-11.png">
2677 <p>After <i>slowly</i> reading the warning, I confirm my decisions by pressing <b>Apply</b>.</p>
2678 <img src="images/gparted-12.png">
2679 <p><b>GParted</b> begins to commit the changes...</p>
2680 <img src="images/gparted-13.png">
2681 <p>...and when everything is done, it shows me this window that I close.</p>
2682 <img src="images/gparted-14.png">
2683 <p>Then I can see the brand new partitions.</p>
2684 <H3><a name="partitions-home"></a>Moving /home <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2685 <p>I close <b>GParted</b> and launch <b>Terminal</b> by pressing the second icon in the bottom pane.</p>
2686 <p>I create directories as mount points:</p>
2687 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/sda1<br>
2688 mkdir /mnt/sda6</p>
2689 <p>Then I mount the partitions:</p>
2690 <p class="newcode">mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/sda1<br>
2691 mount /dev/sda6 /mnt/sda6</p>
2692 <p>I move the directory:</p>
2693 <p class="newcode">mv /mnt/sda1/home/* /mnt/sda6/</p>
2694 <p>After that, I unmount /dev/sda6, because it no longer needs to be mounted:</p>
2695 <p class="newcode">sync<br>
2696 umount /dev/sda6</p>
2697 <img src="images/terminal.png">
2698 <p>As you can see, under Linux it's perfectly normal that the terminal doesn't answer to the commands. Don't worry - they are really executed.</p>
2699 <p>Now I close <b>Terminal</b> and launch <b>Geany</b> by pressing the fourth icon in the bottom pane.</p>
2700 <img src="images/geany-00.png">
2701 <p>I select <b>File</b> -> <b>Open</b>.</p>
2702 <img src="images/geany-01.png">
2703 <p>I press <b>File System</b> and navigate to folder <b>/mnt/sda1/etc</b>.</p>
2704 <img src="images/geany-02.png">
2705 <p>I double-click the file <b>fstab</b>.</p>
2706 <img src="images/geany-03.png">
2707 <p>I add the following line:</p>
2708 <p class="newcode">/dev/sda6&nbsp;/home&nbsp;ext4&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;0&nbsp;2</p>
2709 <p>Finally, I select <b>File</b> -> <b>Save</b>.</p>
2710 <img src="images/geany-04.png">
2711 <p>It's a good idea to reboot the computer now and check if the distribution in <b>/dev/sda1</b> still works. Anyway, the disk should now be ready for the new distro.</p>
2712 <a name="recover-top"></a>
2713 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="recover-intro"></a>Data Recovery <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2714 <p>Deleted or "lost" files can be recovered from failed or formatted drives and partitions, cdroms and memory cards using the software available in <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.
2715 Unless you can rule out hardware failure, you must not write to the failed device. The following software will passively try to recover your data from failed or failing hardware. If your data is not replaceable, do not attempt to write to the failed device if the following applications do not work but seek professional advice instead.<br>
2716 <br>
2717 If your device is damaged, it is advisable to image the device and work on the image file for data recovery. If hardware failure is not the problem, you can recover data directly from the device.<br>
2718 <br>
2719 To recover data from a failed device, you will need another device of equal or greater storage capacity onto which to save your data. If you need to make an image of the failed device, you will need yet another quantity of space.<br>
2720 <br>
2721 I should state here, that I haven't used any of these tools recently (other than plain and simple <b>dd</b>, a long time ago, which I found to be very slow), so I couldn't recommend any of them. Any comments on a tool's usability found in this page, is just what I found on the Net.</p>
2722 <H2><a name="recover-dr"></a>Partition recovery <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2723 <p>If you made a mistake while partitioning and the partition no longer appears in the partition table, so long as you have not written data in that space, all your data is still there and can be restored.</p>
2724 <p>When changing the partition table on your hard drive, you must ensure that no partition on the disk is mounted. This includes swap space. In order to restore your partition, execute:</p>
2725 <p class="newcode">swapoff -a<br>
2726 parted /dev/old_disk</p>
2727 <p>Then, use the rescue option:</p>
2728 <p class="newcode">rescue START END</p>
2729 <p>where <b>START</b> is the area of the disk where you believe the partition began and <b>END</b> is it's end. If parted finds a potential partition, it will ask you if you want to add it to the partition table.</p>
2730 <p><b>Note:</b> <a href="#recover-testdisk">TestDisk</a> can also be used to recover a "lost" partition.</p>
2731 <H2><a name="recover-dr"></a>Disk / files recovery <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2732 <H3><a name="recover-dd"></a>Using dd <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2733 <p>In order to duplicate a disk to another disk, execute</p>
2734 <p class="newcode">dd if=/dev/old_disk of=/dev/new_disk conv=noerror,sync</p>
2735 <p>or to create an image file</p>
2736 <p class="newcode">dd if=/dev/old_disk of=image_file conv=noerror</p>
2737 <p>Be careful, if you are copying a disk, the destination must also be a disk, not a partition. If you are copying a partition, the destination partition must be large enough. Copying the whole disk is recommended.<br>
2738 <br>
2739 To speed up the copy process, you can append <b>bs=8k</b>, it will read/write the disk by 16 sectors at a time.</p>
2740 <H3><a name="recover-dd-rescue"></a>Using dd_rescue <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2741 <p>Like dd, <a href="http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/" target="_blank">dd_rescue</a> does copy data from one file or block device to another. You can specify file positions (called seek and skip in dd). There are several differences:</p>
2742 <ul>
2743 <li>dd_rescue does not provide character conversions.</li>
2744 <li>The command syntax is different. Call <b>dd_rescue -h</b>.</li>
2745 <li>dd_rescue does not abort on errors on the input file, unless you specify a maximum error number. Then dd_rescue will abort when this number is reached.</li>
2746 <li>dd_rescue does not truncate the output file, unless asked to.</li>
2747 <li>You can tell dd_rescue to start from the end of a file and move backwards.</li>
2748 <li>It uses two block sizes, a large (soft) block size and a small (hard) block size. In case of errors, the size falls back to the small one and is promoted again after a while without errors.</li>
2749 <li>It does not (yet) support non-seekable in- or output.</li>
2750 </ul>
2751 <p>In order to duplicate a disk to another disk, execute</p>
2752 <p class="newcode">dd_rescue -A -v /dev/old_disk /dev/new_disk</b></p>
2753 <p>or to create an image file</p>
2754 <p class="newcode">dd_rescue -A -v /dev/old_disk image_file</b></p>
2755 <p>The copying should go very quickly until it hits a bad sector and then it will slow down to take smaller chunks of data. People have reported very good results with this technique.</p>
2756 <H3><a name="recover-gnu-ddrescue"></a>Using GNU ddrescue <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2757 <p>The GNU site describes GNU ddrescue as a data recovery tool, and lists these features:</p>
2758 <ul>
2759 <li>It copies data from one file or block device (hard disc, CD-ROM, etc) to another, trying hard to rescue data in case of read errors.</li>
2760 <li>It does not truncate the output file if not asked to, so every time you run it on the same output file, it tries to fill in the gaps.</li>
2761 <li>It is designed to be fully automatic.</li>
2762 <li>If you use the log file feature of GNU ddrescue, the data is rescued very efficiently (only the needed blocks are read). Also you can interrupt the rescue at any time and resume it later at the same point.</li>
2763 <li>The log file is periodically saved to disc. So in case of a crash you can resume the rescue with little recopying.</li>
2764 <li>If you have two or more damaged copies of a file, CD-ROM, etc, and run GNU ddrescue on all of them, one at a time, with the same output file, you will probably obtain a complete and error-free file. The probability of having damaged areas at the same places on different input files is very low. Using the log file, only the needed blocks are read from the second and successive copies.</li>
2765 <li>The same log file can be used for multiple commands that copy different areas of the file, and for multiple recovery attempts over different subsets.</li>
2766 </ul>
2767 <p>The algorithm of GNU ddrescue is as follows:</p>
2768 <ol>
2769 <li>Optionally read a log file describing the status of a multi-part or previously interrupted rescue.</li>
2770 <li>Read the non-damaged parts of the input file, skipping the damaged areas, until the requested size is reached, or until interrupted by the user.</li>
2771 <li>Try to read the damaged areas, splitting them into smaller pieces and reading the non-damaged pieces, until the hardware block size is reached, or until interrupted by the user.</li>
2772 <li>Try to read the damaged hardware blocks until the specified number of retries is reached, or until interrupted by the user.</li>
2773 <li>Optionally write a log file for later use.</li>
2774 </ol>
2775 <p><b>Note:</b> GNU ddrescue is considered to be the best recovery tool available.</p>
2776 <p>In order to duplicate a disk to another disk, execute</p>
2777 <p class="newcode">ddrescue -vr3 /dev/old_disk /dev/new_disk logfile</b></p>
2778 <p>or to create an image file</p>
2779 <p class="newcode">ddrescue -vr3 /dev/old_disk image_file logfile</b></p>
2780 <p>If the disk is failing fast and you want to get the most data out of it on the first try, you should probably use "<b>-n</b>" on the first run. This will avoid splitting error areas. Subsequent runs can use "<b>-r1</b>" or "<b>-r3</b>", without "<b>-n</b>", to retry those error areas.</p>
2781 <p>To summarise, we execute:</p>
2782 <p class="newcode">ddrescue -vn /dev/old_disk image_file logfile<br>
2783 ddrescue -v -r3 -C /dev/old_disk image_file logfile</p>
2784 <p><b>Note:</b> When working with CD-ROMs you should probably specific "<b>-b 2048</b>"</p>
2785 <H3><a name="recover-foremost"></a>Using Foremost <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2786 <p><a href="http://foremost.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">Foremost</a> is a console program to recover files based on their headers, footers, and internal data structures. This process is commonly referred to as data carving. Foremost can work on image files, such as those generated by dd, Safeback, Encase, etc, or directly on a drive. The headers and footers can be specified by a configuration file or you can use command line switches to specify built-in file types. These built-in types look at the data structures of a given file format allowing for a more reliable and faster recovery.</p>
2787 <p>It can be run on an image file created with any of the above tools, to extract files:</p>
2788 <p class="newcode">foremost -i image -o /recovery/foremost</p>
2789 <p>Foremost can be instructed to recover only specific file types, using the <b>-t</b> command line parameter. In the following example Foremost will extract only jpg files:</p>
2790 <p class="newcode">foremost -t jpg -i image -o /recovery/foremost</p>
2791 <p>Available types are: jpg, gif, png, bmp, avi, exe (Windows binaries and DLLs), wav, riff, wmv (will extract wma also), mov, pdf, ole (will extract any file using the OLE file structure; this includes PowerPoint, Word, Excel, Access, and StarWriter), doc, zip (will extract .jar files and Open Office docs as well; this includes SXW, SXC, SXI, and SX? for undetermined OpenOffice files), rar, html and cpp.</p>
2792 <H3><a name="recover-testdisk"></a>Using TestDisk <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2793 <p><a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" target="_blank">TestDisk</a> was primarily designed to help <b>recover "lost" partitions</b> and/or <b>make non-booting disks bootable again</b> <i>when</i> these symptoms are caused by <i>faulty software</i>, certain types of <i>viruses</i> or <i>human error</i> (such as <i>accidentally</i> deleting a Partition Table). Partition table recovery using TestDisk is really easy.<br>
2794 <br>
2795 TestDisk can</p>
2796 <ul>
2797 <li> Fix partition table, recover deleted partition</li>
2798 <li> Recover FAT32 boot sector from its backup</li>
2799 <li> Rebuild FAT12/FAT16/FAT32 boot sector</li>
2800 <li> Fix FAT tables</li>
2801 <li> Rebuild NTFS boot sector</li>
2802 <li> Recover NTFS boot sector from its backup</li>
2803 <li> Fix MFT using MFT mirror</li>
2804 <li> Locate ext2/ext3 Backup SuperBlock</li>
2805 </ul>
2806 <p>Some great tutorials are available at TestDisk's site: "<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk_Step_By_Step" target="_blank">TestDisk Step By Step</a>", "<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/Running_TestDisk" target="_blank">Running TestDisk</a>", "<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/Data_Recovery_Examples" target="_blank">Data Recovery Examples</a>" etc.
2807 </p>
2808 <H3><a name="recover-photorec"></a>Using PhotoRec <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2809 <p><a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec" target ="_blank">PhotoRec</a> is file data recovery software designed to recover "lost" files including video, documents and archives from Hard Disks and CDRom and "lost" pictures (thus, its 'Photo Recovery' name) from digital camera memory. PhotoRec ignores the filesystem and goes after the underlying data, so it will still work even if your media's filesystem has been severely damaged or re-formatted.<br>
2810 <br>
2811 For more safety, PhotoRec uses read-only access to handle the drive or memory support you are about to recover "lost" data from.<br>
2812 <br>
2813 <b>Important</b>: As soon as a pic or file is accidentally deleted, or you discover any missing, do NOT save any more pics or files to that memory device or hard disk drive; otherwise you may overwrite your "lost" data. This means that even using PhotoRec, you must not choose to write the recovered files to the same partition they were stored on.<br>
2814 <br>
2815 A great tutorial titled "<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec_Step_By_Step" target="_blank">PhotoRec Step By Step</a>" can be found at PhotoRec's site.</p>
2816 <H2><a name="recover-links"></a>Links &amp; resources <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2817 <p>This page is a compilation of the following pages:</p>
2818 <p>DataRecovery<br>
2819 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DataRecovery" target="_blank">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DataRecovery</a></p>
2820 <p>Hard Drive Recovery, Ubuntu-Style<br>
2821 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://blogs.sun.com/superpat/tags/ddrescue" target="_blank">http://blogs.sun.com/superpat/tags/ddrescue</a></p>
2822 <p>Recover Data and (deleted) Partition with Linux from Hard Drives, CD-ROMs or DVDs<br>
2823 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://sysblogd.wordpress.com/2008/01/05/data-recovery-with-linux-from-hard-drives-cd-roms-or-dvds/" target="_blank">http://sysblogd.wordpress.com/2008/01/05/data-recovery-with-linux-from-hard-drives-cd-roms-or-dvds/</a></p>
2824 <p>dd_rescue<br>
2825 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/" target="_blank">http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/</a></p>
2826 <p>gddrescue: a tool for recovering data from damaged media<br>
2827 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://debaday.debian.net/2007/12/12/gddrescue-a-tool-for-recovering-data-from-damaged-media/" target="_blank">http://debaday.debian.net/2007/12/12/gddrescue-a-tool-for-recovering-data-from-damaged-media/</a></p>
2828 <p>Foremost<br>
2829 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://foremost.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">http://foremost.sourceforge.net/</a></p>
2830 <p>TestDisk<br>
2831 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" target="_blank">http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk</a></p>
2832 <p>PhotoRec<br>
2833 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec" target="_blank">http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec</a></p>
2834 <a name="scripts-top"></a>
2835 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="scripts-intro"></a>Clonezilla-SysRescCD own scripts <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#scripts-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2836 <p>In this page I will present the scripts I have ever written for <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b></p>
2837 <H2><a name="scripts-what-cd"></a>what-cd <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#scripts-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2838 <p>Included in: <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br><br>
2839 This script determines the device names for your CDs/DVDs, and whether they can read/write CD/DVD-ROMs<br><br>
2840 Its help screen is the following:</p>
2841 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">what-cd&nbsp;-h</font><br>
2842 what-cd&nbsp;-&nbsp;v&nbsp;1.0.0&nbsp;-&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Georgaras&nbsp;&lt;sng@hellug.gr&gt;<br>
2843 <br>
2844 what-cd&nbsp;will&nbsp;try&nbsp;to&nbsp;identify&nbsp;your&nbsp;CD/DVDs<br>
2845 You&nbsp;can&nbsp;use&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;identify&nbsp;the&nbsp;device&nbsp;name&nbsp;of&nbsp;your&nbsp;CD-Reader&nbsp;(default),<br>
2846 CD-Writer,&nbsp;DVD-Reader,&nbsp;and&nbsp;DVD-Writer.<br>
2847 <br>
2848 Usage:&nbsp;what-cd&nbsp;[options]<br>
2849 Availabe&nbsp;options&nbsp;are:<br>
2850 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;info&nbsp;about&nbsp;DVDs<br>
2851 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;w&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;info&nbsp;about&nbsp;writers<br>
2852 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch&nbsp;mode.&nbsp;Only&nbsp;print&nbsp;one&nbsp;device&nbsp;name.<br>
2853 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;more&nbsp;than&nbsp;one&nbsp;device&nbsp;is&nbsp;found,&nbsp;print<br>
2854 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nothing.&nbsp;For&nbsp;use&nbsp;with&nbsp;scripts<br>
2855 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e&nbsp;deviceID&nbsp;&nbsp;Eject&nbsp;device&nbsp;deviceID<br>
2856 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accecpable&nbsp;values:&nbsp;-1...num&nbsp;of&nbsp;devices<br>
2857 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use&nbsp;-1&nbsp;when&nbsp;in&nbsp;batch&nbsp;mode<br>
2858 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;version&nbsp;info&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit<br>
2859 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;h&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;this&nbsp;screen&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit</p>
2860 <p>Its typical usage would be to identify the DVD writer:</p>
2861 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">what-cd -dw</font><br>
2862 Device /dev/hdd (id=0) can not write DVDs<br>
2863 Device <font color="Magenta">/dev/hdc</font> (id=1) can write DVDs</p>
2864 <p>When used in batch mode, it will only print a device name. This is especially useful in scripts, but also in the command line, as shown in section "<a href="restore.html#burn">Burning the DVD</a>".</p>
2865 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">what-cd -dwb</font><br>
2866 /dev/hdc</p>
2867 <H2><a name="scripts-cont-cd"></a>continue-multi-cd <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#scripts-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2868 <p>Included in: <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br><br>
2869 <b>continue-multi-cd</b> helps you append data to a multi session CD; that is it helps you prepare and burn any consecutive sessions to it. It may lack some of the functionality you would have had if you used the command line tools themselves (mksiofs and cdrecord), but because of it, it keeps you away from writing a lot of parameters.<br><br>
2870 You could use it for example, to burn some extra documentation to <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> CD, but you cannot use it to change the configuration files of <b>isolinux</b>, as it just reads the first session when booting.<br><br>
2871 <p>Its help screen is the following:</p>
2872 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">continue-multi-cd&nbsp;-h</font><br>
2873 continue-multi-cd&nbsp;-&nbsp;v&nbsp;2.0.0&nbsp;-&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Georgaras&nbsp;&lt;sng@hellug.gr&gt;<br>
2874 <br>
2875 Usage:&nbsp;continue-multi-cd&nbsp;[options]&nbsp;&lt;path&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;added&nbsp;to&nbsp;CD&gt;<br>
2876 <br>
2877 Available&nbsp;options&nbsp;are:<br>
2878 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Specify&nbsp;write&nbsp;device&nbsp;(in&nbsp;case&nbsp;auto&nbsp;detection&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;work)<br>
2879 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Close&nbsp;the&nbsp;CD.&nbsp;No&nbsp;more&nbsp;burning&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;possible<br>
2880 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default&nbsp;is&nbsp;to&nbsp;leave&nbsp;it&nbsp;open<br>
2881 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;l&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't&nbsp;burn&nbsp;the&nbsp;CD&nbsp;after&nbsp;image&nbsp;creation<br>
2882 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;o&nbsp;&lt;image&nbsp;name&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Save&nbsp;the&nbsp;image&nbsp;file&nbsp;as&nbsp;&lt;image&nbsp;name&gt;<br>
2883 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;r&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Remove&nbsp;the&nbsp;image&nbsp;file&nbsp;after&nbsp;burning<br>
2884 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On&nbsp;the&nbsp;fly&nbsp;burning&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;CD.&nbsp;No&nbsp;image&nbsp;file&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;created<br>
2885 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;version&nbsp;info&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit<br>
2886 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;h&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;this&nbsp;screen&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit</p>
2887 <p>You have to note one thing though: the folder <b>&lt;path&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;added&nbsp;to&nbsp;CD&gt;</b> will not be present on the CD; only its contents will.<br><br>
2888 Let's suppose that you want to add to the CD the folder <b>extra-doc</b>, which contains <b>q-a.html</b> and <b>faq.html</b>, and that its full path is <b>/home/user/extra-doc</b>. If you issue the command</p>
2889 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">continue-multi-cd -mwr /home/user/extra-doc</font></p>
2890 <p>you will not have a <b>extra-doc</b> folder on the root of your CD, but the files <b>q-a.html</b> and <b>faq.html</b> will be present there.</p>
2891 <p>In order to have <b>extra-doc</b> on the CD, you have to copy it to a temporary location and pass that path to <b>continue-multi-cd</b>. Let's see how it's done:</p>
2892 <p class="newcode">mkdir -p /tmp/for-the-cd<br>
2893 cp -r /home/user/extra-doc /tmp/for-the-cd<br>
2894 <font color="Green">continue-multi-cd -r /tmp/for-the-cd</font><br>
2895 rm -rf /tmp/for-the-cd</p>
2896 <H2><a name="scripts-startx"></a>startx-ttf-ati <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#scripts-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2897 <p>Included in: <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br><br>
2898 This script will help you start the X server (graphical environment), if you have a ATI video card and a TTF monitor. The normal <b>startx</b> command will not work in this case; you will end up with a blank screen.</p>
2899 <p><span class="red">&nbsp;Update:&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<b>startx-ttf-ati</b> has been removed in version 3.1.0, since the "ATI video card vs. TTF monitor" problem has been resolved.
2900 <a name="annex-a-top"></a>
2901 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="annex-a-intro"></a>Identifying devices in Linux <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2902 <p>This page is intended to help new Linux users and Windows users identify their hard disks / CD ROMs in a Linux box.<br><br>
2903 Linux disks and partition names may be different from other operating systems. You need to know the names that Linux uses when you format, mount or select partitions or disks.<br><br>
2904 Linux uses the so called <b>device name</b> to access disks and partitions. You can think of it as a link to the actual driver of the disk. All available devices have a corresponding file in <b>/dev</b> (e.g. /dev/hda1).<br><br>
2905 In general, each disk / CD-ROM has a three letter name, for example <b>hda</b>. Each partition in such a disk has a number associated with it, starting from 1. So the first partition of disk <b>hda</b> would be <b>hda<font color="Red">1</font></b>, the second <b>hda<font color="Red">2</font></b> and so on.<br><br>
2906 Depending on the device type, Linux gives the following names to devices:</p>
2907 <ul>
2908 <li><b>IDE (ATA) floppies</b><br>
2909 The first floppy drive is named <b>/dev/fd0</b>.<br>
2910 The second floppy drive is named <b>/dev/fd1</b>.</li>
2911 <li><b>IDE (ATA) disks /CD-ROMs</b><br>
2912 The master disk on IDE primary controller is named <b>/dev/hda</b>.<br>
2913 The slave disk on IDE primary controller is named <b>/dev/hdb</b>.<br>
2914 The master and slave disks of the secondary controller can be called <b>/dev/hdc</b> and <b>/dev/hdd</b>, respectively.<br><br>
2915 Linux represents the primary partitions as the drive name, plus the numbers 1 through 4. For example, the first primary partition on the first IDE drive is <b>/dev/hda1</b>. The logical partitions are numbered starting at 5, so the first logical partition on that same drive is <b>/dev/hda5</b>. Remember that the extended partition, that is, the primary partition holding the logical partitions, is not usable by itself. This applies to SCSI disks as well as IDE disks.</li>
2916 <li><b>SCSI disks</b><br>
2917 The first SCSI disk (SCSI ID address-wise) is named <b>/dev/sda</b>.<br>
2918 The second SCSI disk (address-wise) is named <b>/dev/sdb</b>, and so on.</li>
2919 <li><b>SCSI CD-ROMs</b><br>
2920 The first SCSI CD-ROM is named <b>/dev/scd0</b>, also known as <b>/dev/sr0</b>.<br>
2921 The second SCSI CD-ROM is named <b>/dev/scd1</b>, also known as <b>/dev/sr1</b>, and so on.</li>
2922 <li><b>USB disks</b><br>
2923 They are named just like SCSI disks. The only difference is that the partition number has to do with the file system on the disk. If it's <b>/dev/sdx<font color="Red">4</font></b>, then it's a VFAT file system and if it's <b>/dev/sdx<font color="Red">1</font></b> it's probably a linux (ext2, ext3) file system.</li>
2924 </ul>
2925 <H2><a name="annex-a-examples"></a>Examples <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2926 <p>In order to identify the disks of a system you have to work with, a basic knowledge of its configuration (how many disks it has, whether it's a dual-boot system etc.) is welcomed but not required. A more experienced user will not have to worry about it, though.<br><br>
2927 Linux systems based on a 2.6.x kernel (like <b>Clonezilla Live</b> and <b>SystemRescueCD</b>) provide all the necessary support to identify a system's disk configuration, with just a couple of commands.</p>
2928 <H3><a name="annex-a-ex1"></a>Example 1 [<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2929 <p>The first system I have to work with is a dual-boot system (Windows - Linux), with two disks and two DVD-ROMs.<br><br>
2930 The first command will tell me what disks and partitions exist in the system. So here it is:</p>
2931 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
2932 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
2933 <br>
2934 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;312571224&nbsp;<font color="Red">hda</font><br>
2935 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23446836&nbsp;hda1<br>
2936 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40957717&nbsp;hda2<br>
2937 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;245240257&nbsp;hda3<br>
2938 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2923830&nbsp;hda4<br>
2939 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;244198584&nbsp;<font color="Red">hdb</font><br>
2940 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41945683&nbsp;hdb1<br>
2941 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2104515&nbsp;hdb2<br>
2942 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;hdb3<br>
2943 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;68&nbsp;&nbsp;125909437&nbsp;hdb4<br>
2944 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236333&nbsp;hdb5</p>
2945 <p>The output of this command tells me that the system has two disks (<b><font color="Red">hda</font></b> and <b><font color="Red">hdb</font></b>) which are the primary master and slave devices.<br><br>
2946 The first disk contains four primary partitions (hda1-hda4) and the second one four primary partitions (hdb1-hdb4) and a logical one (hdb5). Wait a minute!!! this can't be right... In order to have a logical partition, I must have a primary that contains it, which means that in this case I can't have four primary partitions. So what is really happening here is that I have two primary and two logical, plus an extended primary which contains them.<br><br>
2947 What remains to be found is what type of partitions they are. I will find that out by executing the following commands:<p>
2948 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">fdisk -l /dev/hda</font><br>
2949 <br>
2950 Disk /dev/hda: 320.0 GB, 320072933376 bytes<br>
2951 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders<br>
2952 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br>
2953 <br>
2954 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System<br>
2955 /dev/hda1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2919&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23446836&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS<br>
2956 /dev/hda2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2920&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8018&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40957717+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS<br>
2957 /dev/hda3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8019&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;38549&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;245240257+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS<br>
2958 /dev/hda4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;38550&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;38913&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2923830&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;swap&nbsp;/&nbsp;Solaris<br>
2959 <br>
2960 <br>
2961 # <font color="Green">fdisk -l /dev/hdb</font><br>
2962 <br>
2963 Disk /dev/hdb: 250.0 GB, 250059350016 bytes<br>
2964 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders<br>
2965 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br>
2966 <br>
2967 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System<br>
2968 /dev/hdb1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5222&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41945683+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
2969 /dev/hdb2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5223&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5484&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2104515&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;swap&nbsp;/&nbsp;Solaris<br>
2970 /dev/hdb3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5485&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14726&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236365&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;Ext'd&nbsp;(LBA)<br>
2971 /dev/hdb4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14727&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30401&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;125909437+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
2972 /dev/hdb5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5485&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14726&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236333+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux</p>
2973 <p>Ok, this clears things up. The first disk contains three Windows XP partitions (NTFS) and a Linux Swap partition. In fact, <b>/dev/hda1</b> is the system "disk" for Windows, since Windows will always be installed in the first partition of the primary master disk.<br><br>
2974 The second disk, on the other hand, contains a Linux partition (<b>/dev/hdb1</b>), a Linux Swap partition <b>/dev/hdb2</b>, and an extended partition <b>/dev/hdb3</b> which contains two more Linux partitions (<b>/dev/hdb4</b> and <b>/dev/hdb5</b>).<br><br>
2975 The final thing we need to know about this system is what CD/DVD-ROMs it has. So I execute the command:</p>
2976 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info</font><br>
2977 CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17<br>
2978 <br>
2979 drive&nbsp;name:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">hdd</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">hdc</font><br>
2980 drive&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;126<br>
2981 drive&nbsp;#&nbsp;of&nbsp;slots:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2982 Can&nbsp;close&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2983 Can&nbsp;open&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2984 Can&nbsp;lock&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2985 Can&nbsp;change&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2986 Can&nbsp;select&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
2987 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;multisession:&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2988 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MCN:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2989 Reports&nbsp;media&nbsp;changed:&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2990 Can&nbsp;play&nbsp;audio:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2991 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2992 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-RW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2993 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;DVD:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2994 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2995 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
2996 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
2997 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
2998 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</p>
2999 <p>The system has two DVD-ROMs, <b><font color="Red">hdc</font></b> which is the secondary master and is a DVD writer, and <b><font color="Red">hdd</font></b> which is the secondary slave and is a DVD reader.<br><br>
3000 At this point I will connect my USB stick, wait for a while and execute the command:</p>
3001 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
3002 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
3003 <br>
3004 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;312571224&nbsp;hda<br>
3005 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23446836&nbsp;hda1<br>
3006 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40957717&nbsp;hda2<br>
3007 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;245240257&nbsp;hda3<br>
3008 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2923830&nbsp;hda4<br>
3009 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;244198584&nbsp;hdb<br>
3010 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41945683&nbsp;hdb1<br>
3011 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2104515&nbsp;hdb2<br>
3012 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;hdb3<br>
3013 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;68&nbsp;&nbsp;125909437&nbsp;hdb4<br>
3014 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236333&nbsp;hdb5<br>
3015 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1007615&nbsp;<font color="Red">sda</font><br>
3016 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1006576&nbsp;sda4</p>
3017 <p>As you can see, we have two more lines here, that reflect the changes to our system (the connection of the USB device). So my USB stick is recognized by the system as <b><font color="Red">sda</font></b>, and the disk itself contains a VFAT file system.</p>
3018 <H3><a name="annex-a-ex2"></a>Example 2 [<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
3019 <p>The second system is a Linux box with one SCSI disk and a CD-ROM. Again I issue the command:</p>
3020 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
3021 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
3022 <br>
3023 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;156290904&nbsp;<font color="Red">sda</font><br>
3024 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64228&nbsp;sda1<br>
3025 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667&nbsp;sda2<br>
3026 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667&nbsp;sda3<br>
3027 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;124744725&nbsp;sda4</p>
3028 <p>From its output I see I only have one disk <b><font color="Red">sda</font></b>, which contains four partitions.<br><br>
3029 Then I execute <b>fdisk</b>, which shows me that the disk contains one DOS and three Linux partitions.</p>
3030 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">fdisk -l /dev/sda</font><br>
3031 Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes<br>
3032 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders<br>
3033 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br>
3034 <br>
3035 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System<br>
3036 /dev/sda1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64228+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;FAT16<br>
3037 /dev/sda2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1967&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
3038 /dev/sda3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1968&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3926&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
3039 /dev/sda4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3927&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19456&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;124744725&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux</p>
3040 <p>Finally I query its CD-ROMs, by executing the command:</p>
3041 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info</font><br>
3042 CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17<br>
3043 <br>
3044 drive&nbsp;name:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">hda</font><br>
3045 drive&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3046 drive&nbsp;#&nbsp;of&nbsp;slots:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3047 Can&nbsp;close&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3048 Can&nbsp;open&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3049 Can&nbsp;lock&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3050 Can&nbsp;change&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3051 Can&nbsp;select&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3052 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;multisession:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3053 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MCN:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3054 Reports&nbsp;media&nbsp;changed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3055 Can&nbsp;play&nbsp;audio:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3056 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3057 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-RW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3058 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;DVD:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3059 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3060 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3061 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3062 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3063 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</p>
3064 <p>Which tells me that I only have an IDE CD-ROM, (<b><font color="Red">hda</font></b>), which is actually a CD writer.<br><br>
3065 Then I connect my USB stick, and I get:</p>
3066 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
3067 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
3068 <br>
3069 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;156290904&nbsp;sda<br>
3070 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64228&nbsp;sda1<br>
3071 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667&nbsp;sda2<br>
3072 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667&nbsp;sda3<br>
3073 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;124744725&nbsp;sda4<br>
3074 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1007615&nbsp;<font color="Red">sdb</font><br>
3075 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1006576&nbsp;sdb4</p>
3076 <p>Although it's the same stick I used with the previous system, which was recognized as <b><font color="Red">sda</font></b> there, now its name is <b><font color="Red">sdb</font></b>. So, its name depends on the system it is connected to, and will not always be the same.</p>
3077 <H2><a name="annex-a-scsi-ata"></a>SCSI disks when there are none!!! <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
3078 <p>I am confused!!! I am on a disk with two ATA (PATA) disks, but when I query the partition list, this is what I get:</p>
3079 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
3080 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
3081 <br>
3082 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;312571224&nbsp;<font color="Red">sda</font><br>
3083 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23446836&nbsp;sda1<br>
3084 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40957717&nbsp;sda2<br>
3085 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;245240257&nbsp;sda3<br>
3086 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2923830&nbsp;sda4<br>
3087 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;244198584&nbsp;<font color="Red">sdb</font><br>
3088 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41945683&nbsp;sdb1<br>
3089 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2104515&nbsp;sdb2<br>
3090 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;sdb3<br>
3091 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;68&nbsp;&nbsp;125909437&nbsp;sdb4<br>
3092 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236333&nbsp;sdb5</p>
3093 <p>According to what's discussed up to now, the system seems to have two SCSI disks, but I know it actually has two ATA (PATA) disks. What's going on?.<br><br>
3094 What is really happening here is that you have one of the newest Linux kernels (using the libata disk driver), which shows <b>ALL</b> disks as SCSI. That does not mean that the system thinks it has SCSI disks, it just names them as such.<br><br>
3095 To make is clear, execute the commands:</p>
3096 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">hdparm&nbsp;-i&nbsp;/dev/sda</font><br>
3097 <br>
3098 /dev/sda:<br>
3099 <br>
3100 &nbsp;Model=WDC&nbsp;WD3200AAJB-00TYA0,&nbsp;FwRev=00.02C01,&nbsp;SerialNo=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;WD-WCAPZ0648927<br>
3101 &nbsp;Config={&nbsp;HardSect&nbsp;NotMFM&nbsp;HdSw>15uSec&nbsp;SpinMotCtl&nbsp;Fixed&nbsp;DTR>5Mbs&nbsp;FmtGapReq&nbsp;}<br>
3102 &nbsp;RawCHS=16383/16/63,&nbsp;TrkSize=0,&nbsp;SectSize=0,&nbsp;ECCbytes=50<br>
3103 &nbsp;BuffType=unknown,&nbsp;BuffSize=8192kB,&nbsp;MaxMultSect=16,&nbsp;MultSect=?16?<br>
3104 &nbsp;CurCHS=16383/16/63,&nbsp;CurSects=16514064,&nbsp;LBA=yes,&nbsp;LBAsects=268435455<br>
3105 &nbsp;IORDY=on/off,&nbsp;tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120},&nbsp;tDMA={min:120,rec:120}<br>
3106 &nbsp;PIO&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;pio0&nbsp;pio3&nbsp;pio4<br>
3107 &nbsp;DMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;mdma0&nbsp;mdma1&nbsp;mdma2<br>
3108 &nbsp;UDMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;udma0&nbsp;udma1&nbsp;udma2&nbsp;udma3&nbsp;udma4&nbsp;*udma5<br>
3109 &nbsp;AdvancedPM=no&nbsp;WriteCache=enabled<br>
3110 &nbsp;Drive&nbsp;conforms&nbsp;to:&nbsp;Unspecified:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7</font><br>
3111 <br>
3112 &nbsp;*&nbsp;signifies&nbsp;the&nbsp;current&nbsp;active&nbsp;mode<br>
3113 <br>
3114 <br>
3115 # <font color="Green">hdparm&nbsp;-i&nbsp;/dev/sdb</font><br>
3116 <br>
3117 /dev/sdb:<br>
3118 <br>
3119 &nbsp;Model=WDC&nbsp;WD2500JB-00GVC0,&nbsp;FwRev=08.02D08,&nbsp;SerialNo=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;WD-WCAL76141931<br>
3120 &nbsp;Config={&nbsp;HardSect&nbsp;NotMFM&nbsp;HdSw>15uSec&nbsp;SpinMotCtl&nbsp;Fixed&nbsp;DTR>5Mbs&nbsp;FmtGapReq&nbsp;}<br>
3121 &nbsp;RawCHS=16383/16/63,&nbsp;TrkSize=57600,&nbsp;SectSize=600,&nbsp;ECCbytes=74<br>
3122 &nbsp;BuffType=DualPortCache,&nbsp;BuffSize=8192kB,&nbsp;MaxMultSect=16,&nbsp;MultSect=?16?<br>
3123 &nbsp;CurCHS=16383/16/63,&nbsp;CurSects=16514064,&nbsp;LBA=yes,&nbsp;LBAsects=268435455<br>
3124 &nbsp;IORDY=on/off,&nbsp;tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120},&nbsp;tDMA={min:120,rec:120}<br>
3125 &nbsp;PIO&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;pio0&nbsp;pio1&nbsp;pio2&nbsp;pio3&nbsp;pio4<br>
3126 &nbsp;DMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;mdma0&nbsp;mdma1&nbsp;mdma2<br>
3127 &nbsp;UDMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;udma0&nbsp;udma1&nbsp;udma2&nbsp;udma3&nbsp;udma4&nbsp;*udma5<br>
3128 &nbsp;AdvancedPM=no&nbsp;WriteCache=enabled<br>
3129 &nbsp;Drive&nbsp;conforms&nbsp;to:&nbsp;Unspecified:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6</font><br>
3130 <br>
3131 &nbsp;*&nbsp;signifies&nbsp;the&nbsp;current&nbsp;active&nbsp;mode</p>
3132 <p>This is also valid for the CDs/DVDs of the system:</p>
3133 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info</font><br>
3134 CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17<br>
3135 <br>
3136 drive&nbsp;name:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">sr1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">sr0</font><br>
3137 drive&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;126<br>
3138 drive&nbsp;#&nbsp;of&nbsp;slots:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3139 Can&nbsp;close&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3140 Can&nbsp;open&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3141 Can&nbsp;lock&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3142 Can&nbsp;change&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3143 Can&nbsp;select&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3144 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;multisession:&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3145 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MCN:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3146 Reports&nbsp;media&nbsp;changed:&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3147 Can&nbsp;play&nbsp;audio:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3148 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3149 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-RW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3150 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;DVD:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3151 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3152 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3153 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3154 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3155 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</p>
3156 <p>While the <b><font color="Green">hdparm</font></b> shows they are ATA devices:</p>
3157 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">hdparm&nbsp;-i&nbsp;/dev/sr0</font><br>
3158 <br>
3159 /dev/sr0:<br>
3160 <br>
3161 &nbsp;Model=HL-DT-ST&nbsp;DVDRAM&nbsp;GSA-H42L,&nbsp;FwRev=SL01&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,&nbsp;SerialNo=K286CQF2231&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
3162 &nbsp;Config={&nbsp;Fixed&nbsp;Removeable&nbsp;DTR<=5Mbs&nbsp;DTR>10Mbs&nbsp;nonMagnetic&nbsp;}<br>
3163 &nbsp;RawCHS=0/0/0,&nbsp;TrkSize=0,&nbsp;SectSize=0,&nbsp;ECCbytes=0<br>
3164 &nbsp;BuffType=unknown,&nbsp;BuffSize=0kB,&nbsp;MaxMultSect=0<br>
3165 &nbsp;(maybe):&nbsp;CurCHS=0/0/0,&nbsp;CurSects=0,&nbsp;LBA=yes,&nbsp;LBAsects=0<br>
3166 &nbsp;IORDY=on/off,&nbsp;tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120},&nbsp;tDMA={min:120,rec:120}<br>
3167 &nbsp;PIO&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;pio0&nbsp;pio3&nbsp;pio4<br>
3168 &nbsp;DMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;mdma0&nbsp;mdma1&nbsp;mdma2<br>
3169 &nbsp;UDMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;udma0&nbsp;udma1&nbsp;*udma2&nbsp;udma3&nbsp;udma4<br>
3170 &nbsp;AdvancedPM=no<br>
3171 &nbsp;Drive&nbsp;conforms&nbsp;to:&nbsp;unknown:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">ATA/ATAPI-4,5,6,7</font><br>
3172 <br>
3173 &nbsp;*&nbsp;signifies&nbsp;the&nbsp;current&nbsp;active&nbsp;mode<br>
3174 <br></p>
3175 <a name="shots-top"></a>
3176 <p align="center"><img src="images/clonezilla-sysresccd-1.png" border="0" alt="The splash screen of v 2.4.0"><br>
3177 The splash screen of v 2.6.0<br><br><img src="images/clonezilla-sysresccd-2.png" border="0" alt="The splash screen of my test Restore DVD (v 2.4.0)"><br>
3178 The splash screen of my test Restore DVD (v 2.6.0)<br>
3179 As you can see, I have used the option <i><b>-I "Restore sda (250MB Stick)"</b></i><br>
3180 to master the DVD</p>
3181 <p>You may also want to see:</p>
3182 <p>SystemRescueCD Screenshots - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Screenshots" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Screenshots</a><br>
3183 Clonezilla Live - <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/screenshot/" target="_blank">http://www.clonezilla.org/screenshot/</a><br>
3184 Screenshots about Clonezilla - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/screenshot/?in_path=/01_Clonezilla" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/screenshot/?in_path=/01_Clonezilla</a><br><br>
3185 </p>
3186 <a name="help-top"></a>
3187 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="help-intro"></a>On the CD <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
3188 <p><b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> contains a copy of its web site and a text file containing some of these pages. To acces them:</p>
3189 <ol>
3190 <li><b>In Clonezilla Live</b><br><br>
3191 Type
3192 <p class="newcode">less /live/image/README.txt</p>
3193 </li>
3194 <li><b>In SystemRescueCD</b><br><br>
3195 Type
3196 <p class="newcode">less /livemnt/boot/README.txt</p>
3197 or
3198 <p class="newcode">links /livemnt/boot/README.html</p>
3199 to view the html pages in links web browser.</li>
3200 </ol>
3201 <H3><a name="searching"></a>Searching for text [<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
3202 <p>While in <b>less</b> you can use the command "<b>/</b>" to search for text.<br><br>
3203 For example, if you want to search for the word "<font color="Green"><b>Getting</b></font>", you just type:</p>
3204 <p class="newcode">/<font color="Green">Getting</font><p>
3205 <p>If you want to search for a phrase containing spaces, use "<b>\&nbsp;</b>" instead of "<b>&nbsp;</b>". For example, if you want to search for "<font color="Green"><b>Getting backups</b></font>", you have to type:</p>
3206 <p class="newcode">/<font color="Green">Getting</font><font color="Red">\&nbsp;</font><font color="Green">backups</font></p>
3207 Pressing "<b>n</b>" you will get to the next matching, and pressing "<b>N</b>" will get you to the previous one.<br><br>
3208 You can move around with the keyboard arrows and <b>PgUp</b>-<b>PgDn</b>.<br><br>
3209 Press <b>q</b> to exit.</p>
3210 <H2><a name="net"></a>On the Net <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
3211 <p>Clonezilla - <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/" target="_blank">http://www.clonezilla.org/</a><br>
3212 Clonezilla Live - <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/" target="_blank">http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/</a><br>
3213 Related articles - <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/related_article/" target="_blank">http://www.clonezilla.org/related_article/</a><br>
3214 DRBL - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/</a><br>
3215 DRBL FAQ/Q&#038;A - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/faq/" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/faq/</a><br>
3216 DRBL Forum - <a href="http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=73280" target="_blank">http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=73280</a><br>
3217 Wiki for DRBL - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/wiki/" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/wiki/</a><br>
3218 Mailing lists - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/mailing-lists/" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/mailing-lists/</a><br>
3219 LIVE-INITRAMFS - <a href="http://grml.org/online-docs/live-initramfs.en.7.html" target="_blank">http://grml.org/online-docs/live-initramfs.en.7.html</a><br>
3220 <br>
3221 SystemRescueCD - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page</a><br>
3222 Detailed packages list- <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Detailed-packages-list" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Detailed-packages-list</a><br>
3223 Manual - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Online-Manual-EN" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Online-Manual-EN</a><br>
3224 FAQ - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/FAQ" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/FAQ</a><br>
3225 Howto - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto</a><br>
3226 Forum - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/</a><br>
3227 <br>
3228 ntfs-3g - <a href="http://www.ntfs-3g.org/" target="_blank">http://www.ntfs-3g.org/</a><br>
3229 Linux-NTFS - <a href="http://www.linux-ntfs.org/" target="_blank">http://www.linux-ntfs.org/</a><br>
3230 Partimage - <a href="http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page</a><br>
3231 <br>
3232 Super Grub Disk Documentation - <a href="http://www.supergrubdisk.org/wiki/SuperGrubDiskDocumentation" target="_blank">http://www.supergrubdisk.org/wiki/SuperGrubDiskDocumentation</a><br>
3233 GNU GRUB (0.97) Simplified for Newbies - <a href="http://jbakshi.50webs.com/Linux_tutorial/GRUB/GNU GRUB simplified.html" target="_blank">http://jbakshi.50webs.com/Linux_tutorial/GRUB/GNU GRUB simplified.html</a><br>
3234 Smart BootManager - <a href="http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/</a>
3235 </p>
3236 </div>
3237 <div id="footer">
3238 <p>Copyright: &#169; <a href="mailto:&#115;&#110;&#103;&#064;&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#117;&#103;&#046;&#103;&#114;?subject=About Clonezilla-SysRescCD v 3.1.0">Spiros Georgaras</a>, 2007-2010<br /><br/>
3239 Hosted by <a href="http://www.hellug.gr" target="_blank" title="Hellenic Linux User Group">HEL.L.U.G.</a></p>
3240 </div>
3241 </div>
3242 </body>
3243 </html>

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