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Revision 145 - (show annotations)
Thu Oct 7 09:19:52 2010 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by sng
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79 WARNING<br>
80 This is the BETA version of Clonezilla-SysRescCD<br>
81 To acces our current stable version, please click <a href="../index.html">here</a>
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85 <H2>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</H2>
86 <H3>Wellcome</H3>
87 <div style="margin:0; padding: 3px; width: 980; position relative;">
88 <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px;"><H4>30/09/2010 - v 3.2.0</H4></div>
89 <div style="position: absolute; right: 0px;"><H4>Last update: 07/10/2010</H4></div>
90 </div>
91 </div>
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93 <a class="here" href="index.html">Home</a>
94 <a href="news.php">News</a>
95 <a href="doc.html">Documentation</a>
96 <a href="download.html">Download</a>
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98 <a href="index.html#credits">Credits</a>
99 <a href="help.html">Help</a>
100
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106 <div id="contarea">
107 <div id="content">
108 <a name="index-top"></a>
109 <H2 style="margin-top: 0; font-size: 2em;"><a name="index-what"></a>What is it all about? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> <p><b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> is a Linux multi boot backup/restore and rescue CD, combining <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/" target="_blank">Clonezilla Live</a> and <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">System Rescue CD</a> in one CD. It is released under the <b>GNU General Public License (GPL)</b>.</p>
110 <p>Why one more Linux live CD? you might ask<br><br>
111 Well, I started this project because I wanted to have a rescue CD that would be as self-contained as possible, using my favorite tools. My goals are to have:</p>
112 <ul>
113 <li><b>A backup/restore system</b><br>I have chosen <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/" target="_blank">Clonezilla Live</a> for this, as it is flexible enough to fulfill my needs. Furthermore, it makes it possible to create automated restore CDs/DVDs. This way, restoring a system will be fast and easy enough for anyone to perform (even people with minimum technical knowledge).</li>
114 <li><b>A rescue system</b><br>I have chosen <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">SystemRescueCD</a> for this, as it is generally highly appreciated.<br>
115 <br>
116 <b>SystemRescueCD</b> is a live CD with a GUI, based on <a href="http://www.gentoo.org/" target ="_blank">gentoo</a>, which provides tools like <a href="http://gparted.sourceforge.net/" target ="_blank">GParted</a>, the graphical partition tool, <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/index.shtml" target ="_blank">GNU-Parted</a>, an excellent text based partitioning tool, <a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" target ="_blank">TestDisk</a>, a data recovery tool, <a href="http://www.clamav.net/" target ="_blank">Clam-AntiVirus</a>, a free Anti-Virus sofware, <a href="http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page" target ="_blank">Partimage</a>, <a href="http://www.python.org" target ="_blank">Python</a>, <a href="http://www.perl.org" target ="_blank">Perl</a>, file system, networking and archiving tools, editors etc.
117 </li>
118 <li><b>Both of them in just one disk</b><br>The only way to do this was to create a Multi Boot CD.</li>
119 </ul>
120 <H2><a name="enhanced"></a>Enhanced features <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2> <p>Enhancements to <b>Clonezilla Live</b></p> <ul> <li><a class="void" href="restore.html#auto">Automated restore DVDs</a> can be easily created, so that anybody can perform a system restore operation (even people with minimum technical knowledge). All the necessary files for the creation of the DVD are included in <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.</li> <li>A set of <a class="void" href="reloc-img.html">shell scripts</a> make it easier to restore an image file to a location (disk or partition) different than the one originally backed up.</li> </ul> <p>Other enhancements</p> <ul> <li>Part of <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD's</b> web site is included <a class="void" href="help.html">in the CD</a>, so that help is always available.</li> </ul>
121
122 <H2><a name="versions"></a>Versions <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
123 <!--<p><b>create-clonezilla-sysresccd's</b> version number has nothing to do with its development status. It has to do with the versions of the original ISO/CDs used at release time. So this is what we have for release:</p>
124 <table style="margin-right:20pt;margin-left: 10pt">
125 <tr>
126 <td valign="top" align="right"><font color="Blue">0.1</font></td>
127 <td width="10"></td>
128 <td> first release of the program</td>
129 </tr>
130 <tr>
131 <td valign="top" align="right"><font color="Blue">0.1</font><font color="Red">.1</font></td>
132 <td width="10"></td>
133 <td> first maintenance release of version 0.1<br> It uses the original ISO files used in release 0.1</td>
134 </tr>
135 <tr><td align="right">...</td></tr>
136 <tr>
137 <td valign="top" align="right"><font color="Blue">0.2</font></td>
138 <td width="10"></td>
139 <td>A new version of one of the original ISO files has been released<br>The program may have not been changed</td>
140 </tr>
141 </table>
142 <p></p>-->
143 <table class="bordertable" cellpadding="5">
144 <tr><td class="bordertable" colspan="4"><b>Release table</b></td></tr>
145 <tr><td class="bordertable" valign="top"><b>Date</b></td><td class="bordertable" valign="top"><b>Version</b></td>
146 <td class="bordertable" valign="top"><b>Clonezilla Live Version</b></td><td class="bordertable" valign="top"><b>SystemRescueCD Version</b></td></tr>
147 <tr><td class="bordertable" >XX/XX/10</td><td class="bordertable" >3.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.2.6-24&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.6.1</td>
148 <tr><td class="bordertable" >15/09/10</td><td class="bordertable" >3.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.2.5-35&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.6.0</td>
149 </tr>
150 <tr><td class="bordertable" >02/07/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.6.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.1.0-8&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.4&nbsp;(mod)</td>
151 </tr>
152 <tr><td class="bordertable" >11/04/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.5.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.10-8&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.1&nbsp;(mod)</td>
153 <tr><td class="bordertable" >24/03/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.4.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.9-19&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.0&nbsp;(mod)</td>
154 </tr>
155 <tr><td class="bordertable" >07/03/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.3.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.9-10&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.0&nbsp;(mod)</td>
156 </tr>
157 <tr><td class="bordertable" >22/02/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.9-10&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.3&nbsp;(mod)</td>
158 </tr>
159 <tr><td class="bordertable" >22/01/08</td><td class="bordertable" >2.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.7-18&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.3&nbsp;(mod)</td>
160 </tr>
161 <tr><td class="bordertable" >11/12/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.4.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.7-18&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.2&nbsp;(mod)</td>
162 </tr>
163 <tr><td class="bordertable" >03/11/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.3.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.5-8&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.1&nbsp;(mod)</td>
164 </tr>
165 <tr><td class="bordertable" >07/10/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.5-8&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.4.0&nbsp;(mod)</td>
166 </tr>
167 <tr><td class="bordertable" >24/09/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.5-7&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.8&nbsp;(mod)</td>
168 </tr>
169 <tr><td class="bordertable" >06/09/07</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.0</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.3-21&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.8&nbsp;(mod)</td>
170 </tr>
171 <tr><td class="bordertable" >12/08/07</td><td class="bordertable" >0.2</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.3-21&nbsp;(mod)</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.7&nbsp;(mod)</td></tr>
172 <tr><td class="bordertable" >24/07/07</td><td class="bordertable" >0.1.1</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.3-18</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.7</td>
173 <tr><td class="bordertable" >23/07/07</td><td class="bordertable" >0.1</td><td class="bordertable" >1.0.3-18</td><td class="bordertable" >0.3.7</td></tr>
174 </table>
175 <H2><a name="changelog"></a>Changelog <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
176 <table class="bordertable" cellpadding="5">
177 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10"><b>Version</b></td><td class="bordertable" width="10"><b>Package/CD</b></td><td class="bordertable"><b>Comments</b></td></tr>
178 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="3.2.0"></a>3.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
179 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.2.6-24<br>
180 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 1.6.1<br>
181 -&nbsp;Fixed the splash image installation bug present in 3.1.0<br>
182 &nbsp;&nbsp;Also, a filename relative to /home/partimag, can now be used<br>
183 -&nbsp;Added -d command parameter to scrpit create-clonezilla-sysresccd<br>
184 &nbsp;&nbsp;This way the temporary and output folder can be specified<br>
185 -&nbsp;Using $HOME instead of /root in scrpit create-clonezilla-sysresccd<br>
186 -&nbsp;Script imginfo can display extended info (command line parameter -e)<br>
187 &nbsp;&nbsp;Extended info is: image size and disk model
188 </td></tr>
189 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="3.1.0"></a>3.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
190 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.2.5-35<br>
191 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 1.6.0<br>
192 - Three <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> flavours are now available,<br>
193 &nbsp;&nbsp;one for each architecture (<a href="download.html#download-file" target="_blank">more information</a>)<br>
194 -&nbsp;<b>Super Grub Disk</b> updated to version 0.9799<br>
195 -&nbsp;Added <b>Super Grub Disk 2</b> version 1.98s<br>
196 -&nbsp;<b>Smart Boot Manager</b> was added to the Tools section<br>
197 -&nbsp;Added restorecd/ and docs/ to the squashfs file of Clonezilla distro.<br>
198 &nbsp;&nbsp;This way all items are always available (even when booting to RAM)<br>
199 -&nbsp;Most operations are now executed through the TUI (Text User Interface)<br>
200 -&nbsp;Major site and documentation update (thanks to Jyrki Vesterinen)
201 </td></tr>
202 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
203 -&nbsp;Added auto mode (parameter -a) to script create-clonezilla-sysresccd
204 </td></tr>
205 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.6.0"></a>2.6.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
206 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.1.0-8<br>
207 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 1.0.4<br>
208 -&nbsp;<b>Super Grub Disk</b> updated to version 0.9726
209 </td></tr>
210 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.5.0"></a>2.5.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
211 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.0.10-8<br>
212 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 1.0.1<br>
213 -&nbsp;<b>Super Grub Disk</b> updated to version 0.9701
214 </td></tr>
215 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.4.0"></a>2.4.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
216 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.0.9-19<br>
217 </td></tr>
218 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.3.0"></a>2.3.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
219 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 1.0.0<br>
220 -&nbsp;Added two command line parameters to <b>ocs-iso</b>, used in auto restore DVD<br>
221 &nbsp;&nbsp;mastering. More info: <a href="restore.html#usbKeyboard">Working with a USB keyboard</a>
222 </td></tr>
223 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
224 -&nbsp;Fixed the <b>create-clonezilla-sysresccd</b> installation problem<br>
225 &nbsp;&nbsp;Thanks to Chris Rehder</td></tr>
226 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.2.0"></a>2.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
227 -&nbsp;<b>Clonezilla Live</b> updated to version 1.0.9-10<br>
228 -&nbsp;Updated script <b>reloc-img</b> to support remote images (through samba and nfs)
229 </td></tr>
230 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
231 -&nbsp;Added <b>patch-clonezilla-sysresccd</b>, a script that can be used to<br>
232 &nbsp;&nbsp;customize an existing <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> ISO file<br>
233 &nbsp;&nbsp;More info: <a href="custom-cd.html#custom-patch">Using patch-clonezilla-sysresccd</a></td></tr>
234 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="2.1.0"></a>2.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
235 -&nbsp;<b>SystemRescueCD</b> updated to version 0.4.3<br>
236 -&nbsp;<b>Super Grub Disk</b> updated to version 0.9677
237 </td></tr>
238 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="1.4.0"></a>1.4.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
239 -&nbsp;A script to help relocate a Clonezilla image file during restoration<br>
240 &nbsp;&nbsp;hase been added to Clonezilla Live. The script (called <b>reloc-img</b>) uses<br>
241 &nbsp;&nbsp;a curses like interface, which is similar to Clonezilla's interface<br>
242 <br>
243 More info: <a href="reloc-img.html">Restoring to a different location</a>
244 </td></tr>
245 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"><a name="1.3.0"></a>1.3.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
246 -&nbsp;Changed the splash screen tool selection interface<br>
247 &nbsp;&nbsp;A navigation menu scheme has been adopted<br>
248 -&nbsp;Removed <b>ranish.img</b> from the CD<br>
249 &nbsp;&nbsp;The <a href="http://www.ranish.com/part/" target="_blank">Ranish Partition Manager</a> has been integrated into <a href="http://www.freedos.org/" target="_blank">FreeDos</a><br>
250 &nbsp;&nbsp;This is because of the fact that Ranish Partition Manager would not<br>
251 &nbsp;&nbsp;execute as a standalone floppy image<br>
252 -&nbsp;Added <a href="http://www.supergrubdisk.org/" target="_blank">Super Grub Disk</a> to the available tools<br>
253 &nbsp;&nbsp;The floppy image provided by "Super Grub Disk" (english version) <br>
254 &nbsp;&nbsp;has been added to the source tarball<br>
255 -&nbsp;Script <b>continue-multi-cd</b> (SysRescCD) updated to v 2.0.0<br>
256 &nbsp;&nbsp;Use "continue-multi-cd -h" to see the new interface<br>
257 -&nbsp;Fixed a minor bug in script <b>what-cd</b>
258 </td></tr>
259 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
260 -&nbsp;All the files needed for CD creation have been included in the<br>
261 &nbsp;&nbsp;source tarball. This way the user will only have to download the<br>
262 &nbsp;&nbsp;debian live ISO file, in order to create Clonezilla-SysRescCD.<br>
263 &nbsp;&nbsp;The debian live ISO file has not been included because of its size<br>
264 &nbsp;&nbsp;(~ 79 MB), which would make the source tarball too big.<br>
265 &nbsp;&nbsp;The files can be fount in <b>/root/.clonezilla-sysresccd/files</b><br>
266 -&nbsp;All cfg files have been moved to <b>/root/.clonezilla-sysresccd/files</b><br>
267 &nbsp;&nbsp;If you are upgrading from a previous version, please delete/move<br>
268 &nbsp;&nbsp;these files, and <u>adjust</u> your configuration files (conf files)<br>
269 -&nbsp;A new variable has been inserted to the configuration files (named<br>
270 &nbsp;&nbsp;<b>DebianLiveFolder</b> in <b>clonezilla-sysresccd.conf</b> and <b>DebianLiveFolderP</b><br>
271 &nbsp;&nbsp;in <b>profiles.conf</b>). This variable should point to the folder where<br>
272 &nbsp;&nbsp;the debian live ISO has been saved. If you are upgrading from a<br>
273 &nbsp;&nbsp;previous version, please <u>adjust</u> your configuration files (conf files)<br>
274 -&nbsp;Added support to script <b>create-clonezilla-sysresccd</b> for compressed<br>
275 &nbsp;&nbsp;(tar.gz) isolinux configuration files, in order to implement menus
276 </td></tr>
277 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">1.2.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">-&nbsp;Added script <b>continue-multi-cd</b> to <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br>
278 &nbsp;&nbsp;This script makes it easy to continue a multi session CD
279 </td></tr>
280 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">1.1.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">-&nbsp;Minor changes (cfg files)
281 </td></tr>
282 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">1.0.0</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">-</td><td class="bordertable">
283 -&nbsp;Moved to version 1.0.0 in order to eliminate any missunderstanding about<br>
284 &nbsp;&nbsp;the development status of Clonezilla-SysRescCD
285 </td></tr>
286 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
287 -&nbsp;Added the options -A and -W to script ocs-iso (Clonezilla Live).<br>
288 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Syntax:<br>
289 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; /opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-iso -A "ocs-rs command"<br>
290 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; /opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-iso -W "ocs-rs command" [image file]<br>
291 &nbsp;&nbsp;Both options set up the restore CD/DVD for automatic image restoration.<br>
292 &nbsp;&nbsp;The difference is that when using the -W option the image [image file] is <br>
293 &nbsp;&nbsp;appended in the ISO file (maximum 4.4BG). When -A is used, the image<br>
294 &nbsp;&nbsp;file will be appended to the CD/DVD, after the ISO file created by this<br>
295 &nbsp;&nbsp;command is burnt, using growisofs -M ... (maximum 8GB).<br>
296 -&nbsp;Added the option -O to script ocs-iso (Clonezilla Live).<br>
297 &nbsp;&nbsp;Specifies the ISO file name to use when -A, -W options are used.<br>
298 -&nbsp;Added the options -V and -P to script ocs-iso (Clonezilla Live).<br>
299 &nbsp;&nbsp;The user creating a restore CD/DVD can now specify its Volume ID and<br>
300 &nbsp;&nbsp;Publisher ID, respectively.<br>
301 -&nbsp;Added the option -I to script ocs-iso (Clonezilla Live).<br>
302 &nbsp;&nbsp;Specifies the user selectable menu item title of the main screen of a<br>
303 &nbsp;&nbsp;restore CD/DVD. Applicable only with options -W and -A<br>
304 -&nbsp;Added the script what-cd to sysresccd.<br>
305 &nbsp;&nbsp;This script will identify the CDs present on a pc, and report the<br>
306 &nbsp;&nbsp;device name of the writer (if any)<br>
307 -&nbsp;Added a copy of the Clonezilla-SysRescCD site to the CD. In this way <br>
308 &nbsp;&nbsp;the documentation will be available at all times
309 </td></tr>
310 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
311 -&nbsp;Added -x [script] option<br>
312 &nbsp;&nbsp;This way you can write a BASH script that will be executed just<br>
313 &nbsp;&nbsp;before mastering the "Clonezilla-SysRescCD"
314 </td></tr>
315 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">0.2</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">CD</td><td class="bordertable">
316 -&nbsp;clonezilla-sysresccd contains customized versions of the original CDs<br>
317 &nbsp;&nbsp;More info in page <a href="custom-cd.html" title=" How to create the custom CDs ">Custom&nbsp;CDs</a>
318 </td></tr>
319 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top"></td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
320 -&nbsp;Fixed a bug that would appear when option -b would be used without any<br>
321 &nbsp;&nbsp;other options. Then create-clonezilla-sysresccd would not be able to get the <br>
322 &nbsp;&nbsp;ISO file name
323 </td></tr>
324 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">0.1.1</td><td class="bordertable" width="10" valign="top">Package</td><td class="bordertable">
325 -&nbsp;Build system upgrade<br>
326 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;use <b>./configure</b> to upgrade the program<br>
327 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;use <b>./configure --enable-fullInstall</b> to install it<br>
328 -&nbsp;Fixed a potential script installation bug<br>
329 -&nbsp;Normal user can get help<br>
330 -&nbsp;Minor changes
331 </td></tr>
332 <tr><td class="bordertable" width="10">0.1</td><td class="bordertable" width="10"></td><td class="bordertable">-&nbsp;Initial release</td></tr>
333 </table>
334 <!--
335 <H2><a name="download"></a>Download <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
336 <p>
337 <!--Whenever possible I will provide a link to the CD created using profile 0 (full CD)<br><br>
338 Installation package: <a href="http://clonezilla-sysresccd.hellug.gr/create-clonezilla-sysresccd-3.2.0".tar.gz" target="_blank">create-clonezilla-sysresccd-3.2.0.tar.gz</a> [~ 6.1 MB]<br>
339 <!--Torrent: <a href="http://thepiratebay.org/tor/4272742" target="_blank">The Pirate Bay</a> | <a href="http://linuxtracker.org/index.php?page=torrent-details&id=4b0f13a25440e3d34fb700cc0ff884c28a73fadf" target="_blank">Linux Tracker</a><br>
340 ISO file: <a href="http://clonezilla-sysresccd.hellug.gr/clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.2.0.iso" target="_blank">clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.2.0.iso</a> [~ ISO_SIZEB]<br>
341 md5sum file: <a href="http://clonezilla-sysresccd.hellug.gr/md5sum.txt" target="_blank">md5sum.txt</a><br><br>
342 ISO file md5sum: <b><i>"MD5SUM"</i></b></p>
343 -->
344 <H2><a name="user-help"></a>Can I help? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
345 <p>Yes, of course you can. If you have:</p>
346 <ul style="margin-right: 30pt;">
347 <li>a script I can add to <b>Clonezilla Live</b> or <b>SystemRescueCD</b>, don't hesitate to send it to me.<br>
348 You can have a look at "<a href="own-scripts.html">Clonezilla-SysRescCD own scripts</a>" to see what type of scripts might be interesting.</li>
349 <li>used <b>Clonezilla Live</b> nfs mode, or any of the tools provided by <b>SystemRescueCD</b>, you can write a guide.<br>
350 I will add it to the site (and the documentation present on the CD). Please keep in mind that this CD may be used by less experienced users, so make it as detailed as possible.</li>
351 </ul>
352 <H2><a name="contact"></a>Contact me <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
353 <p>If there's anything you want to say about <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>, go ahead and <a href="mailto:&#115;&#110;&#103;&#064;&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#117;&#103;&#046;&#103;&#114;?subject=About Clonezilla-SysRescCD v 3.1.0">send me</a> a message.</p>
354 <H2><a name="lists"></a>Mailing lists <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
355 <p>There are two mailing lists available for <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>:</p>
356 <ul>
357 <li><a href="http://lists.hellug.gr/mailman/listinfo/clonezilla-sysresccd-announce" target="_blank">Clone-sysresccd-announce</a><br>This is the <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> new releases announcement list. Please do not post there.</li>
358 <li><a href="http://lists.hellug.gr/mailman/listinfo/clonezilla-sysresccd-general" target="_blank">Clone-sysresccd-general</a><br>This is the general discussion list of <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.<br>
359 If you have any questions about Clonezilla Live, please use its <a href="http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=115473" target="_blak">Mailing lists</a> or <a href="http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=115473" target="_blak">Forums</a>.
360 <br>If you have any questions about SystemRescueCD, please use its <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/" target="_blak">Forums</a>.
361 </li>
362 </ul>
363 <H2><a name="license"></a>License <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
364 <p>This project is published under the terms of <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_blank">GNU General Public License</a> as published by the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_blank">Free Software Foundation</a>.</p>
365 <H2><a name="credits"></a>Credits <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#index-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
366 <p>I would like to thank:</p>
367 <ul>
368 <li>The creators of <b>SystemRescueCD</b> and <b>Clonezilla Live</b></li>
369 <li>Eleftherios Kosmas for publishing the v 0.1 torrent</li>
370 <li>George Keramidas and &lt;&lt;V13&gt;&gt; from the <a href="http://lists.hellug.gr/mailman/listinfo/linux-greek-users" target="_blank">linux greek users</a> mailing list, who helped fixing a bug that would make the creation of the 8GB Restore DVD impossible.</li>
371 <li>Chris Rehder for reporting the <b>create-clonezilla-sysresccd</b> installation problem in v 2.2.0 and his overall assistance</li>
372 <li>Manfred Hantl for reporting and fixing the windows USB installation problem of version 2.6.0</li>
373 <li>Everyone who seeds the torrent, as it is not possible for me to be online at all times</li>
374 </ul>
375 <p>Special thanks to</p>
376 <ul>
377 <li><b>Jyrki Vesterinen</b>, documentation contributor.<br>Most of these pages have been updated / written by him.</li>
378 </ul>
379 <a name="usb-top"></a>
380 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="usb-intro"></a>Installation to USB made easy <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
381 <p>Until recently installing <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> on a USB disk would not be such a great idea, because of its size. But since USB devices become cheaper and cheaper, it is an interesting alternative.<br><br>
382 Starting with <b>version 3.1.0</b>, <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> provides an iso file that's ISO-Hybrided. This means (as we read at <a href="http://syslinux.zytor.com/wiki/index.php/Doc/isolinux#HYBRID_CD-ROM.2FHARD_DISK_MODE" target="_blank">the isolynux site</a>) that</p>
383 <p class="otherpage">"the iso file can be booted from either CD-ROM or from a device which BIOS considers a hard disk or ZIP disk, e.g. a USB key or similar. This image can then be copied using any raw disk writing tool (on Unix systems, typically "dd" or "cat") to a USB disk, or written to a CD-ROM using standard CD burning tools.<br>
384 <br>
385 The ISO 9660 filesystem is encapsulated in a partition (which starts at offset zero, which may confuse some systems.) This makes it possible for the operating system, once booted, to use the remainder of the device for persistent storage by creating a second partition."</p>
386 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
387 Incorrect use of any raw disk writing tool could cause your<br> operating system (GNU/Linux / Windows) <b>not to boot</b>.<br><br> Confirm the command before you run it.<br></td></tr></table></div>
388 <p>So, from any linux box, assuming <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> iso file is in your home directory, and your USB device name is <b><font color="Green">sdc4</font></b>, you just execute the commands:</p>
389 <p class="newcode">umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
390 dd if=~/clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.2.0.iso of=/dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font> bs=512</p>
391 <p>And that's it. Your usb device is ready to boot!!!</p>
392 <H3><a name="usb-free-space"></a>Using the extra space <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
393 <p>
394 If your usb device is more than 400MB in size, the above command will leave the remaining space unused. To verify it, execute the command:
395 </p>
396 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">fdisk -l /dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font></p>
397 <p style="margin-left: 0;">You should get something similar to this:</p>
398 <p class="newcode">
399 Disk /dev/sdc: 1048 MB, 1048576000 bytes<br>
400 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 1000 cylinders, total 2048000 sectors<br>
401 Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes<br>
402 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br>
403 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br>
404 Disk identifier: 0x77a5188f<br>
405 <br>
406 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System
407 /dev/sdc1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;384&nbsp;&nbsp;393216&nbsp;&nbsp;17&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS
408 </p>
409 <p>
410 As you can see, we are currently using 348 out of 1000 cylinders of the disk. The remaining disk space (~600MB) can still be used, executing the following commands:
411 </p>
412 <p class="newcode">
413 fdisk /dev/<font color="green">sdc</font><br>
414 command (m for help): <font color="magenta">n</font> <font color="#990000">(create new partition)</font><br>
415 command action<br>
416 e extended<br>
417 p primary partition (1-4)<br>
418 <font color="magenta">p</font><br>
419 partition number (1-4): <font color="magenta">4</font> <font color="#990000">(create partition sdc4)</font><br>
420 first cylinder (385-1000, default 385): <br>
421 using default value 385<br>
422 last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{k,m,g} (385-1000, default 1000): <br>
423 using default value 1000<br>
424 <br>
425 command (m for help): <font color="magenta">p</font> <font color="#990000">(display partition table)</font><br>
426 <br>
427 disk /dev/sdc: 1048 mb, 1048576000 bytes<br>
428 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 1000 cylinders<br>
429 units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes<br>
430 sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br>
431 i/o size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br>
432 disk identifier: 0x77a5188f<br>
433 <br>
434 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;device&nbsp;boot&nbsp;&nbsp;start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;end&nbsp;&nbsp;blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;id&nbsp;&nbsp;system<br>
435 /dev/sdc1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;384&nbsp;&nbsp;393216&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17&nbsp;&nbsp;hidden&nbsp;hpfs/ntfs<br>
436 /dev/sdc4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;385&nbsp;&nbsp;1000&nbsp;&nbsp;630784&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;linux<br>
437 <br>
438 <br>
439 command (m for help): <font color="magenta">t</font> <font color="#990000">(change partition type)</font><br>
440 partition number (1-4): <font color="magenta">4</font><br>
441 hex code (type l to list codes): <font color="magenta">b</font><br>
442 changed system type of partition 4 to b (w95 fat32)<br>
443 <br>
444 command (m for help): <font color="magenta">p</font> <font color="#990000">(display partition table)</font><br>
445 <br>
446 disk /dev/sdc: 1048 mb, 1048576000 bytes<br>
447 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 1000 cylinders<br>
448 units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes<br>
449 sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br>
450 i/o size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br>
451 disk identifier: 0x77a5188f<br>
452 <br>
453 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;device&nbsp;boot&nbsp;&nbsp;start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;end&nbsp;&nbsp;blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;id&nbsp;&nbsp;system<br>
454 /dev/sdc1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;384&nbsp;&nbsp;393216&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17&nbsp;&nbsp;hidden&nbsp;hpfs/ntfs<br>
455 /dev/sdc4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;385&nbsp;&nbsp;1000&nbsp;&nbsp;630784&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b&nbsp;&nbsp;w95&nbsp;fat32<br>
456 <br>
457 command (m for help): <font color="magenta">w</font> <font color="#990000">(write partition table to disk and exit)</font><br>
458 The partition table has been altered!<br>
459 <br>
460 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.<br>
461 <br>
462 WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.<br>
463 The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at<br>
464 the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)<br>
465 Syncing disks.
466 </p>
467 <p>
468 At this point you should disconnect and reconnect your usb device. When it's recognised, you can format the partition you've just created
469 </p>
470 <p class="newcode">
471 mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font>
472 </p>
473 <p>
474 The partition is now ready for use!!!
475 </p>
476 <H2><a name="usb-hard"></a>Installing the "hard" way <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
477 <p>If the "easy" way does not work there is an alternative; you will use the <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> ISO file (or CD) to copy and modify a couple of files on the USB disk, and finally make it bootable, using <a href="http://syslinux.zytor.com" target="_blank">syslinux</a> and its configuration file <b>syslinux.cfg</b>.</p>
478 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
479 Incorrect use of syslinux could cause your operating system<br> (GNU/Linux / Windows) <b>not to boot</b>.<br><br> Confirm the command before you run it.<br></td></tr></table></div>
480 <p>The only thing that's important is that your USB disk must contain a VFAT (Windows 98 or DOS) file system. If this is not the case, refer to the section "<a href="#trouble">Troubleshooting</a>", to find out how you can format it, before copying files to it.<br><br>
481 The bootable USB disk creation procedure can be performed either from Linux or Windows.</p>
482 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
483 If you want to create a bootable USB flash drive for this version<br>
484 or later, remember to use the syslinux command from <b>syslinux<br>
485 3.71 or later</b>. Otherwise the boot menu won't work.</td></tr></table></div>
486 <H3><a name="linux"></a>Installation from Linux <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
487 <p>There are two ways you can proceed, if you are going to use Linux to perform the USB installation, either using a running linux box, or using <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.<br><br>
488 I will assume that you have saved <b>clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.1.0.iso</b> in your home directory (<b><font color="Green">~</font></b>).</p>
489 <H3><a name="lin-box"></a>Using a linux box [<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
490 <p>If you already have a linux box up and running, you can use it to create your <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> USB, without even having to burn it to CD beforehand. The only thing here is that you have to have <a href="http://syslinux.zytor.com" target="_blank">syslinux</a> installed.<br><br>
491 I will assume that your CD drive is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sr0</font></b> and that your USB device is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></b>. You may have to change any of them to reflect your system configuration.<br><br>
492 Boot into linux, connect your USB device and execute the following commands:</p>
493 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/mycd<br>
494 mount <font color="Green">~</font>/clonezilla-sysresccd-full-mod-3.1.0.iso /mnt/mycd -o loop<br>
495 mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
496 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font> /mnt/usbdevice<br>
497 cp -r /mnt/mycd/* /mnt/usbdevice<br>
498 umount /mnt/mycd; rmdir /mnt/mycd<br>
499 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
500 rm isolinux/*.cfg<br>
501 mv isolinux/* .<br>
502 rmdir isolinux<br>
503 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
504 rmdir /mnt/usbdevice</p>
505 <p>Finally make your USB device bootable, by executing</p>
506 <p class="newcode">syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
507 <p>and you are done.</p>
508 <H4><a name="lin-sys"></a>Using Clonezilla-SysRescCD [<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
509 <p>If you already burnt <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> to CD, you can use it to create your <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> USB.<br><br>
510 I will assume that your CD drive is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sr0</font></b> and that your USB device is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></b>. You may have to change any of them to reflect your system configuration.<br><br>
511 Boot <b>SystemRescueCD </b> using the option <b>To RAM</b>, and when it is fully loaded, execute the following commands:</p>
512 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/mycd<br>
513 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sr0</font> /mnt/mycd <br>
514 mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
515 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font> /mnt/usbdevice<br>
516 cp -r /mnt/mycd/* /mnt/usbdevice<br>
517 umount /mnt/mycd<br>
518 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
519 rm isolinux/*.cfg<br>
520 mv isolinux/* .<br>
521 rmdir isolinux<br>
522 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
523 <p>Finally make your USB device bootable, by executing</p>
524 <p class="newcode">syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
525 <p>and you are done.</p>
526 <H3><a name="windows"></a>Installation from Windows <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
527 <p>Installing <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> from Windows is as easy as it is in Linux. You have to burn <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> to CD or use a CD/DVD ROM emulator software like <a href="http://www.daemon-tools.cc/dtcc/announcements.php" target="_blank">Daemon Tools</a> to mount the ISO file.<br><br>
528 I will assume that your USB device is drive <b><font color="Green">K:</font></b> and your CD drive or mounted ISO file is drive
529 <b><font color="Green">D:</font></b>. You may have to change any of them, in order to reflect your system configuration.<br><br>
530 You will have to</p>
531 <ul>
532 <li>Copy all files from drive <b><font color="Green">D:</font></b> (CD or mounted ISO file) to drive <b><font color="Green">K:</font></b> (USB disk)</li>
533 <li>Delete <b><u>all</u> cfg</b> files from <b><font color="Green">K:</font>isolinux</b></li>
534 <li>Move all files from <b><font color="Green">K:</font>isolinux</b> to <b><font color="Green">K:</font></b></li>
535 <li>Delete folder <b><font color="Green">K:</font>isolinux</b> </li>
536 </ul>
537 <p>Now all you have to do is make your USB disk bootable. In order to do that you have to open a DOS window (in Windows XP press "<b>Start / Run </b>" and type <b>cmd</b>). Then type at DOS prompt:</p>
538 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">K:</font><br>
539 cd bootprog<br>
540 syslinux -ma <font color="Green">K:</font></p>
541 <H3><a name="booting"></a>Booting from USB <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
542 <p>Before trying to boot from your USB device, you have to set your boot device at your BIOS. This means you have to reboot having your USB device connected, get into your BIOS (usually pressing DEL) and make the appropriate settings in the BOOT section.<br><br>
543 Booting <b>Clonezilla Live</b> should not be a problem. Just select the desired option and press ENTER to boot.<br><br>
544 Booting <b>SystemRescueCD</b> has been made equally simple with <b>SystemRescueCD v 1.0.0</b>, so you shouldn't have any problem (option <b>cdroot</b> is not required any more).<br><br>
545 If you have any problems here, you may try adding any of these boot parameters:</p>
546 <p class="newcode">usbstick<br>
547 doscsi</p>
548 <H3><a name="trouble"></a>Troubleshooting <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
549 <p>Whether you can successfully boot from a USB disk or not, depends mainly on your BIOS. Chances are that you will not be able to boot on an old computer, with an old (and possibly buggy) BIOS. So I would recommend testing your <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB</b> on a new computer.</p>
550 <ul>
551 <li><p style="margin-left: 0;"><b>I can't boot (I don't even see the splash screen)</b><br>
552 or <b>Clonezilla Live does not boot</b><br>
553 The first thing you should do is double check your BIOS settings. Reboot having your USB device connected, get into your BIOS (usually pressing DEL) and make the appropriate settings in the BOOT section.<br><br>
554 If you are on linux, check that the partition on the USB disk is active (bootable), executing:</p>
555 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">fdisk -l /dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font></p>
556 <p style="margin-left: 0;">You should get something similar to this:</p>
557 <p class="newcode">
558 Disk /dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font>: 1031 MB, 1031798272 bytes<br>
559 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 983 cylinders<br>
560 Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes<br>
561 <br>
562 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">Boot</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System<br>
563 /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">*</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;983&nbsp;&nbsp;1006576&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;FAT16<br>
564 </p>
565 <p style="margin-left: 0;"><br>If the partition is not active (no astrisk), execute:</p>
566 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">fdisk /dev/<font color="Green">sdc</font></p>
567 <p style="margin-left: 0;">and issue "Command: " <b>a</b> (toggle a bootable flag) and "Partition number:" <b><font color="Green">4</font></b> (for <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></b>).<br><br>
568 If you are on Windows, this is taken care of by syslinux (parameters -ma).<br><br>
569 If you still have problems booting, you should try to execute</p>
570 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">syslinux -s /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
571 <p style="margin-left: 0;">from Linux, or</p>
572 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">syslinux -sma <font color="Green">K:</font></p>
573 <p style="margin-left: 0;">from Windows (from folder <b><font color="Green">K:</font>syslinux</b>).<br><br>
574 syslinux man page reads:</p>
575 <p class="otherpage" style="margin-left: 0px;"><b>(Option) -s</b><br>
576 Install a "safe, slow and stupid" version of syslinux. This version may work <br>
577 on some very buggy BIOSes on which syslinux would otherwise fail. If you find <br>
578 a machine on which the -s option is required to make it boot reliably, please <br>
579 send as much info about your machine as you can, and include the failure mode.</p></li>
580 <li><p style="margin-left: 0;"><b>I still can't boot</b><br>
581 In this case you will have to format your USB disk.<br><br>
582 If you are using linux to perform the installation, execute the command:</p>
583 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">mkdosfs -F 16 /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
584 <p style="margin-left: 0;">to create a FAT16 file system, or</p>
585 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0;">mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font></p>
586 <p style="margin-left: 0;">to create a FAT32 file system.<br><br>
587 When you are done go back to section "<a href="#linux">Installation from Linux</a>".<br><br>
588 If you are on Windows, you should download the <a href="http://h50178.www5.hp.com/local_drivers/17550/SP27608.exe" target="_blank">HP-USB Format tool</a>, install it and format your USB drive using the Fat or Fat32 option. This program can be used to format USB devices that won't boot properly when formatted with Windows format tool.<br><br>
589 When you are done go back to section "<a href="#windows">Installation from Windows</a>".</p></li>
590 <li><b>I still can't boot (after formating)</b><br>
591 Things are getting tough!!! Try to format your USB disk using the option you did not use previously. So, if you have created a FAT32 file system, create a FAT16 file system this time, and recreate <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> on USB.<br><br>
592 If nothing works, you are out of luck; you will not be able to use <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB</b> on this computer... If you do manage to boot it, please <a href="mailto:&#115;&#110;&#103;&#064;&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#117;&#103;&#046;&#103;&#114;?subject=Success booting Clonezilla-SysRescCD v 3.1.0 USB">send me</a> a message.</li>
593 <li><b>SystemRescueCD does not boot</b><br>
594 Ok, you have managed to get to the splash screen and successfully booted <b>Clonezilla Live</b>. But you still can't boot <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.<br><br>
595 Refer to section <a href="#booting">Booting from USB</a> to find out the boot parameters you can use with <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.
596 </li>
597 </ul>
598 <H3><a name="cfg"></a>Customizing sysresc.cfg <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#usb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
599 <p>As stated previously, <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD USB</b> is booted by <b>syslinux</b> through its configuration file <b>syslinux.cfg</b>. This file loads <b>sysresc.cfg</b> in order to boot <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.<br><br>
600 If you have to specify any additional boot parameters for <b>SystemRescueCD</b>, you may want to write these changes to the configuration file, so that you don't have to insert them by hand every time.<br><br>
601 The procedure to do that is the following:<br><br>
602 Boot <b>SystemRescueCD</b> (or if that's not possible yet, bot <b>Clonezilla Linux</b> and get to the command line) using the option <b>To RAM</b>, and when it is fully loaded, execute the following commands:</p>
603 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
604 mount /dev/<font color="Green">[device]</font> /mnt/usbdevice <br>
605 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
606 cp sysresc.cfg sysresc.bak<br>
607 sed 's|<font color="Red">scandelay=5</font>|<font color="Red">scandelay=<font color="Green">x</font> [additional params]</font>|' <br>
608 sysresc.cfg &gt; sys.cfg<br>
609 mv sys.cfg sysresc.cfg<br>
610 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">[device]</font><br>
611 syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">[device]</font><br>
612 reboot</p>
613 <p>where <b><font color="Green">x</font></b> is a number from 1 to 10.</p>
614 <p>After executing these commands, you will have a new <b>sysresc.cfg</b> file, and a backup file called <b>sysresc.bak</b> (in case things go wrong).<br><br>
615 If, for example, you want to increase the device scan delay to maximum, the above commands would become:</p>
616 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
617 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font> /mnt/usbdevice <br>
618 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
619 cp sysresc.cfg sysresc.bak<br>
620 sed 's|<font color="Red">scandelay=5</font>|<font color="Red">scandelay=<font color="Green">10</font></font>|' sysresc.cfg &gt; sys.cfg<br>
621 mv sys.cfg sysresc.cfg<br>
622 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
623 syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
624 reboot</p>
625 <p>If, in addition to that, you had to use the boot parameter <b><font color="Red">usbstick</font></b>, then it would be:</p>
626 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/usbdevice<br>
627 mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font> /mnt/usbdevice <br>
628 cd /mnt/usbdevice<br>
629 cp sysresc.cfg sysresc.bak<br>
630 sed 's|<font color="Red">scandelay=5</font>|<font color="Red">scandelay=<font color="Green">10</font> usbstick</font>|' sysresc.cfg &gt; sys.cfg<br>
631 mv sys.cfg sysresc.cfg<br>
632 cd; umount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
633 syslinux /dev/<font color="Green">sdc4</font><br>
634 reboot</p>
635 <p>In case something goes wrong with your new settings, you can always rename <b>sysresc.bak</b> to <b>sysresc.cfg</b>, either from linux or Windows.</p>
636 <a name="boot-top"></a>
637 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="boot-intro"></a>Boot parameters <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#boot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
638 <p>Booting a linux system means loading a kernel, which is actually the operating system. Well, this is not exactly true, and it is not the only thing that happens during boot up phase, but it is not my intension to explain it here.
639 <br><br>
640 The kernel is loaded by Isolinux (the CD boot manager), which is able to pass a number of parameters to it, through its configuration file <b>isolinux.cfg</b>.
641 <br><br>
642 These parameters, called boot parameters, are documented by the kernel itself, and can differentiate its behavior dramatically. In our case, each CD (SystemRescueCD and Clonezilla Live) accept a different set of parameters, because they are based on <a href="http://www.gentoo.org/" target="_blank">gentoo</a> and <a href="http://www.debian.org/" target="_blank">debian</a>, respectively.
643 <br><br>
644 While in the splash screen of <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>, you can edit the boot parameters by pressing TAB. They will be presented to you, and you can add or remove what you want. You must be careful not to change or remove the parameters that are dedicated to the CD itself, as altering them will certainty make it unbootable. When you are done, just press ENTER to boot.
645 </p>
646 <H2><a name="sysresccd"></a>SystemRescueCD boot parameters <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#boot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
647 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
648 The following info applies to <b>SystemRescueCD v. 1.5.5</b>. In case<br>
649 you need to get info for a more recent version of <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br>
650 please see the page "<a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Booting_the_CD-ROM" target="_blank">Sysresccd-manual-en Booting the CD-ROM</a>"
651 </td></tr></table></div>
652 <p>A typical sysresccd isolinux entry is:</p>
653 <p class="newcode">kernel rescuecd<br>
654 append initrd=initram.igz video=ofonly</p>
655 <p>The kernel used is <b>rescuecd</b>, and anything after the word <b>append</b> is a boot parameter.<br><br>
656 Available kernels (boot images):</p>
657 <ul class="otherpage" style="padding: 0px 10px 20px 40px">
658 <li><b>rescuecd</b> Default for 32bit systems, with Framebuffer disabled, best choice.
659 </li><li><b>rescue64</b> Default 64 bit kernel. Use it if you want to chroot to a 64bit linux system installed on your hard disk, or if you have to run 64 bit programs. This kernel is able to boot with 32bit programs, and it requires a processor with 64bit instructions (amd64 / em64t).
660 </li><li><b>altker32</b> an alternative kernel for 32bit systems. Boot with this kernel if you have problems with <b>rescuecd</b>
661 </li><li><b>altker64</b> an alternative kernel for 64bit systems. Boot with this kernel in case you have problems with <b>rescue64</b>.
662 </li>
663 </ul>
664 <p><br>The boot parameters you can use are:</p>
665 <div class="otherpage">
666 <a name="General_boot_options" id="General_boot_options"></a><p><b> General boot options</b></p>
667 <p>Press &lt;TAB&gt; to add additional options (in SystemRescueCd-1.5 and more recent)
668 </p>
669 <ul><li><b>docache</b>: causes the CD-ROM to be fully loaded into memory. A slower start but once complete, programs start faster and the CD drive will be released allowing normal access to other CDs. This requires 400MB of memory to cache everything (including the <code>bootdisks</code> and <code>isolinux</code> directories). Add <code>lowmem</code> if you have less that 400MB of memory of to prevent these directories from being copied.
670 </li><li><b>setkmap=kk</b>: which defines the keymap to load where <code>kk</code> (example: <code>setkmap=de</code> for German keyboards). This way you won't be prompted for the keyboard configuration during the boot.
671 </li><li><b>root=/dev/xdnp</b>: the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/05/use-systemrescuecd-to-boot-a-linux-os-from-the-hard-disk/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/05/use-systemrescuecd-to-boot-a-linux-os-from-the-hard-disk/" rel="nofollow">root=&lt;device&gt; option</a> boots an existing linux system. For example, if you have linux Gentoo installed on <code>/dev/sda6</code>, use <code>rescuecd root=/dev/sda6</code> to start it. Keep in mind that you must use a 64bit kernel if your system is made of 64bit programs. This option works with LVM volumes. Use <code>rescuecd root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00</code>. Support is also provided for <code>root=auto</code>, which scans all the block devices for a linux system. The first linux system found will be started. So <code>root=auto</code> lets you start the system installed from the CD-ROM in case you have problem with your boot loader or kernel. It's also possible to specify a partition using its <code>filesystem label</code> or <code>filesystem uuid</code>. If the label of the partition where linux is installed is <code>mylinux</code>, then boot it using <code>rescuecd root=LABEL=mylinux</code>. Similarly <code>root=UUID=b3d3bec5-997a-413e-8449-0d0ec41ccba7</code>. See <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/05/use-systemrescuecd-to-boot-a-linux-os-from-the-hard-disk/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/05/use-systemrescuecd-to-boot-a-linux-os-from-the-hard-disk/" rel="nofollow">more details</a>.
672 </li><li><b>initscript=service:action</b>: This option allows one to start/stop a service at boot time. For instance if you need the samba service to be started, you can boot with: <code>initscript=samba:start</code>. This does the same thing as <code>/etc/init.d/samba start</code>. Use this option a multiple of times for different services. All the actions that are supported by an initscript can be used.
673 </li><li><b>backstore=xxx</b>: SystemRescueCd comes with support for the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/29/creating-a-backing-store-to-keep-your-modifications-in-sysresccd/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/29/creating-a-backing-store-to-keep-your-modifications-in-sysresccd/" rel="nofollow">backing-stores</a>. A backing-store saves all the changes you can make. so that you keep these changes the next time you boot. By default, sysresccd automatically scan removable devices (eg: USB sticks) at boot time and uses the first backing-store it finds. A backing-store is not mandatory and if the scan fails, it will store the files which have changed in memory. To disable the disks scan at boot time specify <code>backstore=off</code> on the boot command line. If you want to save your backing-store file on a harddisk, boot with <code>backstore=alldev</code> to scan all devices (not just removable devices). The default location for a backing-stores file is any file named <code>sysrcd.bs</code> located at the root of a disk which is often a USB stick. Change the path by using <code>backstore=/sysrcd/mybackstore.bs</code>. See <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/29/creating-a-backing-store-to-keep-your-modifications-in-sysresccd/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/29/creating-a-backing-store-to-keep-your-modifications-in-sysresccd/" rel="nofollow">backing-stores</a>.
674 </li><li><b>isoloop=xxx</b>: Grub2 (currently in development: grub-1.98) provides a new feature to boot from an ISO image which is stored on the hard disk. If you put a copy of <code>systemrescuecd-x86-x.y.z.iso</code> on a partition that Grub2 can read then you can boot SystemRescueCd directly from the ISO image stored on your hard drive. This is very convenient if you frequently update SystemRescueCd and you want to boot it directly from Grub2. Grub2 knows what an ISO image is and it will load the kernel image (rescuecd/rescue64) and the initramfs (initram.igz) from the ISO into memory. It will then do its normal job and execute the kernel. The SystemRescueCd init script must then be aware that its <code>sysrcd.dat</code> file is in an ISO and not directly on the partition. For that reason, this <code>isoloop=xxx</code> boot option is required so you must use it in your <code>grub.cfg</code>. This option is only supported in SystemRescueCd-1.4.0 and more recent. This option specifies the path of the ISO image in the partition that grub considers as its root partition. It's important to understand that the path of the ISO image may be different from the path on your linux system. If you have a separate boot partition mounted on <code>/boot</code> and if you copy this ISO image to <code>/boot/sysrcd/systemrescuecd-x86-x.y.z.iso</code> then the option has to be <code>isoloop=/sysrcd/systemrescuecd-x86-x.y.z.iso</code>. This is because the boot partition is what Grub2 will consider as its root partition during the boot process. Please read <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Easy_install_SystemRescueCd_on_harddisk#Boot_the_ISO_image_from_the_disk_using_Grub2" title="Sysresccd-manual-en Easy install SystemRescueCd on harddisk">the section about isoloop</a> for more details.
675 </li></ul>
676 <a name="Hardware.2C_drivers_and_troubleshooting_options" id="Hardware.2C_drivers_and_troubleshooting_options"></a><p><b><br> Hardware, drivers and troubleshooting options</b></p>
677 <ul><li><b>dodebug</b>: Enables verbose messages in linuxrc
678 </li></ul>
679 <ul><li><b>doload=xxx</b>: loads needed kernel modules, multiple comma separated occurrences are permitted (example: <code>doload=3c59x,e1000</code>)
680 </li><li><b>noload=xxx</b>: prevents loading kernel modules, multiple comma separated occurrences are permitted (example: <code>noload=3c59x,e1000</code>). Use this option if you have a problem when the system loads a particular module.
681 </li><li><b>nonet</b>: this will disable the network auto detection at startup
682 </li></ul>
683 <ul><li><b>scandelay=x</b>: pauses x seconds during the startup to allow slow devices to initialize. This is required when you boot a USB device. A delay of only few seconds should be enough.
684 </li></ul>
685 <ul><li><b>doxdetect</b>: Since version 0.3.5 the auto-configuration is done in X.Org itself, mkxf86config is disabled by default. This option forces the system to run the mkxf86config startup script and to run the hardware auto-detection from this script. Use this option if you have problems with the graphical environment configuration. This option replaces the option <code>noxdetect</code> that was useful in previous versions.
686 </li><li><b>nodetect</b>: prevents generic hardware auto-detection. Use this option if you have problems with the hardware auto-detection.
687 </li></ul>
688 <ul><li><b>dostartx</b>: load the X.Org graphical environment.
689 </li><li><b>forcevesa</b>: Forces X.Org to use the safe VESA driver instead of the best video driver detected for your video card. Use this option if you cannot get the graphical environment working with the default options.
690 </li><li><b>forcevesa=xxx</b>: The <code>startx</code> command will load the <code>Xvesa</code> server instead of <code>Xorg</code>, and use the screen resolution given as parameter (eg: <code>1024x768</code>, <code>1280x1024x32</code>).
691 </li></ul>
692 <ul><li><b>all-generic-ide</b>: In case of problems related to your hard disk, try to enable this option (eg <code>rescuecd all-generic-ide</code>)
693 </li><li><b>nodmraid</b>: Disable dmraid, for some motherboards with built-in RAID controller.
694 </li><li><b>nomdadm</b>: Disable mdadm, for software RAID.
695 </li></ul>
696 <ul><li><b>acpi-off</b> / <b>noapic</b> / <b>irqpool</b>: use these options if you have problem when the kernel boots: if it hangs on a driver or if it crashes, ...
697 </li></ul>
698 <ul><li><b>lowmem</b>: For systems with smaller memory, some daemons are not started including sshd and nfsd.
699 </li></ul>
700 <ul><li><b>skipmount=/dev/xxx</b>: The system mounts all the storage devices at boot time to find the sysrcd.dat file. If your hard disk is broken it should not be mounted. Boot with <code>skipmount=/dev/sda1 skipmount=/dev/sda2</code> to ignore these two partitions.
701 </li></ul>
702 <a name="Network_configuration_and_remote_access" id="Network_configuration_and_remote_access"></a><p><b><br> Network configuration and remote access</b></p>
703 <ul><li><b>nonm</b>: to disable the Network-Manager service that conflicts with the standard network command line tools such as <code>ifconfig</code> and <code>ip</code>. You can use this option if you want to configure the network using these commands. This option is not necessary when SystemRescueCd is booting from the network since the service is automatically stopped in that case. This option requires SystemRescueCd-1.5.5 or more recent.
704 </li><li><b>dodhcp</b>: to request a DHCP server provide network attributes including an IP address, gateway...
705 </li><li><b>nodhcp</b>: never run the dhcp client in the initramfs boot script. May be useful if you use PXE boot on a computer with several ethernet interfaces. Support for this option is available in SystemRescueCd-1.5.5 and more recent
706 </li><li><b>ethx=ipaddr/cidr</b>: Sets the static IP address of all the ethernet interfaces on the system. The <code>/cidr</code> extension is optional. For instance, if you use option <code>ethx=192.168.0.1</code> on a machine with two ethernet adapters, both <code>eth0</code> and <code>eth1</code> will be configured with <code>192.168.0.1</code>. You can use the format <code>ethx=10.0.0.1/24</code> (using the cidr notation) if you don't use the default netmask.
707 </li><li><b>eth0=ipaddr/cidr</b>: This option is similar to <code>ethx=ipaddr/cidr</code> but it configures only one interface at a time. To configure the network on a server that has two interfaces, use, for example: <code>eth0=192.168.10.1/24 eth1=192.168.20.1</code>.
708 </li><li><b>dns=ipaddr</b>: Sets the static IP address of the DNS nameserver you want to use to resolve the names. For instance <code>dns=192.168.0.254</code> means that you want to use <code>192.168.0.254</code> as the DNS server.
709 </li><li><b>gateway=ipaddr</b>: Sets the static IP address of the default route on your network. For instance <code>gateway=192.168.0.254</code> means that the computer can connect to a computer outside of the local network via <code>192.168.0.254</code>.
710 </li><li><b>dhcphostname=myhost</b>: Sets the hostname that the DHCP client will send to the DHCP server. This may be required if the default hostname cannot be used with your DHCP configuration. This option has been introduced in SystemRescueCd-1.3.5.
711 </li><li><b>rootpass=123456</b>: Sets the root password of the system running on the livecd to <code>123456</code>. That way you can connect from the network and ssh on the livecd and give <code>123456</code> password as the root password.
712 </li><li><b>vncserver=x:123456</b>: The <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/04/12/use-systemrescuecd-remotely-with-vnc-server/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/04/12/use-systemrescuecd-remotely-with-vnc-server/" rel="nofollow">vncserver boot option</a> has been introduced in SystemRescueCd-1.0.2. This options forces the system to configure the VNC-server and to start it automatically at boot time. You have to replace <code>x</code> with the number of displays you want, and <code>123456</code> with your password. The password must be between 6 and 8 characters, else the boot option will be ignored. In other words the <code>vncserver=2:MyPaSsWd</code> option will give you access to two displays (display=1 on tcp/5901 and display=2 on tcp/5902). Display 0 is reserved for X.Org since SystemRescueCd-1.1.0. SystemRescueCd-1.5.7 and more recent accept a password longer than 8 chars (between 5 and 12 chars)
713 </li><li><b>nameif=xxx</b>: You can <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/28/option-to-define-the-name-of-a-network-interface-using-the-mac-address/" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/news/2008/06/28/option-to-define-the-name-of-a-network-interface-using-the-mac-address/" rel="nofollow">specify what interface name to give</a> to a particular interface using the mac address. You need SystemRescueCd-1.1.0 or newer to do that. Here is how you can specify which interface is using which mac address on a machine with two network interfaces: <code>nameif=eth0!00:0C:29:57:D0:6E,eth1!00:0C:29:57:D0:64</code>. Be careful, you have to respect the separator (comma between the interfaces and exclamation marks between the name and the mac address). You can also use the magic keyword <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=7&amp;t=2538&amp;start=0" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=7&amp;t=2538&amp;start=0" rel="nofollow">BOOTIF</a> with SystemRescueCd-1.5.4 and more recent when you boot from pxelinux. The pxeboot loader will set BOOTIF to the name of the interface used to boot. You can then use something like <code>nameif=eth0!BOOTIF</code> if you want the boot interface to be called <code>eth0</code> on a computer with several Ethernet interfaces.
714 </li></ul>
715 <a name="Network_boot_using_PXE" id="Network_boot_using_PXE"></a><p><b><br> Network boot using PXE</b></p>
716 <p>SystemRescueCd provides several options for booting from the network using PXE.
717 These options can be combined with other network boot options such as <code>ethx</code> (cf previous section). See <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_PXE_network_booting" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_PXE_network_booting" rel="nofollow">PXE network booting</a> to get a global overview of SystemRescueCd and PXE and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Manage_remote_windows_linux_servers_using_SystemRescueCd" class="external text" title="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Manage_remote_windows_linux_servers_using_SystemRescueCd" rel="nofollow">Manage remote servers using PXE</a>.
718 </p><p>The second stage downloads the kernel + initramfs using DHCP/TFTP.
719 </p><p>The third stage of the PXE boot process acquires the root files system.
720 </p><p>Several protocols are available.
721 </p>
722 <ul><li><b>netboot=</b>tftp<b>://ip/path/sysrcd.dat</b>: from a TFTP server. The filesystem is loaded into memory. As a consequence computers with less than 400MB of memory won't be able to boot this way. The system will continue to work if the network is disconnected after the boot process.
723 </li><li><b>netboot=</b>http<b>://ip:port/path/sysrcd.dat</b>: from a Web server. The file system is loaded into memory. Computers with smaller memory won't be able to boot this way. The the system continues to work if the network is disconnected after the boot process.
724 </li><li><b>netboot=</b>nfs<b>://ip:/path</b>: mount an NFSv3 directory. The NFS url must be the path of the directory that contains <code>sysrcd.dat</code>. Only NFSv3 can be used, NFSv4 is not supported. NFS allows computers with smaller memory to boot SystemRescueCd from the network. After the boot process, continued network connection is required or you will loose access to the root file system.
725 </li><li><b>netboot=</b>nbd<b>://ip:port</b>: connect to an NBD server configured with <code>sysrcd.dat</code> on ip:port. NBD is easier to configure than NFS (only one TCP port involved) and it allows computers with smaller memory to boot SystemRescueCd from the network. After the boot process, the network connection continues to be required to access the root file system.
726 </li></ul>
727 <p>For information on activating <b>speakup</b>, see the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Speakup-info" title="Speakup-info">speakup info page</a>.
728 </p>
729 <a name="Options_provided_for_autorun" id="Options_provided_for_autorun"></a><p><b><br> Options provided for autorun</b></p>
730 <ul><li><b>ar_source=xxx</b>: place where the autorun are stored. It may be the root directory of a partition (<code>/dev/sda1</code>), an nfs share (<code>nfs://192.168.1.1:/path/to/scripts</code>), a samba share (<code>smb://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts</code>), or an http directory (<code><a target="_blank" href="http://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts" class="external free" title="http://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts" rel="nofollow">http://192.168.1.1/path/to/scripts</a></code>).
731 </li><li><b>autoruns=[0-9]</b>: comma separated list of the autorun scrip to be run. For example <code>autoruns=0,2,7</code> the autorun sc <code>autorun0</code>, <code>autorun2</code>, <code>autorun7</code> are run. Use <code>autoruns=no</code> to disable all the autorun scripts with a number.
732 </li><li><b>ar_ignorefail</b>: continue to execute the scripts chain even if a script failed (returned a non-zero status)
733 </li><li><b>ar_nodel</b>: do not delete the temporary copy of the autorun scripts located in <code>/var/autorun/tmp</code> after execution
734 </li><li><b>ar_disable</b>: completely disable autorun, the simple <code>autorun</code> script will not be executed
735 </li><li><b>ar_nowait</b>: do not wait for a keypress after the autorun script have been executed.
736 </li></ul>
737 </p>
738 </div>
739 <H2><a name="clonezilla"></a>Clonezilla Live boot parameters <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#boot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
740 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr valign="top"><td><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
741 The following info applies to <b>Clonezilla Live v. 1.2.5-17</b><br>
742 In case you need to get info for a more recent version of <b>Clonezilla Live</b><br>
743 please see the page "<a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/doc/fine-print.php?path=./99_Misc/00_live-initramfs-manual.doc#00_live-initramfs-manual.doc" target="_blank">The boot parameters for Clonezilla live</a>"
744 </td></tr></table></div>
745 <p>A typical Clonezilla Live isolinux entry is:</p>
746 <p class="newcode"> kernel /live/vmlinuz1<br>
747 append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general"<br>
748 ocs_live_extra_param="" ocs_live_keymap="" ocs_live_batch="no" ocs_lang="" vga=791 nolocales</p>
749 <p>The kernel used is <b>vmlinuz</b>, and anything after the word <b>append</b> is a boot parameter.</p>
750 <p>The following info comes from the page titled <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/doc/fine-print.php?path=./99_Misc/00_live-initramfs-manual.doc#00_live-initramfs-manual.doc" target="_blank">The boot parameters for Clonezilla live</a>.</p>
751 <div class="otherpage">Clonezilla live is based on <a target="_blank" href="http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/" >Debian live</a> with clonezilla installed. Therefore there are 2 kinds of boot parameters:
752 <ol>
753 <li>Boot parameters from live-initramfs. You can refer to this <a href="#live-initramfs">manual of live-initramfs</a>.
754 <li>Boot parameters specially for Clonezilla. All of them are named as "ocs_*", e.g. ocs_live_run, ocs_live_extra_param, ocs_live_batch, ocs_lang.
755 <ul>
756 <li>ocs_live_run is the main program to run in Clonezilla live to save or restore. or other command. Available program: ocs-live-general, ocs-live-restore or any command you write. Use the Absolute path in Clonezilla live.<br>
757 e.g. ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general"<br>
758 <font color="red">//NOTE// You might have to use "sudo" command inside your own script, or you can assign it like: ocs_live_run="sudo bash /my-clonezilla"</font><br>
759 <li>ocs_live_extra_param will be used only when ocs_live_run=ocs-live-restore (not for ocs-live-general or any other), then it will be passed to ocs-sr. Therefore these parameters are actually those of ocs-sr.<br>
760 e.g. ocs_live_extra_param="--batch -c restoredisk sarge-r5 hda"
761 <li>ocs_live_keymap is for keymap used in Clonezilla live. Man install-keymap for more details.<br>
762 e.g. ocs_live_keymap="NONE" (won't change the default layout)<br>
763 ocs_live_keymap="/usr/share/keymaps/i386/azerty/fr-latin9.kmap.gz" (French keyboard)
764 <li>batch mode or not (yes/no), if no, will run interactively.<br>
765 e.g. ocs_live_batch="no"
766 <li>ocs_lang is the language used in Clonezilla live. Available value: en_US.UTF-8, zh_TW.UTF-8... (see $DRBL_SCRIPT_PATH/lang/bash/)
767 e.g. ocs_lang="en_US.UTF-8"
768 <li>ocs_debug (or ocs-debug) is for you to enter command line prompt before any clonezilla-related action is run. This is easier for you to debug.
769 <li>ocs_daemonon, ocs_daemonoff, ocs_numlk, ocs_capslk.<br>
770 Ex. for the first 2 parameters, ocs_daemonon="ssh", then ssh service will be turned on when booting. For the last 2 parameters, use "on" or "off", e.g. ocs_numlk=on to turn on numberlock when booting.
771 <li>ocs_prerun, ocs_prerun1, ocs_prerun2... is for you to run a shell script before Clonezilla is started. E.g. ocs_prerun="/live/image/myscript.sh". If you have more commands to run, you can assign them in the order: ocs_prerun=..., ocs_prerun1=..., ocs_prerun2=.... If more than 10 parameters, remember to use ocs_prerun01, ocs_prerun02..., ocs_prerun11 to make it in order.
772 <li>ocs_live_run_tty. This option allows you to specify the tty where $ocs_live_run is run. By default $ocs_live_run is run on /dev/tty1 only. (It was also on /dev/ttyS0 before, but since Clonezilla live >= 1.2.3-22 no more this due to a problem). If you want to use ttyS0, for example, add live-getty and console=ttyS0,38400n81 in the boot parameter.<br>
773 <font color=red>//NOTE//</font><br>
774 <ul>
775 <li>This parameter was added in Clonezilla live 1.2.3-22 or later.
776 <li>If "live-getty console=ttyS0,38400n81" are assigned in the boot parameters, ocs_live_run_tty will honor ttyS0, even other value is assigned to ocs_live_run_tty in boot parameter.
777 <li>It's recommended to assign ocs_lang and ocs_live_keymap in the boot parameters too.
778 </ul>
779 <li>ip, this option allows you to specify the network parameters for network card. In Clonezilla live a patched live-initramfs is used, which is different from the original live-initramfs so that you can assign DNS server, too. Its format is: ip=ethernet port,IP address, netmask, gateway, DNS. E.g. If you want to assing eth0 with IP address 10.0.100.1, netmask 255.255.255.0, gateway 10.0.100.254, DNS server 8.8.8.8, you can assign the following in the boot parameter:<br>
780 ip=eth0,10.0.100.1,255.255.255.0,10.0.100.254,8.8.8.8<br>
781 If more than one network card, you can use ":" to separate them, e.g.:<br>
782 ip=eth0,10.0.100.1,255.255.255.0,10.0.100.254,8.8.8.8:eth1,192.168.120.1,255.255.255.0,192.168.120.254,,<br>
783 <li>Besides, "live-netdev" (yes, not ocs_live_netdev) can be used when using PXE booting, you can force to assign the network device to get filesystem.squashfs. This is useful when there are two or more NICs are linked. E.g. live-netdev="eth1" allows you to force the live-initramfs to use eth1 to fetch the root file system filesystem.squashfs.
784 </ul>
785 </ol>
786 <hr>
787 With the above options, we have the following examples:
788 <ol>
789 <li>A PXE config example for you to boot Clonezilla live via PXE, and ssh service is on, the password of account "user" is assigned:<br>
790 ----------------------------------------<br>
791 label Clonezilla Live<br>
792 MENU LABEL Clonezilla Live<br>
793 MENU DEFAULT<br>
794 kernel vmlinuz1<br>
795 append initrd=initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs noswap noprompt vga=788 fetch=tftp://192.168.120.254/filesystem.squashfs usercrypted=bkuQxLqLRuDW6 ocs_numlk="on" ocs_daemonon="ssh"<br>
796 ----------------------------------------<br>
797 The usercrypted password is created by:<br>
798 echo YOUR_PASSWORD | mkpasswd -s<br>
799 ("mkpasswd" is from package "whois" in Debian or Ubuntu. Check your GNU/Linux to see which package provides this command if you are not using Debian or Ubuntu. Replace YOUR_PASSWORD with your plain text password, and remember do not put any " in the boot parameters of live-initramfs (while it's ok for those ocs_* boot parameters), i.e. do NOT use something like usercrypted="bkuQxLqLRuDW6").<br>
800 //NOTE// If you do not assign salt to mkpasswd, the encrypted password will not be the same every time you create it.<br>
801 For more about usercrypted discussion, please check the <a href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-live/2008/10/msg00020.html" target=_blank>here</a>.
802 <br><br>
803 <li>How to put your own binary driver in Clonezilla live without modifying /live/filesystem.squashfs:
804 <ul>
805 <li>Boot clonezilla live
806 <li>Become root by running "sudo su -"
807 <li>Copy the dir lsi, which contains a precompiled kernel module matching the running kernel in Clonezilla live and a script to run it, to a working dir, e.g.: <br>
808 cp -r /live/image/lsi /home/partimag
809 <li>cd /home/partimag
810 <li>/opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-live-dev -c -s -i lsi -u lsi -x "ocs_prerun=/live/image/lsi/prep-lsi.sh"
811 <li>/opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-iso -s -i lsi -u lsi -x "ocs_prerun=/live/image/lsi/prep-lsi.sh"
812 <li>///NOTE/// In this example, the 2 files in dir lsi are: megasr.ko (the binary driver) and prep-lsi.sh. The contents of prep-lsi.sh:
813 <pre>
814 ------------------------
815 #!/bin/bash
816 cp -f /live/image/lsi/megasr.ko /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/block/
817 chown root.root /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/block/megasr.ko
818 depmod -a modprobe megasr
819 sleep 1
820 ------------------------
821 </pre>
822 </ul>
823 <li>To put your customized script with a PXE version of Clonezilla live (You have to use Clonezilla live version 1.2.2-2 or later):<br>
824 In this example, we assume (1) The IP address of your PXE server is 192.168.120.254, (2) the customized script (custom-ocs-2) is put on your PXE server's tftpd root dir (E.g. On DRBL server, the path is /tftpboot/nbi_img/. It might be different in your case if you are not use DRBL server as a PXE server).<br>
825 Therefor your pxelinux.cfg/default file is like:
826 <p>------------------------<br>
827 label Clonezilla Live<br>
828 MENU DEFAULT<br>
829 # MENU HIDE<br>
830 MENU LABEL Clonezilla Live<br>
831 # MENU PASSWD<br>
832 kernel vmlinuz1<br>
833 append initrd=initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs noswap noprompt vga=788 ip=frommedia fetch=tftp://192.168.120.254/filesystem.squashfs ocs_prerun="busybox tftp -g -b 10240 -r custom-ocs-2 -l /tmp/custom-ocs-2 192.168.120.254" ocs_live_run="bash /tmp/custom-ocs-2" ocs_live_keymap="NONE" ocs_live_batch="no" ocs_lang="en_US.UTF-8" nolocales<br>
834 TEXT HELP<br>
835 Boot Clonezilla live via network<br>
836 ENDTEXT<br>
837 <p>------------------------<br>
838 The content of custom-ocs-2 can be like:
839 <pre>
840 ------------------------
841 #!/bin/bash
842 . /opt/drbl/sbin/drbl-conf-functions
843 . /opt/drbl/sbin/ocs-functions
844 . /etc/ocs/ocs-live.conf
845 # Load language file
846 ask_and_load_lang_set en_US.UTF-8
847 # 1. Mount the clonezilla image home.
848 # Types: local_dev, ssh_server, samba_server, nfs_server
849 prep-ocsroot -t nfs_server
850 # 2. Restore the image
851 if mountpoint /home/partimag/ &>/dev/null; then
852 ocs-sr -l en_US.UTF-8 -c -p choose restoredisk ask_user ask_user
853 else
854 [ "$BOOTUP" = "color" ] && $SETCOLOR_FAILURE
855 echo "Fail to find the Clonezilla image home /home/partimag!"
856 echo "Program terminated!"
857 [ "$BOOTUP" = "color" ] && $SETCOLOR_NORMAL
858 fi
859 ------------------------
860 </pre>
861 </li>
862 </ol>
863 </div>
864 <H3><a name="live-initramfs"></a>live-initramfs manual <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#boot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
865 <p>This is the manual of <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/live-initramfs-param.php" target=_blank>live-initramfs</a>
866 <BR>
867 </p>
868 <a name="live-initramfs"></a><div class="otherpage" style="overflow: auto;"><pre>
869 live-initramfs(7)
870 =================
871 :man source: 1.157.3
872 :man manual: Debian Live
873 Name
874 ----
875 live-initramfs - Debian Live initramfs hook
876 Synopsis
877 --------
878 BOOT=live
879 as kernel parameter at boot prompt.
880 Description
881 -----------
882 live-initramfs is a hook for the initramfs-tools, used to generate a initramfs
883 capable to boot live systems, such as those created by *live-helper*(7).
884 This includes the Debian Live isos, netboot tarballs, and usb stick images.
885 At boot time it will look for a (read-only) media containing a "/live"
886 directory where a root filesystems (often a compressed filesystem image like
887 squashfs) is stored. If found, it will create a writable environment, using
888 aufs, for Debian like systems to boot from.
889 You probably do not want to install this package onto a non-live system,
890 although it will do no harm.
891 live-initramfs is a fork of <a href="http://packages.ubuntu.com/casper/" target="_blank">casper</a>.
892 casper was originally written by Tollef Fog Heen &amp;lt;tfheen@canonical.com&amp;gt;
893 and Matt Zimmerman &amp;lt;mdz@canonical.com&amp;gt;.
894 Boot options
895 ------------
896 Here is the complete list of recognized boot parameters by live-initramfs.
897 access=*ACCESS*::
898 Set the accessibility level for physically or visually impared users. ACCESS
899 must be one of v1, v2, v3, m1, or m2. v1=lesser visual impairment, v2=moderate
900 visual impairment, v3=blindness, m1=minor motor difficulties, m2=moderate motor
901 difficulties.
902 console=*TTY,SPEED*::
903 Set the default console to be used with the "live-getty" option. Example:
904 "console=ttyS0,115200"
905 debug::
906 Makes initramfs boot process more verbose.
907 fetch=*URL*::
908 Another form of netboot by downloading a squashfs image from a given url,
909 copying to ram and booting it. Due to current limitations in busyboxs wget
910 and DNS resolution, an URL can not contain a hostname but an IP only.
911 Not working: http://example.com/path/to/your_filesystem.squashfs
912 Working: http://1.2.3.4/path/to/your_filesystem.squashfs
913 Also note that therefore it's currently not possible to fetch an image from a
914 namebased virtualhost of an httpd if it is sharing the ip with the main httpd
915 instance.
916 hostname=*HOSTNAME*, username=*USER*, userfullname=*USERFULLNAME*::
917 Those parameters lets you override values read from the config file.
918 ignore_uuid
919 Do not check that any UUID embedded in the initramfs matches the discovered
920 medium. live-initramfs may be told to generate a UUID by setting
921 LIVE_GENERATE_UUID=1 when building the initramfs.
922 integrity-check::
923 If specified, an MD5 sum is calculated on the live media during boot and
924 compared to the value found in md5sum.txt found in the root directory of the
925 live media.
926 ip=**[CLIENT_IP]:[SERVER_IP]:[GATEWAY_IP]:[NETMASK]:[HOSTNAME]:
927 [DEVICE]:[AUTOCONF] [,[CLIENT_IP]:[SERVER_IP]:[GATEWAY_IP]:[NETMASK]:[HOSTNAME]:
928 [DEVICE]:[AUTOCONF]]***::
929 Let you specify the name(s) and the options of the interface(s) that should be
930 configured at boot time. Do not specify this if you want to use dhcp (default).
931 It will be changed in a future release to mimick official kernel boot param
932 specification (e.g. ip=10.0.0.1::10.0.0.254:255.255.255.0::eth0,:::::eth1:dhcp).
933 ip=[**frommedia**]::
934 If this variable is set, dhcp and static configuration are just skipped and the
935 system will use the (must be) media-preconfigured /etc/network/interfaces
936 instead.
937 {keyb|kbd-chooser/method}=**KEYBOARD**, {klayout|console-setup/layoutcode}=**LAYOUT**,
938 {kvariant|console-setup/variantcode}=**VARIANT**, {kmodel|console-setup/modelcode}=
939 **CODE**, koptions=**OPTIONS**::
940 Configure the running keyboard as specified, if this one misses live-initramfs
941 behaves as if "keyb=us" was specified. It will be interfered from "locale=" if
942 locale is only 2 lowecase letters as a special case. You could also specify
943 console layout, variant, code, and options (no defaults).
944 live-getty::
945 This changes the auto-login on virtual terminals to use the (experimental)
946 live-getty code. With this option set the standard kernel argument "console=" is
947 parsed and if a serial console is specified then live-getty is used to autologin
948 on the serial console.
949 {live-media|bootfrom}=**DEVICE**::
950 If you specify one of this two equivalent forms, live-initramfs will first try
951 to find this device for the "/live" directory where the read-only root
952 filesystem should reside. If it did not find something usable, the normal scan
953 for block devices is performed.
954 Instead of specifing an actual device name, the keyword 'removable' can be used
955 to limit the search of acceptable live media to removable type only. Note that
956 if you want to further restrict the media to usb mass storage only, you can use
957 the 'removable-usb' keyword.
958 {live-media-encryption|encryption}=**TYPE**::
959 live-initramfs will mount the encrypted rootfs TYPE, asking the passphrase,
960 useful to build paranoid live systems :-). TYPE supported so far are "aes" for
961 loop-aes encryption type.
962 live-media-offset=**BYTES**::
963 This way you could tell live-initramfs that your image starts at offset BYTES in
964 the above specified or autodiscovered device, this could be useful to hide the
965 Debian Live iso or image inside another iso or image, to create "clean" images.
966 live-media-path=**PATH**::
967 Sets the path to the live filesystem on the medium. By default, it is set to
968 '/live' and you should not change that unless you have customized your media
969 accordingly.
970 live-media-timeout=**SECONDS**::
971 Set the timeout in seconds for the device specified by "live-media=" to become
972 ready before giving up.
973 {locale|debian-installer/locale}=**LOCALE**::
974 Configure the running locale as specified, if not present the live-media rootfs
975 configured locale will be used and if also this one misses live-initramfs behave
976 as "locale=en_US.UTF-8" was specified. If only 2 lowercase letter are specified
977 (like "it"), the "maybe wanted" locale is generated (like en:EN.UTF-8), in this
978 case if also "keyb=" is unspecified is set with those 2 lowercase letters
979 (keyb=us). Beside that facility, only UTF8 locales are supported by
980 live-initramfs.
981 module=**NAME**::
982 Instead of using the default optional file "filesystem.module" (see below)
983 another file could be specified without the extension ".module"; it should be
984 placed on "/live" directory of the live medium.
985 netboot[=**nfs**|**cifs**]::
986 This tells live-initramfs to perform a network mount. The parameter "nfsroot="
987 (with optional "nfsopts="), should specify where is the location of the root
988 filesystem. With no args, will try cifs first, and if it fails nfs.
989 nfsopts=::
990 This lets you specify custom nfs options.
991 noautologin::
992 This parameter disables the automatic terminal login only, not touching gdk/kdm.
993 noxautologin::
994 This parameter disables the automatic login of gdm/kdm only, not touching
995 terminals.
996 nofastboot::
997 This parameter disables the default disabling of filesystem checks in
998 /etc/fstab. If you have static filesystems on your harddisk and you want them to
999 be checked at boot time, use this parameter, otherwise they are skipped.
1000 nopersistent::
1001 disables the "persistent" feature, useful if the bootloader (like syslinux) has
1002 been installed with persistent enabled.
1003 noprompt
1004 Do not prompt to eject the CD or remove the USB flash drive on reboot.
1005 nosudo::
1006 This parameter disables the automatic configuration of sudo.
1007 swapon::
1008 This parameter enables usage of local swap partitions.
1009 nouser::
1010 This parameter disables the creation of the default user completely.
1011 noxautoconfig::
1012 This parameter disables Xorg auto-reconfiguration at boot time. This is valuable
1013 if you either do the detection on your own, or, if you want to ship a custom,
1014 premade xorg.conf in your live system.
1015 persistent[=nofiles]::
1016 live-initramfs will look for persistent and snapshot partitions or files labeled
1017 "live-rw", "home-rw", and files called "live-sn*", "home-sn*" and will try to,
1018 in order: mount as /cow the first, mount the second in /home, and just copy the
1019 contents of the latter in appropriate locations (snapshots). Snapshots will be
1020 tried to be updated on reboot/shutdown. Look at live-snapshot(1) for more
1021 informations. If "nofiles" is specified, only filesystems with matching labels
1022 will be searched; no filesystems will be traversed looking for archives or image
1023 files. This results in shorter boot times.
1024 persistent-path=PATH
1025 live-initramfs will look for persistency files in the root directory of a partition,
1026 with this parameter, the path can be configured so that you can have multiple
1027 directories on the same partition to store persistency files.
1028 {preseed/file|file}=**FILE**::
1029 A path to a file present on the rootfs could be used to preseed debconf
1030 database.
1031 package/question=**VALUE**::
1032 All debian installed packages could be preseeded from command-line that way,
1033 beware of blanks spaces, they will interfere with parsing, use a preseed file in
1034 this case.
1035 quickreboot::
1036 This option causes live-initramfs to reboot without attempting to eject the
1037 media and without asking the user to remove the boot media.
1038 showmounts::
1039 This parameter will make live-initramfs to show on "/" the ro filesystems
1040 (mostly compressed) on "/live". This is not enabled by default because could
1041 lead to problems by applications like "mono" which store binary paths on
1042 installation.
1043 silent
1044 If you boot with the normal quiet parameter, live-initramfs hides most messages
1045 of its own. When adding silent, it hides all.
1046 textonly
1047 Start up to text-mode shell prompts, disabling the graphical user interface.
1048 timezone=**TIMEZONE**::
1049 By default, timezone is set to UTC. Using the timezone parameter, you can set it
1050 to your local zone, e.g. Europe/Zurich.
1051 todisk=**DEVICE**::
1052 Adding this parameter, live-initramfs will try to copy the entire read-only
1053 media to the specified device before mounting the root filesystem. It probably
1054 needs a lot of free space. Subsequent boots should then skip this step and just
1055 specify the "live-media=DEVICE" boot parameter with the same DEVICE used this
1056 time.
1057 toram::
1058 Adding this parameter, live-initramfs will try to copy the whole read-only media
1059 to the computer's RAM before mounting the root filesystem. This could need a lot
1060 of ram, according to the space used by the read-only media.
1061 union=**aufs**|**unionfs**::
1062 By default, live-initramfs uses aufs. With this parameter, you can switch to
1063 unionfs.
1064 utc=**yes**|**no**::
1065 By default, Debian systems do assume that the hardware clock is set to UTC. You
1066 can change or explicitly set it with this parameter.
1067 xdebconf::
1068 Uses xdebconfigurator, if present on the rootfs, to configure X instead of the
1069 standard procedure (experimental).
1070 xvideomode=**RESOLUTION**::
1071 Doesn't do xorg autodetection, but enforces a given resolution.
1072 Files
1073 -----
1074 /etc/live.conf
1075 Some variables can be configured via this config file (inside the live system).
1076 /live/filesystem.module
1077 This optional file (inside the live media) contains a list of white-space or
1078 carriage-return-separated file names corresponding to disk images in the "/live"
1079 directory. If this file exists, only images listed here will be merged into the
1080 root aufs, and they will be loaded in the order listed here. The first entry
1081 in this file will be the "lowest" point in the aufs, and the last file in
1082 this list will be on the "top" of the aufs, directly below /cow. Without
1083 this file, any images in the "/live" directory are loaded in alphanumeric order.
1084 /etc/live-persistence.binds
1085 This optional file (which resides in the rootfs system, not in the live media)
1086 is used as a list of directories which not need be persistent: ie. their
1087 content does not need to survive reboots when using the persistence features.
1088 This saves expensive writes and speeds up operations on volatile data such as
1089 web caches and temporary files (like e.g. /tmp and .mozilla) which are
1090 regenerated each time. This is achieved by bind mounting each listed directory
1091 with a tmpfs on the original path.
1092 See also
1093 --------
1094 live-snapshot(1), initramfs-tools(8), live-helper(7), live-initscripts(7),
1095 live-webhelper(7)
1096 Bugs
1097 ----
1098 Report bugs against live-initramfs
1099 <a href="http://packages.qa.debian.org/live-initramfs" target="_blank">http://packages.qa.debian.org/live-initramfs</a>.
1100 Homepage
1101 --------
1102 More information about the Debian Live project can be found at
1103 <a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/" target="_blank">http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/</a> and
1104 <a href="http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/" target="_blank">http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/</a>.
1105 Authors
1106 -------
1107 live-initramfs is maintained by Daniel Baumann &amp;lt;daniel@debian.org&amp;gt;
1108 for the Debian project.
1109 live-initramfs is a fork of <a href="http://packages.ubuntu.com/casper/" target="_blank">casper</a>.
1110 casper was originally written by Tollef Fog Heen &amp;lt;tfheen@canonical.com&amp;gt;
1111 and Matt Zimmerman &amp;lt;mdz@canonical.com&amp;gt;.
1112 </pre>
1113 </div>
1114 <a name="clonezilla-top"></a>
1115 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="clonezilla-intro"></a>About Clonezilla Live <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1116 <p>The DRBL-based PXEBoot Clonezilla is used to clone many computers simultaneously. It is an extremely useful tool, however, it does have several limitations. In order to use it, you must first prepare a DRBL server AND the machine to be cloned must boot from a network (e.g. PXE/Etherboot).<br><br>
1117 To address these limitations, the Free Software Lab at the NCHC has combined <a href="http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/" target=_blank>Debian Live</a> with Clonezilla to produce "<b>Clonezilla Live</b>", a new software that can be used to easily clone individual machines.</p>
1118 <p>
1119 <b>Clonezilla Live</b> provides two modes of operation:
1120 </p>
1121 <ul>
1122 <li><b>device-image</b><br>
1123 In this mode of operation, a disk/partition can be saved to an image file. This image file can be used to restore the original disk/partition. With Clonezilla-SysRescCD, it can also be used to create an automated restore CD/DVD. This is the mode of operation we will discuss here.
1124 </li>
1125 <li><b>device-device (cloning)</b><br>
1126 This mode of operation creates an exact copy of the original disk/partition on the fly.</li>
1127 </ul>
1128 <p>When working in <b>device-image</b> mode, you will always have to specify three things:</p>
1129 <ul>
1130 <li>The location of the image file</li>
1131 <li>The working parameters for the operation</li>
1132 <li>The disk/partition that will be saved/restored</li>
1133 </ul>
1134 <p><b>Clonezilla Live</b> provides a user friendly interface in order to insert this data.<br><br>
1135 When <b>Clonezilla Live</b> is booted up, either normally or copied to RAM, the contents of the whole CD/DVD can be found in folder <b>/live/image</b>. This is where you will find any extra files, such as the <b>restorecd</b> and the <b>doc</b> folders.
1136 </p>
1137 <H2><a name="start-stop"></a>Starting and stopping Clonezilla Live <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1138 <p>When you boot into <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, the program (actually a script) starts automatically. There are many places where you can stop it, by selecting <b>Cancel</b> or answering <b>N(o)</b> to a question. When you do that you will probably get the following:</p>
1139 <p class="newcode">Now you can choose to:<br>
1140 (0) Poweroff<br>
1141 (1) Reboot<br>
1142 (2) Enter command line prompt<br>
1143 (3) Start over<br>
1144 [2]</p>
1145 <p>Select Poweroff or Reboot, <b>only</b> if you haven't already mounted a disk partition. I found out by experience, it is not always safe to let any live CD automatically unmount my partitions. So if you have already specified the image partition and/or the partition to save/restore, you should enter command line prompt and type:</p>
1146 <p class="newcode"><a name="umount"></a>sudo su -<br>
1147 mount | grep /dev/[sh]d</p>
1148 <p>and then unmount the partitions shown by the last command. So if the results of this command is for example:</p>
1149 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">/dev/hda1</font> on /home/partimag type vfat (rw)</p>
1150 <p>just type the command:</p>
1151 <p class="newcode">umount <font color="Green">/dev/hda1</font></p>
1152 <p>and it's now safe to Poweroff of Reboot.<br><br>
1153 If, on the other hand, you just want to restart the program, type:</p>
1154 <p class="newcode">ocs-live</p>
1155 <H2><a name="about"></a>About the Image file <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1156 <p>One thing should be made clear about the image file: it is not a file, it is a <b>folder</b>, containing the actual image file and some data about the disk/partition it is associated with. So when you insert the image file name, you actually insert the folder name where the image will be saved/restored.<br><br>
1157 Before you are able to insert the image file name, a list of partitions will be presented to you, so that you can choose where it should be saved/found. When you select one of them, it will be mounted and a list of folders will be presented to you, so you can select the base image directory (first level directory within the partition), which will then be mounted under <b>/home/partimag</b>. This way you can, for example, create a folder called <b>all_my_images</b> in one of your disk partitions, and move all your image files in there; <b>Clonezilla Live</b> will be able to find them!!!<br><br>
1158 Another thing that should be pointed out is that <b>only unmounted</b> partitions will be included in the above list. This means that if you have stopped the program at some point after specifying the partition where the image file resides, and it has been mounted, it will not be present in the list the next time it is presented to you, and you will not be able to use it.<br><br>
1159 There are two things you can do in this case; either unmount the partition, as stated <a href="#umount">above</a>, or select</p>
1160 <p class="newcode"><font color="Red">skip&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use existing /home/partimag</font></p>
1161 <p>instead of any other option, when you restart the program. The later of course means that you still want to use the previously specified partition as the image file location.<br><br>
1162 Fianlly I should say that <b>Clonezilla Live</b> is able to use a remote disk/partition as the location of the image file, mounted through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b>. Using any of these options is a more advanced topic, way beyond the scope of this presentation.</p>
1163 <H2><a name="options"></a>Scripts' options <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1164 <p>This section presents the options which are available at the "<i><b>Clonezilla advanced extra parameters</b></i>" screens, if the "Expert" mode is selected. For other options, see <a href="backup.html">Getting backups</a> and <a href="restoration.html">Restoring data</a>.</p>
1165 <H3><a name="backup-options"></a>Backup options [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1166 <H4><a name="imaging-program-priority"></a>Imaging program priority [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1167 <p class="newcode"><a name="q_option"></a><font color="Red">-q2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Priority: partclone > partimage > dd<br>
1168 -q1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Priority: Only dd (supports all filesystem, but inefficient)<br>
1169 -q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Priority: ntfsclone > partimage > dd<br>
1170 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Priority: partimage > dd (no ntfsclone)</font></p>
1171 <p>This option chooses which imaging programs are preferred. By default, <b>Clonezilla Live</b> uses <b>partclone</b> for nearly all filesystems, including ext2/3/4, NTFS and FAT32. If a filesystem isn't supported by <b>partclone</b>, but is supported by <b>partimage</b> (spesifically: if the filesystem is HFS, HPFS or JFS), it is cloned by <b>partimage</b>. If it isn't supported by either (for example Linux swap, though it doesn't make any sense to clone swap partitions), it is cloned by <b>dd</b>. Unlike <b>partclone</b> or <b>partimage</b>, <b>dd</b> copies all blocks of the partition instead of only used, resulting in slower imaging process and bigger images.</p>
1172 <p>Normally the default option <font color="Red"><b>-q2</b></font> should be preferred. Try another option if you have problems and believe they are caused by the imaging program used.</p>
1173 <H4><a name="various-backup-parameters"></a>Various parameters [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1174 <p>These options are available at the second "<i><b>Clonezilla advanced extra parameters</b></i>" screen.</p>
1175 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup-confirmation"></a><font color="Red">-c&nbsp;Client waits for confirmation before cloning</font></p>
1176 <p>This option causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask if you really want to clone the disk/partition just before it starts cloning. It is enabled by default.</p>
1177 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup-hidden-data"></a><font color="Red">-j2&nbsp;Clone the hidden data between MBR and 1st partition</font></p>
1178 <p>If this option is set, the 15 hidden sectors between Master Boot Record and the first partition are copied. This area usually contains some data necessary for booting. The option is enabled by default and should be kept enabled if you are cloning a bootable disk.</p>
1179 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup-nogui"></a><font color="Red">-nogui&nbsp;Use text output only, no TUI/GUI output</font></p>
1180 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to force the used programs to use only command-line interface even if text-based or graphical user interface is available.</p>
1181 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup-no-dma"></a><font color="Red">-a&nbsp;Do NOT force to turn on HD DMA</font></p>
1182 <p>Prevents <b>Clonezilla Live</b> from using DMA for communicating with hard drives. Slows cloning down but in some conditions cloning without this option can be impossible.</p>
1183 <p class="newcode"><a name="rm-win-swap-hib"></a><font color="Red">-rm-win-swap-hib&nbsp;Remove page and hibernation files in Win if exists</font></p>
1184 <p>This option prevents <b>Clonezilla Live</b> from cloning your page file if you are cloning a partition containing Windows. Often the page file is big and unneeded, and skipping it may speed cloning up without causing any harm. Mind you, this option is disabled by default because sometimes the page file may be necessary.</p>
1185 <p class="newcode"><a name="ntfs-ok"></a><font color="Red">-ntfs-ok&nbsp;Skip checking NTFS integrity, even bad sectors (ntfsclone only)</font></p>
1186 <p>This option works only if you selected the <font color="Red"><b>-q</b></font> option and you're cloning a NTFS partition. It prevents the integrity check of NTFS partitions and speeds the cloning process up a little. However, if the check is disabled, there is a risk that the filesystem is damaged and the image created from it is useless.</p>
1187 <p class="newcode"><a name="rescue"></a><font color="Red">-rescue&nbsp;Continue reading next one when disk blocks read errors</font></p>
1188 <p>If this option is set, <b>Clonezilla Live</b> continues cloning even if a read error occurs. If there is one, the disk image will be corrupted, but failing hard drives can only be cloned with this option enabled.</p>
1189 <p class="newcode"><a name="fsck-src-part"></a><font color="Red">-fsck-src-part&nbsp;Check and repair source file system before saving</font></p>
1190 <p>This option causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to check the integrity of the partition(s) to be cloned. If the filesystem of the partition is damaged, <b>Clonezilla Live</b> also attempts to repair it automatically. Enabling this option reduces the risk that the image contains a damaged filesystem. However, the option is disabled by default because the automatic filesystem repair attempt may cause data loss.</p>
1191 <p class="newcode"><a name="gen-md5"></a><font color="Red">-gm&nbsp;Generate image MD5 checksums</font></p>
1192 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to calculate MD5 checksum(s) of image(s) created. If the image gets corrupted afterwards, the checksum allows to notice the corruption before the image is restored. Mind you, calculating the checksum takes some time and slows the process down a little.</p>
1193 <p class="newcode"><a name="gen-sha1"></a><font color="Red">-gs&nbsp;Generate image SHA1 checksums</font></p>
1194 <p>This option is identical to the above, but creates SHA1 checksum(s) instead of MD5. SHA1 is considered to be more accurate checksum algorithm than MD5, but MD5 is more popular.</p>
1195 <H4><a name="compression-method"></a>Compression method [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1196 <p class="newcode"><a name="z_option"></a><font color="Red">-z1p&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use parallel gzip compression (testing), for multicore/CPU<br>
1197 -z1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gzip compression (fast with a smaller image)<br>
1198 -z2p&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use parallel bzip2 compression (testing), for multicore/CPU<br>
1199 -z2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bzip2 compression (slowest but smallest image)<br>
1200 -z3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lzo compression (faster with image size approx. to that of gzip)(NOTE!!)<br>
1201 -z4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lzma_compression_(slowest_but_also_small_image,_faster_decompression_than_bzip2)<br>
1202 -z5p&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use_parallel_xz_compression_(testing),_for_multicore/CPU<br>
1203 -z5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;xz_compression_(slowest_but_also_small_image,_faster_decompression_than_bzip2)<br>
1204 -z6p&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use_parallel_lzip_compression_(testing),_for_multicore/CPU<br>
1205 -z6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lzip_compression_(slowest_but_also_small_image,_faster_decompression_than_bzip2)<br>
1206 -z0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No compression (fastest but largest image size)</font></p>
1207 <p>This option chooses the method which is used to compress the image while creating it.</p>
1208 <p>If no compression is used at all, there won't be any negative speed impact caused by compression. However, the image file size is the size of all the data backed up - for example, if you clone a 160 GB hard drive containing 60 gigabytes of data, the resulting disk image will be 60 gigabytes in size.</p>
1209 <p><b>Gzip</b> and <b>lzop</b> are fast compression methods. <b>Lzop</b> is many times faster than <b>gzip</b>, but creates slightly larger images. <b>Clonezilla Live</b> warns that <b>lzop</b> requires good-quality RAM, but I (the contributor who wrote this chapter) think other compression methods require good RAM too.</p>
1210 <p><b>Bzip2</b>, <b>lzma</b>, <b>xz</b> and <b>lzip</b> are powerful compression methods. <b>Lzma</b> creates a little smaller images than <b>bzip2</b>, and decompressing lzma-compressed images is faster than decompressing <b>bzip2</b> images. But there is no free lunch: <b>lzma</b> compression method is very slow compared even to <b>bzip2</b>, which isn't fast method either.</p>
1211 <p><b>Lzma</b> method is becoming obsolete, and both <b>xz</b> and <b>lzip</b> are attempting to become its successor. They are a bit less powerful compression methods than <b>lzma</b>, but much faster. The differences between <b>xz</b> and <b>lzip</b> are virtually non-existent.</p>
1212 <p>If you don't use the i486 version of <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> and your processor contains multiple cores and/or supports Hyper-Threading, parallel <b>gzip</b>, <b>bzip2</b>, <b>xz</b> and <b>lzip</b> compression methods are also available. Parallel compression means that each processor core compresses a different part of the image at a time. Without parallel compression one core compresses everything.</p>
1213 <p>The speed impact caused by parallel compression depends on the number of processor cores available. In addition, Hyper-Threading increases the speed by about 30 % if parallel compression is used. For example, if your processor contains four cores and supports Hyper-Threading, speed with parallel compression is nearly 5,2 times as high as without. However, parallel compression is currently an experimental feature.</p>
1214 <H4><a name="splitting"></a>Splitting [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1215 <p>This option (command line: <b>-i <font color="Red">[number]</font></b>) decides if the created image files are splitted into smaller pieces, and if yes, how large the pieces are. This setting doesn't usually matter, but some filesystems (most importantly FAT32) don't allow files larger than four gigabytes. If you're saving the disk image to a FAT32 partition, enter 4000 or less. (Value 0 disables splitting, so don't use it in that case.) If the filesystem allows files big enough, enter any value which isn't too small (you don't want to split the image into too many pieces, do you?)</p>
1216 <p><b>Clonezilla Live</b> warns that it is no longer safe to disable splitting because value 0 can confuse init. I (the contributor) don't know what the warning exactly means and haven't been able to reproduce the problem. Anyway, entering a very big value, for example 999999999999, is a safe way to keep the image in one piece.</p>
1217 <H4><a name="backup-postaction"></a>Postaction [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1218 <p class="newcode"><a name="backup_p_option"></a><font color="Red">-p true&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do nothing when the clone finishes<br>
1219 -p reboot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reboot client when the clone finishes<br>
1220 -p poweroff&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shutdown client when the clone finishes</font></p>
1221 <p>In this screen you can decide what <b>Clonezilla Live</b> does when the disk/partition is cloned.</p>
1222 <p>Spiros told <a href="#start-stop">above</a> that he has found out that it's not always safe to allow Live CDs automatically unmount partitions, and I have lost data when trying auto-unmount with a script. So, avoid <font color="Red"><b>-p reboot</b></font> and <font color="Red"><b>-p poweroff</b></font> options if possible. You have been warned.</p>
1223 <H3><a name="restore-options"></a>Restore options (script ocs-sr) [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1224 <H4><a name="various-restore-parameters"></a>Various parameters [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1225 <p>These options are available at the first "<i><b>Clonezilla advanced extra parameters</b></i>" screen.</p>
1226 <p class="newcode"><a name="reinstall-grub"></a><font color="Red">-g auto&nbsp;Reinstall grub in client disk MBR (only if grub config exists)</font></p>
1227 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to reinstall GRUB into the Master Boot Record of the disk if at least one partition contains GRUB config file (/boot/grub/menu.lst). The option is enabled by default and shouldn't cause any harm. However, it should be disabled if you for example have another bootloader in MBR and chainload GRUB with it.</p>
1228 <p class="newcode"><a name="ntfs-geometry"></a><font color="Red">-e1 auto&nbsp;Automatically adjust filesystem geometry for a NTFS boot partition if exists</font></p>
1229 <p>The NTLDR bootloader used by Windows isn't able to determine automatically where the files it needs are stored. It only knows their physical locations, which sometimes change when the disk or partition is copied. If the locations are changed and this option is selected, the location information of the files is changed accordingly. This option is enabled by default and if it's disabled, the cloned Windows will fail to boot.</p>
1230 <p class="newcode"><a name="chs-from-edd"></a><font color="Red">-e2&nbsp;sfdisk uses CHS of hard drive from EDD(for non-grub boot loader)</font></p>
1231 <p>This option requires that the <font color="Red"><b>-e1 auto</b></font> option is selected. It causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to use disk read interface named EDD for determining the physical locations of the files when updating the location information used by NTLDR. The option is enabled by default because it reduces the risk that Windows doesn't boot.</p>
1232 <p class="newcode"><a name="change-win-ip-based-host"></a><font color="Red">-hn0 PC&nbsp;Change MS Win hostname (based on IP address) after clone</font></p>
1233 <p>If this option is selected and a partition containing Microsoft Windows is cloned, its IP address -based hostname is changed after cloning. Computers which are on any network simultaneously need to have different hostnames, so this option is needed if a Windows system is cloned to another computer and the original computer is still used in addition to the one where the image was restored to.</p>
1234 <p class="newcode"><a name="change-win-mac-based-host"></a><font color="Red">-hn1 PC&nbsp;Change MS Win hostname (based on MAC address) after clone</font></p>
1235 <p>This option causes the MAC address -based hostname of Windows to change. This option needs also be enabled in the above condition.</p>
1236 <p class="newcode"><a name="verbose"></a><font color="Red">-v&nbsp;Prints verbose messages (especially for udpcast)</font></p>
1237 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to tell more information of what it does.</p>
1238 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-nogui"></a><font color="Red">-nogui&nbsp;Use text output only, no TUI/GUI output</font></p>
1239 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to force the used programs to use only command-line interface even if text-based or graphical user interface is available.</p>
1240 <p class="newcode"><a name="batch"></a><font color="Red">-b&nbsp;Run clone in batch mode (DANGEROUS!)</font></p>
1241 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to run in batch mode. According to Clonezilla Live reference card, this option is dangerous, though I (the contributor) don't know why.</p>
1242 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-confirmation"></a><font color="Red">-c&nbsp;Client waits for confirmation before cloning</font></p>
1243 <p>This option causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask if you really want to clone the disk/partition just before it starts cloning. It is enabled by default.</p>
1244 <p class="newcode"><a name="no-mbr"></a><font color="Red">-t&nbsp;Client does not restore the MBR (Mater Boot Record)</font></p>
1245 <p>Do NOT restore the MBR (Mater Boot Record) when restoring image. If this option is set, you must make sure there is an existing MBR in the current restored harddisk. Default is Yes.</p>
1246 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-syslinux-mbr"></a><font color="Red">-t1&nbsp;Client restores the prebuilt MBR from syslinux (For Windows only)</font></p>
1247 <p>If this option is set, the MBR is overwritten by prebuilt one which chainloads Windows. Use this option if you have to restore Windows and make it bootable, but don't have the original MBR or backup of it.</p>
1248 <p class="newcode"><a name="resize-fs"></a><font color="Red">-r&nbsp;Try to resize the filesystem to fit partition size</font></p>
1249 <p>This option is useful if you are cloning a small disk to larger one. It tries to resize the restored filesystem to the size of the partition where it was restored to. It allows you to use the whole size of your new disk without resizing the partition afterwards. The option requires that the disk where the image is copied already contains a partition where the image is restored or that the option <font color="Red"><b>-k1</b></font> is enabled.</p>
1250 <p class="newcode"><a name="load-geometry"></a><font color="Red">-e&nbsp;sfdisk uses the CHS value of hard drive from the saved image</font></p>
1251 <p>Force to use the saved CHS (cylinders, heads, sectors) when using sfdisk. Of cource, there is no use of it when using any of <b><font color="Red">-j0</font></b>, <b><font color="Red">-k</font></b> or <b><font color="Red">-k2</font></b> options.</p>
1252 <p class="newcode"><a name="ignore-crc"></a><font color="Red">-icrc&nbsp;Ignore CRC checking of partclone</font></p>
1253 <p>This option causes <b>partclone</b> to skip checking the CRC32 checksums of the image. Enabling this option speeds the restore process up. However, if this option is enabled and the <b><font color="Red">-cm</font></b> and <b><font color="Red">-cs</font></b> options are disabled, there is no way to notice if the image has corrupted.</p>
1254 <p class="newcode"><a name="mbr-again"></a><font color="Red">-j1&nbsp;Write MBR (512 B) again after image is restored. Not OK for partition table diffe</font></p>
1255 <p>When a disk image is restored, the partition table must be updated to reflect the actual partitions in the disk. If you don't want it to happen, enable this option. Then the Master Boot Record (including the partition table) is restored again after restoring the image. Note that using this option can destroy all the data in the target drive.</p>
1256 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-hidden-data"></a><font color="Red">-j2&nbsp;Clone the hidden data between MBR and 1st partition</font></p>
1257 <p>If this option is set, the 15 hidden sectors between Master Boot Record and the first partition are restored. This area usually contains some data necessary for booting. The option is enabled by default and should be kept enabled if you are cloning a bootable disk.</p>
1258 <p class="newcode"><a name="check-md5"></a><font color="Red">-cm&nbsp;Check image by MD5 checksums</font></p>
1259 <p>If the image folder contains MD5 checksum(s), this option causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to check if the image has corrupted by calculating its checksum and comparing it to the precalculated one. Mind you, calculating the checksum takes some time and slows the process down a little.</p>
1260 <p class="newcode"><a name="check-sha1"></a><font color="Red">-cs&nbsp;Check image by SHA1 checksums</font></p>
1261 <p><p>This option is identical to the above, but checks SHA1 checksum(s) instead of MD5.</p>
1262 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore-no-dma"></a><font color="Red">-a&nbsp;Do NOT force to turn on HD DMA</font></p>
1263 <p>Prevents <b>Clonezilla Live</b> from using DMA for communicating with hard drives. Slows cloning down but in some conditions cloning without this option can be impossible.</p>
1264 <p class="newcode"><a name="run-prerun-dir"></a><font color="Red">-o0&nbsp;Run script in $OCS_PRERUN_DIR before clone starts</font></p>
1265 <p>Run the scripts in the directory $OCS_PRERUN_DIR before clone is started. The location of the directory can be determined by editing the file drbl-ocs.conf. By default it is /opt/drbl/share/ocs/prerun.</p>
1266 <p class="newcode"><a name="run-postrun-dir"></a><font color="Red">-o1&nbsp;Run script in $OCS_POSTRUN_DIR as clone finishes</font></p>
1267 <p>Run the scripts in the directory $OCS_POSTRUN_DIR when clone is finished. The location of the directory can be determined by editing the file drbl-ocs.conf. By default it is /opt/drbl/share/ocs/postrun. The command will be run before that assigned in <font color="Red"><b>-p</b></font>.</p>
1268 <p>The scripts will be executed by the program "run-parts". run-parts only accepts that the name of the scripts must consist entirely of upper and lower case letters, digits and underscores. So if your file name has an illegal character ".", run-parts won't run it. You can test which files will be executed by entering the command:</p>
1269 <p class="newcode">run-parts --test /opt/drbl/share/ocs/postrun</p>
1270 <H4><a name="partition-table"></a>Partition table [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1271 <p>This option decides what is done to the partition table of the target drive.</p>
1272 <p class="newcode"><a name="image-partition-table"></a><font color="Red">&nbsp;Use the partition table from the image</font></p>
1273 <p>This option causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to copy the partition table from the image. Use this option if you are cloning a whole disk or somehow know that the partition tables are identical (for example, if you are restoring a partition to the same disk where it was copied from and haven't repartitioned the drive after creating the backup). This is the default option.</p>
1274 <p class="newcode"><a name="no-fdisk"></a><font color="Red">-k&nbsp;Do NOT create a partition table on the target disk</font></p>
1275 <p>Do NOT create partition in target harddisk. If this option is set, you must make sure there is an existing partition table in the current restored harddisk.</p>
1276 <p class="newcode"><a name="sfdisk"></a><font color="Red">-k1&nbsp;Create partition table proportionally (OK for MRB format, not GPT)</font></p>
1277 <p>Causes <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to create the partition table automatically using sfdisk after restoring the images. This option works nearly always, but sometimes cloned Windows don't boot. Note that this option doesn't work if you have GUID Partition Table on your disk. (Most likely you don't have one.)</p>
1278 <p class="newcode"><a name="enter-cmd"></a><font color="Red">-k2&nbsp;Enter command line prompt to create partition manually later</font></p>
1279 <p>Like the <font color="Red"><b>-k</b></font> option, this option doesn't create the partition table automatically. However, after restoring the image you are led to command line prompt where you can create the partition table manually. Don't use this option if you don't know how the partition table can be created.</p>
1280 <p class="newcode"><a name="dd"></a><font color="Red">-j0&nbsp;Use dd to create partition (NOT OK if logical drives exist)</font></p>
1281 <p>Use dd to dump the partition table from saved image instead of sfdisk.<br><br>
1282 We read in <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/faq/fine-print.php?path=./2_System/23_Missing_OS.faq#23_Missing_OS.faq" target="_blank">DRBL FAQ/Q&#038;A</a>:</p>
1283 <p class="otherpage">When I use clonezilla to clone M$ windows, there is no any problem when saving an image from template machine. However, after the image is restored to another machine, it fails to boot, the error message is "<b>Missing Operating System</b>". What's going on ?<br><br>
1284 Usually this is because GNU/Linux and M$ windows interpret the CHS (cylinder, head, sector) value of harddrive differently. Some possible solutions:<br>
1285 &nbsp;&nbsp;1. Maybe you can change the IDE harddrive setting in BIOS, try to use LBA instead of auto mode.<br>
1286 &nbsp;&nbsp;2. Try to choose<br>
1287 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>[ ] -j0 Use dd to create partition table instead of sfdisk</b><br>
1288 &nbsp;&nbsp;and<br>
1289 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>[ ] -t1 Client restores the prebuilt MBR from syslinux (For Windows only)</b><br>
1290 &nbsp;&nbsp;when you restore the image.<br>
1291 &nbsp;&nbsp;3. You can try to boot the machine with MS Windows 9x bootable floppy, and in the DOS command prompt, run: "fdisk /mbr".
1292 &nbsp;&nbsp;4. You can try to boot the machine with MS Windows XP installation CD, enter recovery mode (by pressing F10 key in MS XP, for example), then in the console, run "fixmbr" to fix it. Maybe another command "fixboot" will help, too. For more info, refer to <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/?scid=kb%3Ben-us%3B314058&x=7&y=14" target="_blank">this doc</a><br>
1293 &nbsp;&nbsp;5. Use ntfsreloc to adjust FS geometry on NTFS partitions. For more info, refer to <a href="http://www.linux-ntfs.org/doku.php?id=contrib:ntfsreloc" target="_blank">http://www.linux-ntfs.org/doku.php?id=contrib:ntfsreloc</a></p>
1294 <p>It has been confirmed that activating the <font color="Red"><b>-j0</b></font> option, fixes the problem.</p>
1295 <p>This option doesn't work if you use LVM (Logical Volume Manager).</p>
1296 <p class="newcode"><a name="exit"></a><font color="Red">exit&nbsp;Exit</font></p>
1297 <p>This option ends the restore process and enters command line prompt.</p>
1298 <H4><a name="restore-postaction"></a>Postaction [<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H4>
1299 <p class="newcode"><a name="restore_p_option"></a><font color="Red">-p true&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do nothing when the clone finishes<br>
1300 -p reboot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reboot client when the clone finishes<br>
1301 -p poweroff&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shutdown client when the clone finishes</font></p>
1302 <p>When image restoration finishes, do one of the following: choose action (default), poweroff or reboot.</p>
1303 <H2><a name="ntfs"></a>Saving image files in NTFS partitions <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#clonezilla-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1304 <p>Although not recomended, you may find yourself having to save your image file in a NTFS (Windows XP) partition. You may never have a problem doing this, but you may get a message like the following one, when the partition gets mounted:</p>
1305 <p class="newcode">Volume is scheduled for check<br>
1306 Please boot into Windows TWICE, or use 'force' mount option"</p>
1307 <p>and the backup procedure fails. There are two things you can do here:</p>
1308 <ul>
1309 <li><p style="margin-left: 0pt;">Exit the program, reboot and use <b>Windows XP Recovery Console</b> to fix the NTFS file system. From Recovery Console
1310 prompt, execute the command:</p>
1311 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><font color="Red">chkdsk /f X:</font></p>
1312 <p style="margin-left: 0pt;">where <font color="Red"><b>X:</b></font> is the drive letter of the disk. When done, boot back into <b>Clonezilla Live</b> and repeat the backup procedure.</p>
1313 <p style="margin-left: 0pt;">If the disk/partition you are trying to backup is not the Windows System disk (usually <b>C:</b>), you can boot Windows, and execute the command in a DOS window. To open a DOS window click <b>Start / Run... </b> and at the prompt <b>Open:</b> type <b><font color="Red">cmd</font>.</b></li></p>
1314 <p style="margin-left: 0pt;">If the Windows version you use is not XP and you're trying to backup the Windows System drive, boot into <b>SystemRescueCD</b> (graphical mode is not needed) and run the following command:</p>
1315 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><font color="Red">ntfsfix /dev/hda1</font></p>
1316 <p style="margin-left: 0pt;">where <b>/dev/<font color="Red">hda1</font></b> is the partition name in GNU/Linux. When done, boot back into <b>Clonezilla Live</b> and repeat the backup procedure.</p>
1317 <li><p style="margin-left: 0pt;">If <b>Windows XP Recovery Console</b> is not available, you don't have the time to execute the procedure described above, or even if you have executed it but you still get the same message, and you are <b><u>absolutely sure</u></b> that you get this message because the NTFS partition is really scheduled for check, and it's not because Windows crushed or have become corrupt, you can mount the patririon by hand and tell <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to use it. Assuming the partition is <b>/dev/<font color="Red">hda1</font></b>, exit the program and execute the commands:</p>
1318 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0pt;">sudo su -<br>
1319 ntfs-3g -o force /dev/<font color="Red">hda1</font> /home/partimag<br>
1320 ocs-live</p>
1321 <p style="margin-left: 0pt;">and when you get to the screen "<b><i>Mount clonezilla image directory</i></b>", select</p>
1322 <p class="newcode" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><font color="Red">skip&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use existing /home/partimag</font></p>
1323 </li>
1324 </ul>
1325 <a name="backup-top"></a>
1326 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="backup-intro"></a>Getting backups <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1327 <p>In this page I will demonstrate the creation of an image file by getting a backup of a virtual partition (<b>/dev/<font color="Red">sdb1</font></b>). The image file will be saved in another virtual partition (<b>/dev/<font color="Red">sda1</font></b>).<br></p>
1328 <p>
1329 The first thing you do when you want to get a backup of a disk/partition, is make sure both the souce (to be backed up) and target (to hold the image file) partitions are in excellent condition (error free). This is the logical thing to do, cause I wouldn't want to backup a corrupt partition, or end up with a corrupt image file.<br>
1330 <br>
1331 There is one more step I would want to take: I should check that my BIOS boot settings are correct, in order to boot from my CD/DVD drive.<br>
1332 <br>
1333 Having done all of the above, I am ready to boot from <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.<br>
1334 <br>
1335 </p>
1336 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
1337 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>Clonezilla Live v 1.2.5-35</b>
1338 </td></tr></table></div>
1339 <H2><a name="backup"></a>Getting the backup <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1340 <H3><a name="bck-0"></a>Clonezilla-SysRescCD starting screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1341 <p>If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup. After that continue from <a href="#bck-4">this step</a>.</p>
1342 <p>If you need to change these settings, select one of the available <b>Clonezilla Live</b> menu entries, and press <font color="Green"><b>TAB</b></font>. The current boot parameters will be displayed.</p>
1343 <p>The default parameters for booting <b>Clonezilla Live</b> on a 1024x768 screen, are the following:</p>
1344 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1345 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1346 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1347 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="<font color="Red">en_US.UTF-8</font>" ocs_live_keymap="<font color="Red">NONE</font>" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1348 <p>By deleting the words in red, you instruct <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask you the values of these parameters. When the appropriate changes have been done (as shown bellow), just press <font color="Green"><b>ENTER</b></font> to boot.</p>
1349 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1350 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1351 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1352 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="" ocs_live_keymap="" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1353 </p>
1354 <H3><a name="bck-1"></a>Screen "Choose Language" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1355 <p><img src="images/backup-00.png"><br>
1356 I select "<font color="Red"><b>en_US.UTF-8 English</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1357 <H3><a name="bck-2"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1358 <p><img src="images/backup-01.png"><br>
1359 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Select keymap from full list</b></font>" and press ENTER. If you're using US keymap, the default option "<font color="Red"><b>Don't touch keymap</b></font>" is a better choice.</p>
1360 <H3><a name="bck-3"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1361 <p><img src="images/backup-02.png"><br>
1362 As I (the contributor who wrote a great deal of this page) use Finnish keyboard, I select "<font color="Red"><b>pc / qwerty / Finnish / Standard / Standard</b></font>". Because you most likely use a different keyboard, choose the one you use.</p>
1363 <H3><a name="bck-4"></a>Screen "Start Clonezilla" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1364 <p><img src="images/backup-03.png"><br>
1365 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Start Clonezilla</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1366 </p>
1367 <H3><a name="bck-5"></a>Screen "Clonezilla" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1368 <p><img src="images/backup-04.png"><br>
1369 I select "<font color="Red"><b>device-image</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br>
1370 </p>
1371 <H3><a name="bck-6"></a>Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1372 <p>In this screen I can select the way the image file directory will be saved.
1373 Available options are local directory, remote directory through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b> and <b>skip</b>, to use the previously used directory. More info about the image file can be found at section "<a href="clonezilla.html#about">About the Image file</a>".<br>
1374 <br>
1375 <img src="images/backup-05.png"><br>
1376 I select "<font color="Red"><b>local_dev</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1377 </p>
1378 <H3><a name="bck-7"></a>Next screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1379 <p>This is where I choose the location of the image file. It will be saved at the root directory of the selected partition.<br><br>
1380 <img src="images/backup-06.png"><br>
1381 I select partition <font color="Red"><b>sda1</b></font> and press ENTER.<br>
1382 <br>
1383 <img src="images/backup-07.png"><br>
1384 and then ENTER again.</p>
1385 <p><img src="images/backup-08.png"><br>
1386 This screen displays the mounting result.<br>
1387 As we can see, <font color="Red"><b>/dev/sda1</b></font> has been successfully mounted under <b>/tmp/local-dev</b>.</p>
1388 <H3><a name="bck-7a"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1389 <p><img src="images/backup-09.png">
1390 <br>I select <font color="Red"><b>Beginer mode</b></font> to accept the default backup options. If you select <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be found <a href="clonezilla.html#backup-options" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
1391 <H3><a name="bck-8"></a>Screen "Select mode" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1392 <p>Here I can select the desired operation.<br>
1393 <br>
1394 <img src="images/backup-10.png"><br>
1395 I select "<font color="Red"><b>savedisk</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br></p>
1396 <H3><a name="bck-9"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1397 <p><img src="images/backup-11.png"><br>
1398 In this screen I select the image name.<br>
1399 I type "Backup_32-2010_sdb", which in my opinion is more informative name than the default.
1400 </p>
1401 <H3><a name="bck-10"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1402 <p><img src="images/backup-12.png"><br>
1403 Finally I am asked to select the partition to save.<br>
1404 I just press ENTER again.
1405 </p>
1406 <H3><a name="bck-11"></a>Starting the backup [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1407 <p><img src="images/backup-13.png"><br>
1408 Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will ask me to press ENTER. <br>
1409 Then I will be asked to confirm the operation by pressing <font color="Red"><b>y</b></font> and ENTER.
1410 <br>
1411 <br><img src="images/backup-14.png"><br>
1412 After that, the backup begins<br>
1413 <br>
1414 <img src="images/backup-15.png"><br>
1415 and when it's successfully completed, I press ENTER to get to the shell. Then, I execute the commands:</p>
1416 <p class="newcode">sudo su -<br>
1417 cd<br>
1418 umount -a<br>
1419 reboot<br><br></p>
1420 <p>to reboot the system.</p>
1421 <a name="backup-smb-top"></a>
1422 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="backup-smb-intro"></a>Getting backups on Samba <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1423 <p>What if you don't have a spare local disk or partition or a USB disk? How will you be able to get a backup of your system? Well, if your PC is on the same LAN with another PC running Windows (or linux), you can use <b>Samba</b> to save your image file on that remote PC (which we will call <b>Samba server</b> from now on).<br><br>
1424 Using <b>Samba</b> you will be able to mount a Windows share resource (or Samba share resource), from within <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, and save the image file there. Then you can boot that PC using <b>SystemRescueCD</b> and create a restore DVD.<br><br>
1425 In this page I will demonstrate the creation of an image file by getting a backup of my second disk (<b>/dev/<font color="Red">sdb</font></b>). The image file will be save in my Samba server which is my laptop (ip: <b><font color="Red">10.0.0.3</font></b>, Windows share resource name: <b><font color="Red">all_my_images</font></b>).
1426 </p>
1427 <H3><a name="what-is"></a>What is Samba? [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1428 <p>We read at <a href="http://us1.samba.org/samba/" target="_blank">http://us1.samba.org/samba/</a>:</p>
1429 <p class="otherpage">Samba is an Open Source/Free Software suite that provides seamless file and print services to SMB/CIFS clients. Samba is freely available, unlike other SMB/CIFS implementations, and allows for interoperability between Linux/Unix servers and Windows-based clients.<br><br>
1430 Samba is software that can be run on a platform other than Microsoft Windows, for example, UNIX, Linux, IBM System 390, OpenVMS, and other operating systems. Samba uses the TCP/IP protocol that is installed on the host server. When correctly configured, it allows that host to interact with a Microsoft Windows client or server as if it is a Windows file and print server.
1431 </p>
1432 <H2><a name="info"></a>Gathering info <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1433 <p>Before you can use this approach to get a backup, you have to get some info about the <b>Samba server</b>.<br><br>
1434 The <b>Samba server</b> I have used for this example was my laptop, so I already knew most of the info required. If this is not the case for you, just ask the owner, user or system admin.<br><br>
1435 The info required is:</p>
1436 <ol>
1437 <li>The IP address of the Samba server</li>
1438 <li>The domain on the Samba server<br>
1439 This may exist if your PC is connected to a larger LAN (a corporation network, for example). In my case this is empty.</li>
1440 <li>The user name and password you can use</li>
1441 <li>The directory on the Samba server you can use to save your backup<br>
1442 This is the name of the <b>Windows share resource</b> (Samba share resource) as it is known in the network, which is not necessarily the same as the local directory name. The user whose account will be used to login to the <b>Samba server</b>, must have write permission to this directory.</li>
1443 </ol>
1444 <H2><a name="backup-smb"></a>Getting the backup <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1445 <p>If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup.
1446 </p>
1447 <p>If you need to change these settings, go to the <a href="backup.html#bck-0" target="_blank">Getting backups</a> page for instructions .</p>
1448 <H3><a name="bck-smb-1"></a>Screen "Start Clonezilla" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1449 <p><img src="images/backup-03.png"><br>
1450 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Start Clonezilla</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1451 </p>
1452 <H3><a name="bck-smb-2"></a>Screen "Clonezilla" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1453 <p><img src="images/backup-04.png"><br>
1454 I select "<font color="Red"><b>device-image</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br>
1455 </p>
1456 <H3><a name="bck-smb-3"></a>Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1457 <p>In this screen I can select the way the image file directory will be saved.
1458 Available options are local directory, remote directory through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b> and skip, to use the previously used directory. More info about the image file can be found at section "<a href="clonezilla.html#about">About the Image file</a>".<br>
1459 <br>
1460 <img src="images/backup-smb-05.png"><br>
1461 I select "<font color="Red"><b>samba server</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1462 <H3><a name="bck-smb-4"></a>Screen "Mount Samba Server" [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1463 <p>This is where I have to enter the IP address of my Samba server.<br><br>
1464 <img src="images/backup-smb-06.png"><br>
1465 I type "<font color="Red"><b>10.0.0.3</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1466 <H3><a name="bck-smb-5"></a>Screen "Mount Samba Server" (second time) [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1467 <p>This is where I have to enter the domain name on my Samba server.<br><br>
1468 <img src="images/backup-smb-07.png"><br>
1469 I just press ENTER, as there is no domain in my LAN. If there is a domain in your network, you have to type its name (something like <b>my_company.com</b>) and press ENTER.</p>
1470 <H3><a name="bck-smb-6"></a>Screen "Mount Samba Server" (third time) [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1471 <p>This is where I have to enter the account (user) name on my Samba server.<br><br>
1472 <img src="images/backup-smb-08.png"><br>
1473 I type "<font color="Red"><b>spiros</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1474 <H3><a name="bck-smb-7"></a>Screen "Mount Samba Server" (fourth time) [<a href="#backup-smb-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1475 <p>This is where I have to enter the directory name on my Samba server, in which the image file will be saved.<br><br> I type "<font color="Red"><b>/all_my_images</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br><br>
1476 <img src="images/backup-smb-09.png"><br>
1477 At this point I'm informed I'm going to be asked for the password for user <b><font color="Red"><b>spiros</b></font></b>.<br><br>
1478 <img src="images/backup-smb-10.png"><br>
1479 I will be able to continue only after entering it correctly.<br><br>
1480 <img src="images/backup-smb-11.png"></p>
1481 <H3><a name="bck-smb-7a"></a>Screen "Clonezilla - Opensource Clone System (OCS)" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1482 <p><img src="images/backup-09.png">
1483 <br>I select <font color="Red"><b>Beginer mode</b></font> to accept the default backup options. If you select <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be found <a href="clonezilla.html#backup-options" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
1484 <H3><a name="bck-smb-8"></a>Screen "Select mode" [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1485 <p>Here I can select the desired operation.<br>
1486 <br>
1487 <img src="images/backup-10.png"><br>
1488 I select "<font color="Red"><b>savedisk</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br></p>
1489 <H3><a name="bck-smb-9"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1490 <p><img src="images/backup-11.png"><br>
1491 In this screen I select the image name.<br>
1492 I type "Backup_32-2010_sdb", which in my opinion is more informative name than the default.
1493 </p>
1494 <H3><a name="bck-smb-10"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1495 <p><img src="images/backup-12.png"><br>
1496 Finally I am asked to select the partition to save.<br>
1497 I just press ENTER again.
1498 </p>
1499 <H3><a name="bck-smb-11"></a>Starting the backup [<a href="#backup-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1500 <p><img src="images/backup-13.png"><br>
1501 Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will ask me to press ENTER. <br>
1502 Then I will be asked to confirm the operation by pressing <font color="Red"><b>y</b></font> and ENTER.
1503 <br>
1504 <br><img src="images/backup-14.png"><br>
1505 After that, the backup begins<br>
1506 <br>
1507 <img src="images/backup-15.png"><br>
1508 and when it's successfully completed, I press ENTER to get to the shell. Then, I execute the commands:</p>
1509 <p class="newcode">sudo su -<br>
1510 cd<br>
1511 umount -a<br>
1512 reboot<br><br></p>
1513 <p>to reboot the system.</p>
1514 <a name="restore-top"></a>
1515 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="restore-intro"></a>Restoring data <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1516 <p>Image files are always created for one purpose: restoring the data they contain. Images can be, for example, a backup solution: as long as hardware works, the computer can be restored to the state it was when creating the image. Another usage scenario is changing the hard drive: files can be copy-pasted from the old drive to the new, but that method doesn't make the new drive bootable. Disk images do.</p>
1517 <p>This page contains a demonstration of the latter case. On the <a href="backup.html">Getting backups</a> page, a 500 MB virtual disk containing 160 megabytes of data was copied to a 2 GB virtual disk which was empty. Now the 500 MB disk is changed to an empty 2 GB disk (still virtual) and I'll restore the data to that disk.</p>
1518 <p>When creating a disk image, one needs to check that both the source and target partitions are error free. That's not required when the image is restored, because restoration process can't damage the disk image. Note, however, that restoring an image erases all the data in the target disk/partition.</p>
1519 <p>You also need to check the BIOS settings to be able to boot from <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>. Some BIOSes contain a boot menu, others require editing settings pernamently. Details can be found on the manual of the motherboard or laptop.</p>
1520 <p>Now let's boot.</p>
1521 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1522 Restore process erases all the data on the target disk/partition.<br><br>Before restoring make sure you have backup of all the data<br> on the target disk/partition, even if the filesystem is corrupted.
1523 </td></tr></table></div>
1524 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
1525 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>Clonezilla Live v 1.2.5-35</b>
1526 </td></tr></table></div>
1527 <H2><a name="restore"></a>Restoring data <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1528 <H3><a name="res-0"></a>Clonezilla-SysRescCD starting screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1529 <p>If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup. After that continue from <a href="#res-4">this step</a>.</p>
1530 <p>If you need to change these settings, select one of the available <b>Clonezilla Live</b> menu entries, and press <font color="Green"><b>TAB</b></font>. The current boot parameters will be displayed.</p>
1531 <p>The default parameters for booting <b>Clonezilla Live</b> on a 1024x768 screen, are the following:</p>
1532 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1533 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1534 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1535 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="<font color="Red">en_US.UTF-8</font>" ocs_live_keymap="<font color="Red">NONE</font>" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1536 <p>By deleting the words in red, you instruct <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask you the values of these parameters. When the appropriate changes have been done (as shown bellow), just press <font color="Green"><b>ENTER</b></font> to boot.</p>
1537 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1538 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1539 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1540 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="" ocs_live_keymap="" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1541 </p>
1542 <H3><a name="res-1"></a>Screen "Choose Language" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1543 <p><img src="images/backup-00.png"><br>
1544 I select "<font color="Red"><b>en_US.UTF-8 English</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1545 <H3><a name="res-2"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1546 <p><img src="images/backup-01.png"><br>
1547 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Select keymap from full list</b></font>" and press ENTER. If you're using US keymap, the default option "<font color="Red"><b>Don't touch keymap</b></font>" is a better choice.</p>
1548 <H3><a name="res-3"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1549 <p><img src="images/backup-02.png"><br>
1550 Because I haven't changed my keyboard, I select "<font color="Red"><b>pc / qwerty / Finnish / Standard / Standard</b></font>". Because you most likely use a different keyboard, choose the one you use.</p>
1551 <H3><a name="res-4"></a>Screen "Start Clonezilla" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1552 <p><img src="images/backup-03.png"><br>
1553 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Start Clonezilla</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1554 </p>
1555 <H3><a name="res-5"></a>Screen "Clonezilla" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1556 <p><img src="images/backup-04.png"><br>
1557 I select "<font color="Red"><b>device-image</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br>
1558 </p>
1559 <H3><a name="res-6"></a>Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1560 <p>In this screen I can select the way the image file directory has been saved.
1561 Available options are local directory, remote directory through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b> and <b>skip</b>, to use the previously used directory. More info about the image file can be found at section "<a href="clonezilla.html#about">About the Image file</a>".<br>
1562 <br>
1563 <img src="images/backup-05.png"><br>
1564 I select "<font color="Red"><b>local_dev</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1565 </p>
1566 <H3><a name="res-7"></a>Next screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1567 <p>This is where I choose the location of the image file.<br><br>
1568 <img src="images/restoration-06.png"><br>
1569 I select partition <font color="Red"><b>sda1</b></font> and press ENTER.<br>
1570 <br>
1571 <img src="images/backup-07.png"><br>and then ENTER again.</p>
1572 <p><img src="images/restoration-08.png"><br>
1573 This screen displays the mounting result.<br>
1574 As we can see, <font color="Red"><b>/dev/sda1</b></font> has been successfully mounted under <b>/tmp/local-dev</b>.</p>
1575 <H3><a name="res-7a"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1576 <p><img src="images/backup-09.png"><br>
1577 I select <font color="Red"><b>Beginer mode</b></font> to accept the default restore options. If you select <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be found <a href="clonezilla.html#restore-options" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
1578 <H3><a name="res-8"></a>Screen "Select mode" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1579 <p>Here I can select the desired operation.<br>
1580 <br>
1581 <img src="images/restoration-10.png"><br>
1582 I select "<font color="Red"><b>restoredisk</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br></p>
1583 <H3><a name="res-9"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1584 <p><img src="images/restoration-11.png"><br>
1585 In this screen I select the image folder. This partition contains only one image.</p>
1586 <H3><a name="res-10"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1587 <p><img src="images/restoration-12.png"><br>
1588 Finally I am asked to select which partition the image will be restored to. After double-checking the disk doesn't contain anything important, I press ENTER.</p>
1589 <H3><a name="res-11"></a>Starting the restoration [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1590 <p><img src="images/restoration-13.png"><br>
1591 Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will ask me to press ENTER. <br>
1592 Then I will be asked to confirm the operation by pressing <font color="Red"><b>y</b></font> and ENTER.<br>
1593 <img src="images/restoration-14.png"><br>
1594 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1595 <b>This is the last confirmation Clonezilla Live asks.<br>After this step there is no coming back.</b><br></td></tr></table></div>
1596 Then my confirmation is asked one last time. After checking one more time the disk doesn't contain any important data, I press <font color="Red"><b>y</b></font> and ENTER.<br>
1597 <br>
1598 <img src="images/restoration-15.png"><br>
1599 After that, the restore process begins
1600 <br>
1601 <br>
1602 <img src="images/restoration-16.png"><br>
1603 and when it's successfully completed, I press ENTER to get to the shell. Then, I execute the commands:</p>
1604 <p class="newcode">sudo su -<br>
1605 cd<br>
1606 umount -a<br>
1607 reboot<br><br></p>
1608 <p>to reboot the system.</p>
1609 <a name="restore-top"></a>
1610 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="restore-intro"></a>Creating a Restore DVD - Part 1 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1611 <p>Assuming you have used <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to make a backup of your Windows XP system (partition <b>/dev/<font color="Red">sda1</font></b>), you will probably be wondering what to do with it now. Well, one option would be to keep it to the disk you used to save it in, store the disk, and use it whenever you need it. Another option would be to create a DVD you can use to restore this image.<br><br>
1612 Before, up to <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD 2.6.0</b>, the process to create an automated restore DVD required entering command line prompt and writing some commands, that can be uncomfortable or even difficult for many people.<br><br>
1613 Later, a TUI option to create an automated recovery disc was added to <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, and <b>ocs-iso</b> script included in <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD 3.1.0</b> and newer has a TUI too. Old command-line options are no longer supported. This page walks you through the creation of an automated restore DVD via TUI.<br><br>
1614 You have to boot <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, using <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>.</p>
1615 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
1616 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>Clonezilla Live v 1.2.5-17</b>
1617 </td></tr></table></div>
1618 <H2><a name="dvd"></a>Creating the disk image <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1619 <H3><a name="rui-0"></a>Clonezilla-SysRescCD starting screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1620 <p>If you're fine with US keymap and English language (available languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese and Chinese [both simplified and traditional]) or don't mind editing the boot parameters, just select <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at the starting screen and press ENTER. When the system comes up, it will load the program that will preform the backup. After that continue from <a href="#rui-4">this step</a>.</p>
1621 <p>If you need to change these settings, select one of the available <b>Clonezilla Live</b> menu entries, and press <font color="Green"><b>TAB</b></font>. The current boot parameters will be displayed.</p>
1622 <p>The default parameters for booting <b>Clonezilla Live</b> on a 1024x768 screen, are the following:</p>
1623 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1624 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1625 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1626 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="<font color="Red">en_US.UTF-8</font>" ocs_live_keymap="<font color="Red">NONE</font>" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1627 <p>By deleting the words in red, you instruct <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to ask you the values of these parameters. When the appropriate changes have been done (as shown bellow), just press <font color="Green"><b>ENTER</b></font> to boot.</p>
1628 <p class="newcode">append initrd=/live/initrd1.img boot=live union=aufs<br>
1629 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_live_run="ocs-live-general" ocs_live_extra_param=""<br>
1630 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_prerun="/live/image/restorecd/prerun.normal" ocs_live_batch="no"<br>
1631 &nbsp;&nbsp;ocs_lang="" ocs_live_keymap="" vga=791 nolocales</p>
1632 </p>
1633 <H3><a name="rui-1"></a>Screen "Choose Language" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1634 <p><img src="images/backup-00.png"><br>
1635 I select "<font color="Red"><b>en_US.UTF-8 English</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
1636 <H3><a name="rui-2"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1637 <p><img src="images/backup-01.png"><br>
1638 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Select keymap from full list</b></font>" and press ENTER. If you're using US keymap, the default option "<font color="Red"><b>Don't touch keymap</b></font>" is a better choice.</p>
1639 <H3><a name="rui-3"></a>Screen "Configuring console-data" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1640 <p><img src="images/backup-02.png"><br>
1641 Because I haven't changed my keyboard, I select "<font color="Red"><b>pc / qwerty / Finnish / Standard / Standard</b></font>". Because you most likely use a different keyboard, choose the one you use.</p>
1642 <H3><a name="rui-4"></a>Screen "Start Clonezilla" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1643 <p><img src="images/backup-03.png"><br>
1644 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Start Clonezilla</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1645 </p>
1646 <H3><a name="rui-5"></a>Screen "Clonezilla" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1647 <p><img src="images/backup-04.png"><br>
1648 I select "<font color="Red"><b>device-image</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br>
1649 </p>
1650 <H3><a name="rui-6"></a>Screen "Mount clonezilla image directory" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1651 <p>In this screen I can select the way the image file directory has been saved.
1652 Available options are local directory, remote directory through <b>ssh</b>, <b>samba</b> or <b>nfs</b> and <b>skip</b>, to use the previously used directory. More info about the image file can be found at section "<a href="clonezilla.html#about">About the Image file</a>".<br>
1653 <br>
1654 <img src="images/backup-05.png"><br>
1655 I select "<font color="Red"><b>local_dev</b></font>" and press ENTER.
1656 </p>
1657 <H3><a name="rui-7"></a>Next screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1658 <p>This is where I choose the location of the image file.<br><br>
1659 <img src="images/restore-06.png"><br>
1660 I select partition <font color="Red"><b>sda1</b></font> and press ENTER.<br>
1661 <br>
1662 <img src="images/backup-07.png"><br>
1663 and then ENTER again.</p>
1664 <p><img src="images/restore-08.png"><br>
1665 This screen displays the mounting result.<br>
1666 As we can see, <font color="Red"><b>/dev/sda1</b></font> has been successfully mounted under <b>/tmp/local-dev</b>.</p>
1667 <H3><a name="rui-7a"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1668 <p><img src="images/backup-09.png"><br>
1669 I select <font color="Red"><b>Beginer mode</b></font> to accept the default restore options, which are used if the recovery disk is ever used. If you select <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you can choose the options yourself. More details can be found <a href="clonezilla.html#restore-options" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
1670 <H3><a name="rui-8"></a>Screen "Clonezilla: Select mode" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1671 <p>Here I can select the desired operation.<br>
1672 <br>
1673 <img src="images/restore-10.png"><br>
1674 I select "<font color="Red"><b>recovery-iso-zip</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br> <br></p>
1675 <H3><a name="rui-9"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1676 <p><img src="images/restore-11.png"><br>
1677 In this screen I select the image folder. This partition contains only one image.</p>
1678 <H3><a name="rui-10"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1679 <p><img src="images/restore-12.png"><br>
1680 Now I am asked to select which disk the image will be restored to, if the recovery disc is used. Because this image is a backup, I choose the same disk where the original data resides. If you're upgrading your hard drive, choose the new drive.</p>
1681 <H3><a name="rui-11"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1682 <p><img src="images/restore-13.png"><br>
1683 In this screen I can select the language that the recovery disc uses. I choose "<font color="Red"><b>en_US.UTF-8</b></font>".</p>
1684 <H3><a name="rui-12"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1685 <p><img src="images/restore-14.png"><br>
1686 This screen allows me to select the keymap that the recovery disc uses. Unfortunately, changing the keymap requires knowing where the keymap file resides in Debian GNU/Linux. Because I don't know it, I just press ENTER to accept US keymap.</p>
1687 <H3><a name="rui-13"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1688 <p><img src="images/restore-15.png"><br>
1689 I select "<font color="Red"><b>iso</b></font>" to create a CD/DVD disk image which I can burn to a recordable CD/DVD disc. The good thing about recordable discs is that overwriting the backup by accident is impossible. The "<font color="Red"><b>zip</b></font>" option creates a ZIP file which can be used to create a bootable pendrive or external hard drive.</p>
1690 <p><img src="images/restore-16.png"><br>
1691 Then the program will display the command that will be executed and will ask me to press ENTER.</p>
1692 <H3><a name="rui-13a"></a>Screen "Excessive Image Size" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1693 <p><img src="images/restore-16a.png"><br>
1694 You will see this screen if the image file you're about to create is larger than a single layer DVD. The screen warns that <b>mkisofs</b> or <b>genisoimage</b> (the programs which actually create the image) might be unable to process a disk image that big. However, even bigger problem is that you need a dual layer DVD or Blu-ray disc to burn the image.</p>
1695 <H3><a name="rui-14"></a>Screen "Customization section" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1696 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-02.png"><br>
1697 Now I am asked if I want to customize the boot menu of the disc. I answer "<font color="Red"><b>Yes</b></font>". If you don't want to customize the menu, continue from <a href="#rui-22">this step</a>.</p>
1698 <H3><a name="rui-15"></a>Screen "DVD Title" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1699 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-03.png"><br>
1700 In this screen I select the title of the boot menu. I type "Home PC Restore DVD".</p>
1701 <H3><a name="rui-16"></a>Screen "Menu Items Caption" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1702 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-04.png"><br>
1703 This screen allows me to select the caption for all menu items. I enter "Restore Win XP".</p>
1704 <H3><a name="rui-17"></a>Screen "Boot delay" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1705 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-05.png"><br>
1706 I press ENTER to accept the default delay of 30 seconds. It means that when a computer is booted from the restore disc, it waits 30 seconds before choosing the default option automatically. You may want to reduce this delay if, for example, your keyboard doesn't work in boot menu and you must wait until the delay ends.</p>
1707 <H3><a name="rui-18"></a>Screen "Default Boot Item" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1708 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-06.png"><br>
1709 In this screen I can select the default option of the menu. Selecting one of the options that restore the image makes using the disc even easier, but also raises the risk that the image is restored accidentally. Another reason to select such option may be that your keyboard doesn't work in boot menu, preventing you from choosing any non-default option. I select the first option that restores the image using pixel dimensions of 1024*768.</p>
1710 <H3><a name="rui-19"></a>Screen "Boot Screen Image" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1711 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-07.png"><br>
1712 This screen allows me to select the background picture of the menu. Note that the picture must be in the same partition that contains the disk image, if you don't mind entering command line and mounting the right partition manually. I choose picture <b><font color="Green">mysplash.png</font></b> in the root of the partition. Because the partition has been mounted in <b>/home/partimag</b>, the full path of the picture is <b>/home/partimag/<font color="Green">mysplash.png</font></b>.</p>
1713 <H3><a name="rui-20"></a>Screen "ISO Label" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1714 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-08.png"><br>
1715 In this screen I can select the volume label of the disc. Volume label is the name of the disc you may see in various situations, for example in the notification you see when you insert the disc into your DVD writer. I type "Backup_52-2009_hdb".</p>
1716 <H3><a name="rui-21"></a>Screen "Publisher ID" [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1717 <p><img src="images/cust-menu-09.png"><br>
1718 This is where I choose the publisher ID of the ISO file and the disc. Publisher ID means the person or company who created the disc. However, at least in GNU/Linux reading the publisher ID is, strictly speaking, a challenge. <a href="http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/getting-volume-information-from-cds-iso-images/" target="_blank">Here</a> are instructions to read the publisher ID of a ISO file. I didn't find any working instructions to read the ID from the disc.</p>
1719 <H3><a name="rui-22"></a>Starting the creation of the disk image [<a href="#restore-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1720 <p><img src="images/restore-17.png"><br>
1721 After that, creation of the disk image begins. Note that no confirmation is asked it the disk image is small enough to fit to a CD.
1722 <br>
1723 <br>
1724 <img src="images/restore-18.png"><br>
1725 When the disk image is successfully created, I must reboot in order to burn the disc because my DVD burner is still in use. <b>Clonezilla Live</b> can be loaded into computer memory during boot in order to be able to burn disc(s) within it. However, due to a known bug, the disk image can't be created if <b>Clonezilla Live</b> has been loaded into memory. (<a href="http://free.nchc.org.tw/clonezilla-live/stable/Known-issues-Clonezilla-live.txt" target="_blank">source</a>) Thus, I press <font color="Red"><b>1</b></font> and ENTER to reboot to another operating system and burn the image using graphical burning program. Follow <a href="restore-burn.html">this link</a> for instructions. If you've created a ZIP file, follow <a href="restore-burn.html#zip">this one</a> instead.</p>
1726 <a name="restore-burn-top"></a>
1727 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="restore-burn-intro"></a>What to do with the disk image <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1728 <p>The <a href="restore.html">previous page</a> contains partial instructions to create an automated recovery DVD. They're partial because they only tell how the disk image can be created, not what one should do with the image. Of course, partial instructions are not enough, but don't worry - this page is the other part.<br><br>
1729 Earlier versions of <b>Clonezilla Live</b> allowed creating the DVD without reboot, but it's no longer possible due to a known bug. The disk image can't be created if <b>Clonezilla Live</b> has been loaded into memory (<a href="http://free.nchc.org.tw/clonezilla-live/stable/Known-issues-Clonezilla-live.txt" target="_blank">source</a>) and the image can't be burned to disc if <b>Clonezilla Live</b> isn't in memory. And if the computer must be rebooted anyway, it's a good idea to use one's favorite operating system and a graphical burning program for burning the disc. Doing so also allows reading these instructions while burning the disc.<br><br>
1730 This page walks through burning the disc by using <b>ImgBurn</b> and <b>K3b</b>. The instructions can be adapted for many other burning programs as well. If your burning program is too different, download either of the programs mentioned - they both can be downloaded for free.<br><br>
1731 In addition to a DVD, bootable pendrive or external hard drive can be created as well. If you want to do so, follow instructions <a href="#zip">below</a>.<br><br>
1732 Before following these instructions, insert a writable DVD or Blu-ray disc to your burner.</p>
1733 <H2><a name="dvd"></a>Burning the disc <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1734 <H3><a name="dvd-imgburn"></a>Using ImgBurn [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1735 <p><a href="http://www.imgburn.com/" target="_blank">ImgBurn</a> is a lightweight but very feature-rich disc burning program. It only requires about two megabytes disk space and contains <a href="http://cynthia.ownit.nu/ImgBurn/guide_settings/settings01a.png" target="_blank">a lot of settings</a>. <b>ImgBurn</b> is closed-source freeware and - unfortunately - Windows-only software. I (Jyrki) personally use <b>ImgBurn</b> when burning discs within Windows.<br><br>
1736 Launch <b>ImgBurn</b> and press <b>Write image file to disc</b>. Select the disk image you just created.<br><br>
1737 At the settings window, keep <b>Test Mode</b> disabled. I also recommend keeping the <b>Verify</b> option enabled. Verifying the integrity of the disc after burning requires time and doesn't prevent the disc from becoming a so-called coaster, but it allows you to know immediately if the burning attempt failed, so you can try burning the disc again.<br><br>
1738 Keep the number of copies as 1 (or increase it, if you really want multiple copies of the disc). Use your best judgment while choosing the burning speed: according to <a href="http://club.myce.com/f33/high-speed-vs-low-speed-burning-69698/" target="_blank">this forum thread</a> lowering the burning speed gives very mixed results in quality. I personally use ¾ of the maximum speed of the disc, for example 12x on a disc rated 16x.<br><br>
1739 After choosing the settings, press the big picture at the bottom-left of the window. Don't do anything that requires much computer resources while burning, because doing so increases the likelihood of burning failure.<br><br>
1740 That's it. You own now an automated recovery disc.</p>
1741 <H3><a name="dvd-k3b"></a>Using K3b [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1742 <p><a href="http://k3b.plainblack.com/" target="_blank">K3b</a> (KDE Burn Baby Burn) is the disc burning program included in KDE Software Compilation. It comes with most, if not all, KDE-based GNU/Linux distributions. It can also be installed on other distributions, but I recommend <i>against</i> doing so - <b>K3b</b> requires KDE base packages to be installed, and it doesn't make much sense to install KDE base only for <b>K3b</b>.<br><br>
1743 <img src="images/k3b-00.png"><br>
1744 I launch <b>K3b</b> and navigate to the folder where the disk image resides.<br><br>
1745 <img src="images/k3b-01.png"><br>
1746 I double-click the file <b>clonezilla-live-<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hda</font>.iso</b>.<br><br>
1747 <img src="images/k3b-02.png"><br>
1748 This window allows me to choose burning settings. I don't touch <b>Image Type</b> or <b>Burn Medium</b>, because they're auto-detected anyway. The maximum burning speed allowed by the disc is 16x, so I choose speed 12x. According to <a href="http://club.myce.com/f33/high-speed-vs-low-speed-burning-69698/" target="_blank">this forum thread</a> low burning speed can decrease burning quality, so I always use speed near the maximum speed of the disc.<br><br>
1749 I keep <b>Writing Mode</b> as Auto and number of copies as 1. I also keep the <b>Simulate</b> option disabled and enable the <b>Verify written data</b> option. The latter allows me to notice immediately if the burning attempt failed, so I can try burning the disc again, rather than owning a so-called coaster and relying on it if something happens to my data...<br><br>
1750 <img src="images/k3b-03.png"><br>
1751 I click <b>Start</b> and the burning process begins.<br><br>
1752 <img src="images/k3b-04.png"><br>
1753 Because I enabled the <b>Verify written data</b> option, <b>K3b</b> starts verifying the integrity of the disc right after burning.<br><br>
1754 <img src="images/k3b-05.png"><br>
1755 The burning attempt succeeded.<br><br>
1756 <img src="images/restore-20.png"><br>
1757 Here we can see the boot menu of the disc.</p>
1758 <H2><a name="zip"></a>ZIP file instructions <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1759 <p>Often the image file is way too big to fit to even 8 GB DVD. Some people may also want to be able to overwrite the backup when it becomes outdated. In addition, netbooks don't have optical drives at all.</p>
1760 <p>One option is using recovery thumb drive or external hard drive instead of DVD. If the external HD is big enough, the disk image can be even over a terabyte in size. Recovery USB drive can also be used on netbooks and overwritten at will.</p>
1761 <p><b>Clonezilla Live</b> allows creating a ZIP file instead of disk image. If you want to do so, follow this step-by-step guide.</p>
1762 <p>Before creating the disk image, make sure it is split to pieces of four gigabytes or less. It is split automatically if you use <font color="Red"><b>Beginner mode</b></font>, and if you use <font color="Red"><b>Expert mode</b></font>, you should already know how the splitting setting can be changed.</p>
1763 <H3><a name="zip-linux"></a>Using GNU/Linux [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1764 <p>After creating the disk image and booting into GNU/Linux, make sure that the filesystem of the partition where you plan to put the disk image is FAT32. If you don't know the filesystem, open terminal and run this command as root:</p>
1765 <p class="newcode">parted -l</p>
1766 <p><b>Note:</b> How a command can be run as root depends on the GNU/Linux distribution you use. If it's Ubuntu or a distro based on it, simply put "<b>sudo</b>" above the command. For example, the above command can be executed by typing "<b>sudo parted -l</b>"</p>
1767 <p><b>Note:</b> The l in parameter <b>-l</b> is lowercase L, not number 1.</p>
1768 <p>If your disk doesn't contain any FAT32 partition, but it contains a partition which is big enough and doesn't contain any important data, format the partition as FAT32. The command below needs root access too.</p>
1769 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1770 The command below erases all the data on the target partition.<br><br>Make sure you don't format a wrong partition by accident.
1771 </td></tr></table></div>
1772 <p class="newcode">mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font></p>
1773 <p><b>Note:</b> In the command replace <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font></b> with the partition you wish to format.</p>
1774 <p>After formatting the partition or noticing that it was already FAT32, extract the ZIP archive to the root of the partition. Also these commands need root rights.</p>
1775 <p class="newcode">mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font> /media/usb<br>
1776 unzip clonezilla-live-<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>.zip -d /media/usb/</p>
1777 <p><b>Note:</b> In the last command I have assumed your image file is <b>clonezilla-live-<font color="Green">Backup_5-2010_hdb</font>.zip</b>. You will have to replace this with the actual name of the file.</p>
1778 <p>ZIP package contains a script to make the USB drive bootable. Let's run it. The latter of these commands needs root access.</p>
1779 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1780 The latter of the commands below replaces the<br>existing bootloader of the target disk, if there is one.<br><br>Make sure you don't select a wrong disk by accident.
1781 </td></tr></table></div>
1782 <p class="newcode">cd /media/usb/utils/linux<br>
1783 ./makeboot.sh /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font></p>
1784 <p>That's all. Your thumb drive or external hard drive should be now an automatic recovery disk.</p>
1785 <H3><a name="zip-windows"></a>Using Windows [<a href="#restore-burn-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
1786 <p>If the Windows version you use is not Vista or 7, you need to be logged in as administrator. If you're not, but you have access to an admin account, log out and then log again in as admin.</p>
1787 <p>If you don't have admin rights at all, boot into <b>SystemRescueCD</b> (you don't need graphical mode this time) and follow <a href="#zip-linux">the instructions for GNU/Linux</a>. In <b>SystemRescueCD</b> all commands are run as root, so you don't need to add any prefix to the commands.</p>
1788 <p>After creating the disk image and booting into Windows, make sure that the filesystem of the partition where you plan to put the disk image is FAT32. If you don't know the filesystem, open <b>My Computer</b>, right-click the partition and select <b>Properties</b>. Then read the "File system" column. If there reads anything but FAT32, check other partitions of the disk too, if the disk contains multiple partitions. If you have a suitable FAT32 partition, continue from <a href="#extract">this step</a>.</p>
1789 <p>If your disk doesn't contain any FAT32 partition, but it contains a partition which is big enough and doesn't contain any important data, format the partition as FAT32.</p>
1790 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
1791 Formatting erases all the data on the target partition.<br><br>Make sure the partition contains nothing important.
1792 </td></tr></table></div>
1793 <p>Right-click the partition and select <b>Format...</b>. If the Windows version you use is Vista or 7, an UAC prompt asks for admin password. Enter it.</p>
1794 <p>At the format window, choose the FAT32 filesystem. You can enter any volume label (it means the name of the partition you can see next to the partition letter) and enable <b>Quick Format</b> if you're in a hurry. If <b>Quick Format</b> is disabled, Windows checks if the partition is physically OK after formatting it. Enabling <b>Quick Format</b> makes the formatting process many times faster and, contrary to popular belief, hardly ever causes any harm.</p>
1795 <p><a name="extract"></a>After formatting the partition or noticing that it was already FAT32, extract the ZIP archive to the root of the partition. Navigate to the folder where you've saved the ZIP file and right-click it. Choose <b>Extract all...</b>, and when you're asked for location where the archive is extracted, enter the letter of the partition, for example <b>H:\</b>. Do NOT choose any folder in the partition!</p>
1796 <p>After that, browse to the folder <b><font color="Green">X</font>:\utils\win32</b>, where <b><font color="Green">X</font>:</b> is the letter of the partition.</p> Then, double-click <b>makeboot.bat</b>. If the Windows version you use is Vista or 7, another UAC prompt appears. Enter the password again. Then just follow the prompts to make the USB drive bootable.</p>
1797 <p>Now you're done. Your thumb drive or external hard drive should be an automatic recovery disk.</p>
1798 <a name="reloc-img-top"></a>
1799 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="reloc-img-intro"></a>Restoring to a different location <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1800 <p>In the past restoring to a different location was not supported by <b>Clonezilla Live</b> at all. Because of that, a script called <b>reloc-img</b> was added to <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>, which would help the user perform this task.</p>
1801 <p>Recent versions of <b>Clonezilla Live</b> partly support restoring to a different location, so the <b>reloc-img</b> script is obsolete, and has been removed. <b>Clonezilla Live</b> now supports:</p>
1802 <ul>
1803 <li>Relocation of a disk image (restoring a whole disk)</li>
1804 <li>Relocation of a partition image (restoring a partition)</li>
1805 </ul>
1806 <p><b>Clonezilla Live</b> does not support:</p>
1807 <ul>
1808 <li>Relocation of a single partition contained into a disk image.<br>
1809 <br>
1810 Imagine you have a disk backup image named <b>hda-2009-02-02</b>. The image contains three partitions, <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">hda1</span> (operating system), <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">hda2</span> (user data) and <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">hda3</span> (other data).<br>
1811 <br>
1812 You want to restore your <b>other data</b> partition (<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">hda3</span>), to a different system (partition <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold;">sdb2</span>) but there is no way to restore (extract) a single partition from a disk image - you can only restore the whole disk.
1813 </li>
1814 </ul>
1815 <p>In order to address this situation, two new scripts have been written for <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b>: <b>imginfo</b> and <b>imgconvert</b>
1816 <H2><a name="imginfo-script"></a>Script imginfo <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1817 <p>The script will be used to print info about existing image files.</p>
1818 <p>Its help screen is:</p>
1819 <p class="newcode">
1820 #&nbsp;<font color="Red">imginfo&nbsp;-h</font><br>
1821 Clonezilla&nbsp;Live&nbsp;Image&nbsp;Information<br>
1822 imginfo&nbsp;v.&nbsp;0.1&nbsp;-&nbsp;(C)&nbsp;2009&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Georgaras&nbsp;&lt;sng@hellug.gr&gt;<br>
1823 <br>
1824 Usage:&nbsp;imginfo&nbsp;&lt;options&gt;&nbsp;&lt;directory&gt;<br>
1825 <br>
1826 Available&nbsp;options:<br>
1827 &nbsp;&nbsp;s&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Search&nbsp;in&nbsp;sub-directories&nbsp;too<br>
1828 &nbsp;&nbsp;i&nbsp;[name]&nbsp;&nbsp;Pring&nbsp;info&nbsp;for&nbsp;image&nbsp;[name]<br>
1829 &nbsp;&nbsp;v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;version&nbsp;info&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit<br>
1830 &nbsp;&nbsp;h&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;this&nbsp;screen&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit
1831 </p>
1832 <H2><a name="imgconvert-script"></a>Script imgconvert <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1833 <p>The script will be used to convert an existing <b>disk</b> image file to a new <b>partition</b> image file.</p>
1834 <p><b>imgconvert</b> can create two type of images:</p>
1835 <ol>
1836 <li><b>Temporary image</b><br>
1837 This type of image is created by linking the data files of the existing disk image to the new partition image. This means that the original image <b>must</b> be present for the new image to be used. This is the default image type created by <b>imgconvert</b>.
1838 </li>
1839 <li><b>Permanent image</b><br>
1840 This type of image is created by copying the data files from the existing disk image to the new partition image. This means that the original image is not needed in order to use the new one. Permenant image files are created using the command line parameter <b>-p</b>.</li>
1841 </ol>
1842 <p>Its help screen is:</p>
1843 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Red">imgconvert -h</font><br>
1844 Clonezilla Live Image Conversion<br>
1845 imgconvert v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras &lt;sng@hellug.gr&gt;<br>
1846 <br>
1847 Usage: imgconvert &lt;options&gt; [image] [partition] &lt;new partition&gt;<br>
1848 <br>
1849 Parameters&nbsp;are:<br>
1850 &nbsp;&nbsp;[image]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Disk&nbsp;image&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;converted&nbsp;to&nbsp;partition&nbsp;image<br>
1851 &nbsp;&nbsp;[partition]&nbsp;Partition&nbsp;name&nbsp;to&nbsp;convert.&nbsp;It&nbsp;must&nbsp;be&nbsp;a&nbsp;valid&nbsp;device&nbsp;name<br>
1852 <br>
1853 Available&nbsp;options:<br>
1854 &nbsp;&nbsp;o&nbsp;[image]&nbsp;&nbsp;Save&nbsp;new&nbsp;imag&nbsp;as&nbsp;[image]<br>
1855 &nbsp;&nbsp;p&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Save&nbsp;new&nbsp;partition&nbsp;instead&nbsp;of&nbsp;making&nbsp;a&nbsp;link&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;old&nbsp;one<br>
1856 &nbsp;&nbsp;v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;version&nbsp;info&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit<br>
1857 &nbsp;&nbsp;h&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;this&nbsp;screen&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit</p>
1858 <H2><a name="scripts-using"></a>Using the scripts <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1859 <H3><a name="restore_part"></a>Restoring to a partition <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
1860 <p>After booting into <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, I select<br>
1861 <br>
1862 <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Enter_shell&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Enter command line prompt</span><br>
1863 <br>
1864 when the menu is displayed and then I press <span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">2</span> to exit to the shell.<br>
1865 <br>
1866 At this point I will mount my images partition (in this example <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">/dev/sdc4</span>), and use script <b>imginfo</b> to get info about my image files.</p>
1867 <p class="newcode">$ sudo su -<br>
1868 # mount <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">/dev/sdc4</span> /home/partimag<br>
1869 # cd /home/partimag<br>
1870 # <span style="color: Red;">imginfo</span><br>
1871 Image files found in: <span style="color: Green;">/home/partimag</span><br>
1872 &nbsp;&nbsp;Image:&nbsp;usb250-img,&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;sda,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;259MB,&nbsp;parts:&nbsp;1<br>
1873 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;part:&nbsp;sda4,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;247.00MB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;FAT16<br>
1874 &nbsp;&nbsp;Image:&nbsp;sys-bck,&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;hda,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;320.0GB,&nbsp;parts:&nbsp;3<br>
1875 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;part:&nbsp;hda1,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;22.36GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux<br>
1876 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;part:&nbsp;hda2,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;39.06GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux<br>
1877 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;part:&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">hda3</span>,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;233.87GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux
1878 </p>
1879 <p>As you can see there are two disk images under /home/partimag: <b>usb250-img</b> and <b>sys-bck</b>. </p>
1880 <p><b>sys-bck</b> is a backup of my old system, which had three partitions. What I need to do now is "copy" the <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">hda3</span> partition to my current system, by transfering its data to partition <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">sdb2</span>.<br>
1881 <br>
1882 The way to proceed is:
1883 </p>
1884 <ol>
1885 <li>Create a new partition image (containing <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">hda3</span>'s data) based on the existing disk image file, by executing the command:
1886 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">imgconvert sys-bck hda3 sdb2</span><br>
1887 Clonezilla Live Image Conversion<br>
1888 imgconvert v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras <sng@hellug.gr><br>
1889 <br>
1890 Determining input image<br>
1891 &nbsp;&nbsp;Input&nbsp;image:&nbsp;"/home/partimag/sys-bck"<br>
1892 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;image...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1893 Determining&nbsp;input&nbsp;partition<br>
1894 &nbsp;&nbsp;Input&nbsp;partition:&nbsp;"hda3"<br>
1895 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;input&nbsp;partition...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1896 Determining&nbsp;output&nbsp;image<br>
1897 &nbsp;&nbsp;Output&nbsp;image:&nbsp;"<span style="color: Green;">/home/partimag/sys-bck-cnv</span>"<br>
1898 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;output&nbsp;image...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1899 &nbsp;&nbsp;Checking&nbsp;permissions...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1900 Determining&nbsp;output&nbsp;partition<br>
1901 &nbsp;&nbsp;Output&nbsp;partition:&nbsp;"sda2"<br>
1902 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;output&nbsp;partition...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1903 Creating&nbsp;output&nbsp;image:&nbsp;/home/partimag/sys-bck-cnv<br>
1904 &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: #990000;">Linking&nbsp;files...</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done<br>
1905 &nbsp;&nbsp;Fixing&nbsp;info&nbsp;files...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done
1906 </p>
1907 This command will create a <b>temporary</b> partition image file (automatically named <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">sys-bck-cnv</span>), which contains <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">sdb2</span> only, as you can see by executing:
1908 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">imginfo -i</span> <span style="color: Green;">sys-bck-cnv</span><br>
1909 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Image: sys-bck-cnv, part:&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">sdb2</span>,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;233.87GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux
1910 </p>
1911 </li>
1912 <li>Restart <b>Clonezilla Live</b> by pressing <b>Control-D</b> twice.</li>
1913 <li>Restore the new image file into <span style="color: Green; font-weight: bold">sdb2</span>, by selecting<br>
1914 <br>
1915 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;1:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start_Clonezilla&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start Clonezilla</span><br>
1916 <br>
1917 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;2:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;device-image&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;disk/partition to/from image</span><br>
1918 <br>
1919 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;3:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;skip&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;use existing /home/partimag</span><br>
1920 <br>
1921 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;4:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Beginer / Expert</span><br>
1922 <br>
1923 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen&nbsp;5:&nbsp;<span style="color: Red; font-weight: bold;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;restoreparts&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restore_an_image_to_local_partition</span><br>
1924 <br>
1925 and continue as usual to restore the partition.</li>
1926 </ol>
1927 <H3><a name="converting_img"></a>Converting image files <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
1928 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">imgconvert <span style="color: #990000;">-p -o other_data</span> sys-bck hda3 sdb2</span><br>
1929 Clonezilla Live Image Conversion<br>
1930 imgconvert v. 0.1 - (C) 2009 S. Georgaras <sng@hellug.gr><br>
1931 <br>
1932 Determining input image<br>
1933 &nbsp;&nbsp;Input&nbsp;image:&nbsp;"/home/partimag/sys-bck"<br>
1934 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;image...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1935 Determining&nbsp;input&nbsp;partition<br>
1936 &nbsp;&nbsp;Input&nbsp;partition:&nbsp;"hda3"<br>
1937 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;input&nbsp;partition...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1938 Determining&nbsp;output&nbsp;image<br>
1939 &nbsp;&nbsp;Output&nbsp;image:&nbsp;"<span style="color: Green;">/home/partimag/other_data</span>"<br>
1940 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;output&nbsp;image...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1941 &nbsp;&nbsp;Checking&nbsp;permissions...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1942 Determining&nbsp;output&nbsp;partition<br>
1943 &nbsp;&nbsp;Output&nbsp;partition:&nbsp;"sda2"<br>
1944 &nbsp;&nbsp;Validating&nbsp;output&nbsp;partition...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ok<br>
1945 Creating&nbsp;output&nbsp;image:&nbsp;/home/partimag/other_data<br>
1946 &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: #990000;">Copying&nbsp;files...</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done<br>
1947 &nbsp;&nbsp;Fixing&nbsp;info&nbsp;files...&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done
1948 </p>
1949 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">imginfo -i</span> <span style="color: Green;">other_data</span><br>
1950 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Image: other_data, part:&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">sdb2</span>,&nbsp;size:&nbsp;233.87GB,&nbsp;type:&nbsp;Linux</p>
1951 <p class="newcode"># <span style="color: Red;">ls -la <span style="color: Green;">sys-bck</span></span><br>
1952 total 1111972<br>
1953 drwxr-xr-x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4096&nbsp;2007-11-22&nbsp;03:21&nbsp;.<br>
1954 drwxr-xr-x.&nbsp;34&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4096&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:28&nbsp;..<br>
1955 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;disk<br>
1956 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;1081716736&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:32&nbsp;hda1.aa<br>
1957 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;45453312&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;hda2.aa<br>
1958 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">10317824</span>&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">hda3.aa</span><br>
1959 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37&nbsp;2007-11-21&nbsp;18:56&nbsp;hda-chs.sf<br>
1960 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37&nbsp;2007-11-21&nbsp;18:50&nbsp;hda-chs.sf.orig<br>
1961 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;512&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:31&nbsp;hda-mbr<br>
1962 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;259&nbsp;2007-11-21&nbsp;18:59&nbsp;hda-pt.sf<br>
1963 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;259&nbsp;2007-11-21&nbsp;18:50&nbsp;hda-pt.sf.orig<br>
1964 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;parts<br>
1965 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17&nbsp;2007-11-20&nbsp;20:33&nbsp;swappt-hda4.info<br>
1966 #<br>
1967 #<br>
1968 # <span style="color: Red;">ls -la <span style="color: Green;">other_data</span></span><br>
1969 total 24<br>
1970 drwxr-xr-x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4096&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;.<br>
1971 drwxr-xr-x.&nbsp;35&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4096&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;..<br>
1972 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;parts<br>
1973 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">10317824</span>&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;<span style="color: Green;">sdb2.aa</span><br>
1974 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;sdb-chs.sf<br>
1975 -rw-r--r--&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;2009-04-06&nbsp;21:27&nbsp;sdb-pt.sf
1976 </p>
1977 <H2><a name="reloc-img-boot"></a>Booting a restored Linux system <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
1978 <p>A Linux system that has been restored to a new disk/partition, is usually not ready to be booted right after the restoration procedure is finished.</p>
1979 <p>There are two more steps that you may have to take:</p>
1980 <ul>
1981 <li>Fix <b>/etc/fstab</b></li>
1982 <li>Reinstall <b>GRUB</b>.<br>
1983 I will assume GRUB is your boot manager, as it is the usual case nowadays.</li>
1984 </ul>
1985 <p>For this example I will assume that you have restored a Linux system (that used to be in <font color="Red"><b>sdb</b></font>), to a new disk (<font color="Green"><b>hda</b></font>), and that it contains three partitions, <b>/</b> (the root partition), <b>/home</b> (user's partition) and a <b>swap</b> partition. You must be really careful here, as the name of the new disk depends on the system to be booted. If it uses one of the newest Linux kernels (using the libata disk driver), ALL your disks will be recognised as SCSI. More info: "<a href="annex-a-devices.html#annex-a-scsi-ata">Identifying devices in Linux</a>" section "<a href="annex-a-devices.html#annex-a-scsi-ata">SCSI disks when there are none!!!</a>".</p>
1986 <p>This is what we have:</p>
1987 <p class="newcode">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;root partition&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;home partition&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap partition<br>
1988 Old system&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">/dev/sdb1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">/dev/sdb2</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">/dev/sdb3</font><br>
1989 New system&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Green">/dev/hda1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Green">/dev/hda2</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Green">/dev/hda3</font></p>
1990 <H3><a name="reloc-img-boot-fstab"></a>Fixing /etc/fstab <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
1991 <p>Since we are still in <b>Clonezilla Live</b>, right after the restore procedure has finished, we will use it to mount our restored root partition, and edit its <b>/etc/fstab</b>. We issue the commands:</p>
1992 <p class="newcode">mkdir /new-root<br>
1993 mount /dev/hda1 /new-root<br>
1994 vi /new-root/etc/fstab</p>
1995 <p>The contents of <b>/etc/fstab</b> could be something like</p>
1996 <p class="newcode"><font color="Red">/dev/sdb1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reiserfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acl,user_xattr&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;1<br>
1997 <font color="Red">/dev/sdb2</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/home&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reiserfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;2<br>
1998 <font color="Red">/dev/sdb3</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;0</p>
1999 <p>and we have to change ti to</p>
2000 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">/dev/hda1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reiserfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acl,user_xattr&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;1<br>
2001 <font color="Green">/dev/hda2</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/home&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reiserfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;2<br>
2002 <font color="Green">/dev/hda3</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;swap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;0</p>
2003 <p>Finally, we unmount the partition, and we are ready to reboot</p>
2004 <p class="newcode">umount /new-root<br>
2005 reboot</p>
2006 <H3><a name="reloc-img-boot-grub"></a>Reinstalling GRUB <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#reloc-img-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2007 <p>When <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> menu appears, we select <i><b>Tools &gt; Super Grub Disk</b></i></p>
2008 <p>Then we select <i><b>Super Grub Disk &gt; Super Grub Disk (WITH HELP) &gt; English Super Grub Disk &gt; Gnu/Linux &gt; Fix Boot of Gnu/Linux (GRUB)</b></i>. From this entry we will be able to reinstall GRUB to our hard disk.</p>
2009 <p>You may also want to have a look at <b>Super Grub Disk</b> "<a href="http://www.supergrubdisk.org/wiki/SuperGrubDiskDocumentation" target="_blank">documentation</a>".</p>
2010 <a name="sgd-top"></a>
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="sgd-intro"></a>Fixing boot problems
2016 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2017
2018 <p>Boot problems are probably the most feared computer problems. Without an operating system you can't access your data, get the work done or even google for help. That's why it's often a good idea to have an alternative operating system available for searching help if the main OS doesn't work. Also a copy of <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> can be invaluable help.<br>
2019 <br>
2020 Actually, the initial reason why I (Jyrki) installed GNU/Linux at all was that I wanted to be able to fix Windows boot problems if they occur. I installed both GNU/Linux and GRUB to my external hard drive, completely separating operating systems. Even if either bootloader stopped working, I'd still be able to boot one of my OSes.<br>
2021 <br>
2022 But such configuration is not easy to create, and when I installed GNU/Linux, I knew very little about it. If I didn't read the instructions I found here and there very carefully, I probably would have done a common mistake: installing GRUB to my internal hard drive. Such mistake would have caused two problems:<br>
2023 <br>
2024 <ul>
2025 <li>Inability to boot GNU/Linux at any computer expect the one which was used for installing</li>
2026 <li>Inability to boot Windows when the external drive isn't connected</li>
2027 </ul>
2028 <br><br>
2029 In this page, I simulate that situation in a virtual machine and fix both problems.</p>
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035 <H2><a name="sgd-symptoms"></a>Symptoms <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2036
2037 <p>What happens when I try to boot the external hard drive on another computer depends on the BIOS of the computer. For example, on my computer I see a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Screen_of_Death" target="_blank">Black Screen of Death</a> when I try booting from a disk with empty Master Boot Record. Other BIOSes may boot the local operating system or display an error message (for example "Disk boot failure", "Missing operating system" or "Operating system not found").<br>
2038 <br>
2039 The other problem is very easy to determine. When external drive is disconnected and I try to boot, I'll see this:<br>
2040 <br>
2041 <img src="images/error-21.png"></p>
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047 <H2><a name="sgd-goals"></a>Goals <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2048
2049 <p>Because I still want to separate my operating systems completely, I try to restore NTLDR to the Master Boot Record of the internal disk, if possible. If that's not possible, I install there another bootloader that chainloads Windows.<br>
2050 <br>
2051 I could reinstall GNU/Linux completely and make sure that the GRUB is installed to the right disk this time, but it's not a good idea if I only need to overwrite the first 446 bytes (yes, bytes, not kilo- or megabytes) of the disk. So, I only install GRUB to the external disk, by using <b>Super Grub Disk</b>.<br>
2052 <br>
2053 Your problem (if you have one at all) most likely is different, but goals are often the same.<br>
2054 <br>
2055 You need to restore NTLDR if you...<br>
2056 <br>
2057 <ul>
2058 <li>...just installed GNU/Linux, but the boot menu doesn't mention Windows at all. You're not willing to learn how Windows can be added to the boot menu, you just need to make your computer to boot Windows again right now.</li>
2059 <li>...cloned your Windows partition to your brand new computer but didn't clone the Master Boot Record.</li>
2060 <li>...are about to uninstall GNU/Linux and aren't willing to use GRUB as your bootloader.</li>
2061 </ul>
2062 <br>
2063 <br>
2064 You need to install GRUB if you...<br>
2065 <br>
2066 <ul>
2067 <li>...just installed Windows and want to make GNU/Linux bootable again.</li>
2068 <li>...cloned your GNU/Linux partition to your brand new computer but didn't clone the Master Boot Record.</li>
2069 <li>...just installed GNU/Linux but installed GRUB to a non-first hard drive by accident. (The symptom is that your computer still boots to the operating system you had installed already.)</li></p>
2070
2071 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
2072 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>Super Grub Disk v0.9799</b>
2073 </td></tr></table></div>
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079 <H2><a name="ntldr"></a>Restoring NTLDR <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2080
2081 <p>There are a lot of ways to restore NTLDR. However, sometimes there is no legal way to restore it, and I'm NOT telling about the illegal ones. The last resort is using syslinux to chainload Windows; there is usually no way to notice that syslinux is used instead of NTLDR.<br>
2082 <br>
2083 I've listed here the most important options in order I'd use them.</p>
2084
2085 <H3><a name="ntldr-backup"></a>Restoring NTLDR from a backup <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2086
2087 <p>If you've been smart enough to use <b>Clonezilla Live</b> to create a disk image of your first hard drive, it's very easy to restore NTLDR.<br>
2088 <br>
2089 Your NTLDR is safe in a file called <b>hda-mbr</b> or <b>sda-mbr</b>. You can use <b>dd</b> to overwrite your existing Master Boot Record.</p>
2090
2091 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
2092 Don't restore all 512 bytes of your Master Boot Record.<br><br>The MBR contains your partition table and restoring it after<br>repartitioning your disk <b>erases all the data on the disk</b>.
2093 </td></tr></table></div>
2094
2095 <p>If you normally use GNU/Linux, open terminal and run these commands as root:</p>
2096
2097 <p class="newcode">mount /dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font> /mnt/usb<br>
2098 dd if=/mnt/usb/<font color="Green">Backup</font>/<font color="Green">sda</font>-mbr of=/dev/<font color="Green">sda</font> bs=446 count=1</p>
2099
2100 <p><b>Note:</b> In the commands I have assumed that your first hard drive is <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sda</font></b> and that your disk image resides in the folder <b><font color="Green">Backup</font></b> in partition <b>/dev/<font color="Green">sdc1</font></b>. You will have to replace them with the correct pieces of information.</p>
2101
2102 <p><b>Note:</b> How a command can be run as root depends on the GNU/Linux distribution you use. If it's Ubuntu or a distro based on it, simply put "<b>sudo</b>" above the command. For example, the latter of the above commands can be executed by typing "<b>sudo dd if=/mnt/usb/<font color="Green">Backup</font>/<font color="Green">sda</font>-mbr of=/dev/<font color="Green">sda</font> bs=446 count=1</b>"</p>
2103
2104 <p>If you normally use another operating system, boot into <b>SystemRescueCD</b> and run the above commands. In <b>SystemRescueCD</b> all commands are run as root, so you don't need to add any prefix to the commands.</p>
2105
2106 <p>If you don't know the name of the partition, run this command as root:</p>
2107
2108 <p class="newcode">fdisk -l</p>
2109
2110 <p>It tells how many hard drives you have, how many partitions they contain and what filesystems the partitions use. If you know, for example, that the disk where you've saved the disk image contains only one partition, look for such disks.</p>
2111
2112 <H3><a name="ntldr-vista"></a>Using Bootrec.exe (Windows Vista/7 only) <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2113
2114 <p>You need Windows Vista/7 install disc for this. If you don't have one (for example, if you bought a laptop that was bundled with preinstalled Windows and manufacturer's recovery disc), download a recovery disc from <a href="http://neosmart.net/blog/2008/windows-vista-recovery-disc-download/" target="_blank">here</a>.<br>
2115 <br>
2116 Then boot from the disc. After selecting language, time, currency and keyboard, click <b>Repair your computer</b>. You'll get a list of operating systems you're able to repair. Choose any of them; that choice doesn't matter.<br>
2117 <br>
2118 After that, you'll see a dialog box named <b>System Recovery Options</b>. Click <b>Command Prompt</b>. Then you only need to execute one command:</p>
2119
2120 <p class="newcode">Bootrec /FixMbr</p>
2121
2122 <p><b>Note:</b> The command is case-insensitive. You can type, for example, "<b>bootrec /fixmbr</b>".</p>
2123
2124 <H3><a name="ntldr-xp"></a>Using FIXMBR (Windows XP only) <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2125
2126 <p>You need Windows XP install disc. Boot from it, and when you see the screen "Windows XP Home Edition Setup" or "Windows XP Professional Setup", press <font color="Red"><b>R</b></font> to enter the Recovery Console. Then choose the Windows installation you want to log onto. If you have only one copy of Windows installed, press <font color="Red"><b>1</b></font> and ENTER. After that, enter the administator password and press ENTER.<br>
2127 <br>
2128 There is only one command to run:</p>
2129
2130 <p class="newcode">FIXMBR</p>
2131
2132 <p><b>Note:</b> The command is case-insensitive. You can type, for example, "<b>fixmbr</b>".</p>
2133
2134 <H3><a name="ntldr-9x"></a>Using FDISK (Windows 95/98/Me only) <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2135
2136 <p>For this, you need a floppy drive. You also need to run a Windows-only program, so your first challenge is to boot Windows without NTLDR.<br>
2137 <br>
2138 Don't worry, <b>Super Grub Disk</b> makes it possible. Boot into it.</p>
2139
2140 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-01.png"><br>
2141 Just choose the option "<font color="Red"><b>!WIN!&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:(((</b></font>" and press ENTER.<br>
2142 <br>
2143 When you have Windows up and running, download the boot disk image appropriate to your version of Windows from <a href="http://www.bootdisk.com/bootdisk.htm" target="_blank">Bootdisk.Com</a>. Then put a floppy to your floppy drive.<br>
2144 <br>
2145 If the floppy isn't already formatted, open <b>My Computer</b>, right-click the floppy drive and select <b>Format...</b>.<br>
2146 <br>
2147 At the format window, choose the capacity of 1,44 megabytes and <b>Full</b> format type. You can enter any label (it means the name of the floppy you can see next to the floppy drive letter) and disable the summary if you wish. Keep the <b>Copy system files</b> option disabled.<br>
2148 <br>
2149 When you have a formatted floppy in your drive, double-click the boot disk image you downloaded. When it's done, shut Windows down and check your BIOS settings to be able to boot from the floppy. Some BIOSes contain a boot menu, others require editing settings pernamently. Details can be found on the manual of the motherboard or laptop.<br>
2150 <br>
2151 Then boot from the floppy. When you're given three boot options, choose the option <b>2. Start computer without CD-ROM support</b>. Wait a moment to enter command line and run this command:</p>
2152
2153 <p class="newcode">FDISK /MBR</p>
2154
2155 <p><b>Note:</b> The command is case-insensitive. You can type, for example, "<b>fdisk /mbr</b>".</p>
2156
2157
2158 <H3><a name="ntldr-sgd"></a>Installing syslinux using Super Grub Disk <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2159
2160 <p>The above four are the only legal ways I know to restore NTLDR to the Master Boot Record. Unfortunately, sometimes none of them can be used. If that's the case, it's time to switch bootloader. GRUB can be configured to chainload Windows, and usually it even does that automatically, but this page isn't intended to help configuring GRUB. I assume that if you're primarily a Windows user and reading this page, you don't want to learn how to use GNU/Linux, you just want to make Windows bootable again.<br>
2161 <br>
2162 Maybe the easiest way to do so is installing syslinux using <b>Super Grub Disk</b>. <b>Super Grub Disk</b> configures it automatically to chainload the first active partition. The partition should contain Windows, Windows can't boot if its partition isn't active.<br>
2163 <br>
2164 Boot into <b>Super Grub Disk</b>.</p>
2165
2166 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-01a.png"><br>
2167 Choose the option "<font color="Red"><b>WIN => MBR & !WIN!&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:(((((((((((((((((((((</b></font>" and press ENTER. Windows will be booted automatically right after installing syslinux.</p>
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173 <H2><a name="grub"></a>Installing GRUB <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2174
2175 <p>Contrary to various ways to restore NTLDR, there is only one way to install GRUB I recommend. That's <b>Super Grub Disk</b>, because it contains GRUB no matter what has happened to the hard drive(s). First, I boot into it.</p>
2176
2177 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-01b.png"><br>
2178 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Choose Language & HELP&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:-)))</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
2179
2180 <H3><a name="grub-1"></a>Screen "S.G.D. Language Selection." [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2181
2182 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-02.png"><br>
2183 I select "<font color="Red"><b>English Super Grub Disk</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
2184
2185 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-03.png"><br>
2186 I press ENTER...</p>
2187
2188 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-04.png"><br>
2189 ...and then ENTER again...</p>
2190
2191 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-05.png"><br>
2192 ...and then ENTER once again...</p>
2193
2194 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-06.png"><br>
2195 ...and finally ENTER one more time.</p>
2196
2197 <H3><a name="grub-2"></a>Screen "English Super Grub Disk (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2198
2199 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-07.png"><br>
2200 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Advanced</b></font>".</p>
2201
2202 <H3><a name="grub-3"></a>Screen "Advanced (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2203
2204 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-08.png"><br>
2205 I select "<font color="Red"><b>GRUB</b></font>" and press ENTER.</p>
2206
2207 <H3><a name="grub-4"></a>Screen "GRUB (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2208
2209 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-09.png"><br>
2210 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR)</b></font>" and press ENTER...</p>
2211
2212 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-10.png"><br>
2213 ...and ENTER.</p>
2214
2215 <H3><a name="grub-5"></a>Screen "Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR) (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2216
2217 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-11.png"><br>
2218 I select "<font color="Red"><b>Manual Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR)</b></font>" and press ENTER. If you want to install GRUB to the Master Boot Record of the first hard drive, "<font color="Red"><b>Automatically Install</b></font>" is a better choice. If you don't know if you want GRUB to the first or some other disk, you most likely want it to the first disk.</p>
2219
2220 <H3><a name="grub-6"></a>Screen "Manual Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR) (Help)" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2221
2222 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-12.png"><br>
2223 I confirm my decision by selecting "<font color="Red"><b>Manual Restore GRUB in Hard Disk (MBR)</b></font>" again and pressing ENTER.</p>
2224
2225 <H3><a name="grub-7"></a>Screen "Partition of GRUB" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2226
2227 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-13.png"><br>
2228 In this screen I can select the disk that contains the partition that contains the files needed by GRUB. In this case, that disk is the external hard drive. As you can see, the disk is only three megabytes in size - because the computer used for screenshots is still virtual. Actually, the "disk" where I'm installing GRUB is just a file.</p>
2229
2230 <H3><a name="grub-8"></a>Next Screen [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2231
2232 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-14.png"><br>
2233 This is where I choose the partition where GRUB files reside. This disk contains only one partition.</p>
2234
2235 <H3><a name="grub-9"></a>Screen "Restore to MBR of Hard Disk" [<a href="#sgd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2236
2237 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-15.png"><br>
2238 I select the external hard drive to install GRUB to its Master Boot Record.</p>
2239
2240 <p><img src="images/supergrubdisk-12.png"><br>
2241 Some text scrolled in the screen (too fast to read or take a screenshot) and I was back at this screen. I rebooted the computer. (In this situation, you can safely do a "hard reboot" by pressing reset button once or power button twice.)</p>
2242
2243 <p><img src="images/grub-loading.png"><br>
2244 GRUB booted successfully.</p>
2245
2246
2247 <a name="oldboot-top"></a>
2248 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="oldboot-intro"></a>Booting an old PC <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2249 <p>Have you ever tried to boot an old PC off a CD-ROM, and found out it wouldn't, because its BIOS does not support it, or it's faulty or for any other reason? Well, I have. So this page is an effort to solve this problem.</p>
2250 <p>The only way to do it, is to boot of a floppy disk which will help me "load" whatever operation system I want from a CD. This means that I will have to write a boot loader to the floppy disk.</p>
2251 <p>The software I will use is <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/btmgr/" target="_blank">Smart Boot Manager</a>, a small boot manager with a nice TUI (Text User Interface). Its floppy image, already accessible from the "Tools" menu, can be found in the <b>bootdisk</b> folder of the CD under the name <b>sbm.img</b>.</p>
2252 <H2><a name="oldboot-write"></a>Writing the image to a floppy disk <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2253 <p>All you have to do is get to a PC equipped with a floppy drive, get a floppy disk which is in excellent condition (no bad sectors/blocks), and copy the image file to it.</p>
2254 <H3><a name="oldboot-fromLinux"></a>1. From Linux <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2255 <p>You can either boot <b>Clonezilla Live</b> or <b>SystemRescueCD</b>, and when the system is fully up, execute the command:</p>
2256 <p class="newcode">dd if=<font color="Green">/path/to/</font>sbm.img of=/dev/fd0</p>
2257 <p>where <font color="Green" style="font-weight: bold;">/path/to</font> is<br>
2258 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red" style="font-weight: bold;">/live/image/bootdisk</font> for <b>Clonezilla Live</b><br>
2259 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red" style="font-weight: bold;">/mnt/livecd/bootdisk</font> for <b>SystemRescueCD</b>
2260 <H3><a name="oldboot-fromDOS"></a>2. From DOS <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2261 <p>You can get into any DOS (boot FreeDOS from the CD, for example), and use any of the following programs found in the <b>rawrite</b> folder of the CD:</p>
2262 <ul class="otherpage" style="padding: 0px 10px 20px 40px">
2263 <li><b>rawrite.exe</b>: is just here for completeness, as it may be needed for someone</li>
2264 <li><b>rawrite2.exe</b>: should be the fastest</li>
2265 <li><b>rawrite3.com</b>: should work if <b>rawrite2</b> fails for some reason</li>
2266 <li><b>fdimage.exe</b>: rawrite alternative</li>
2267 </ul>
2268 <p>I found these programms at the <a href="http://www.fdos.org/ripcord/rawrite/" target="_blank">FreeDOS web site</a>, where the following info is included:</p>
2269 <p class="otherpage" style="padding: 20px 10px 20px 40px">
2270 <span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><b>Basic Usage (Rawrite):</b><br>
2271 Depending on the exact version, the output and command line support may vary, i.e. not work<br>
2272 <br>
2273 Usage:<br>
2274 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MS-DOS prompt> RAWRITE<br>
2275 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and follow the prompts, -or-<br>
2276 <br>
2277 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MS-DOS prompt> RAWRITE [-f <file>] [-d <drive>] [-n(owait)] [-h(elp)]<br>
2278 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;where:&nbsp;&nbsp;-f <file> - name of disk image file<br>
2279 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-d <drive> - diskette drive to use, must be A or B<br>
2280 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-n - don't prompt for user to insert diskette<br>
2281 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-h - print usage information to stdout<br>
2282 <br>
2283 The diskette must be formatted or rawrite will not work.<br>
2284 The contents of the disk do not matter and will be overwritten. <br>
2285 When ran interactively (without command line options) you will be prompted for the disk image filename (you must remember this as there is no file chooser).<br>
2286 You will also be prompted for the target/destination drive, either A or B for A: or B: respectively. <br><br>
2287 <b>Basic Usage (FDImage):</b><br>
2288 fdimage is an updated DOS program meant to replace rawrite. It does not require a pre-formatted floppy diskette. <br>
2289 <br>
2290 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;FDIMAGE - Write disk image to floppy disk<br>
2291 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Version 1.5 Copyright (c) 1996-7 Robert Nordier<br>
2292 <br>
2293 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Usage: fdimage [-dqsv] [-f size] [-r count] file drive<br>
2294 <br>
2295 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-d&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Debug mode<br>
2296 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-f size&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Specify the floppy disk format by capacity, eg:<br>
2297 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;160K, 180K, 320K, 360K, 720K, 1.2M, 1.44M, 2.88M<br>
2298 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Quick mode: don't format the disk<br>
2299 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-r count&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Retry count for format/write operations<br>
2300 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-s&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Single-sector I/O<br>
2301 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Verbose</span>
2302 </p>
2303 <p>In order to write the image file to a pre-formatted diskette, execute the commands:</p>
2304 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">X:</font><br>
2305 cd rawrite<br>
2306 rawrite2 -f <font color="Green">X:</font>bootdisksbm.img -d b:</p>
2307 <p>In order to write the image file and format the diskette at the same time, execute the commands:</p>
2308 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">X:</font><br>
2309 cd rawrite<br>
2310 fdimage -f 1.44M <font color="Green">X:</font>bootdisksbm.img b:</p>
2311 <p>where <b><font color="Green">X:</font></b> is the drive name in DOS</p>
2312 <H3><a name="oldboot-fromWindows"></a>3. From Windows <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#oldboot-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2313 <p>The final alternative is to use Windows program <b>rawwritewin.exe</b> (found in the <b>utils\rawrite</b> folder of the CD), as shown in the following image:</p>
2314 <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="images/rawwritewin.png" border="0"></div>
2315 <a name="sysresccd-top"></a>
2316 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="sysresccd-intro"></a>Using SystemRescueCD <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2317 <p><b>SystemRescueCD</b> is an excellent Live CD. It contains cloning software too (<a href="http://www.fsarchiver.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">FSArchiver</a> and <a href="http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">partimage</a>, to be spesific), but is unable to clone a whole disk, instead of only individual partitions.<br>
2318 <br>
2319 <b>Clonezilla Live</b> is a great cloning solution, but it is unable to do anything but clone. For general system administration, you need a lot more functions - like these offered by <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.<br>
2320 <br>
2321 <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> has all of the functions of both discs. It's a multi boot CD, so switching between CDs requires a reboot, but using both individual discs requires switching the physical disc - in addition to rebooting.<br>
2322 <br>
2323 But, of course, to be able to use <b>SystemRescueCD</b>'s functions, you need to know how to use them. We don't have permission to redistribute <b>SystemRescueCD</b> documentation, so this page contains only just enough information to allow you to look for more help in <b>SystemRescueCD</b> documentation.</p>
2324 <H2><a name="boot-options"></a>Which boot option to pick? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2325 <p>You may be confused because of the number of boot options you have. After choosing "<b>CD 2: System Rescue CD</b>" you have a total of 15 options to boot <b>SystemRescueCD</b>. Here is a table of them.<br>
2326 <br>
2327 <table border="1">
2328 <tr>
2329 <td></td>
2330 <td>Normal</td>
2331 <td>To RAM</td>
2332 <td>Graphical Environment</td>
2333 <td>VESA</td>
2334 <td>Mini Shell</td>
2335 </tr>
2336 <tr>
2337 <td>32-bit kernel</td>
2338 <td style="background-color:red"></td>
2339 <td></td>
2340 <td style="background-color:green"></td>
2341 <td></td>
2342 <td></td>
2343 </tr>
2344 <tr>
2345 <td>32-bit kernel (alternative)</td>
2346 <td></td>
2347 <td></td>
2348 <td></td>
2349 <td></td>
2350 <td></td>
2351 </tr>
2352 <tr>
2353 <td>64-bit kernel</td>
2354 <td style="background-color:red"></td>
2355 <td></td>
2356 <td style="background-color:green"></td>
2357 <td></td>
2358 <td></td>
2359 </tr>
2360 </table><br>
2361 <br>
2362 In the table, I have marked the options you most likely need. You should choose either of the options on <span style="background-color:green">green background</span> if you have no idea and/or time to read the next sections.</p>
2363 <H3><a name="boot-column"></a>Choosing the column <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2364 <p>If you're accustomed to graphical environment, choose <b>Graphical Environment</b>. In <b>Graphical Environment</b> you're able to use graphical programs, like <b>GParted</b> and <b>Mozilla Firefox</b>. Terminals are also available, so using <b>Graphical Environment</b> doesn't prevent using command line. The only negative thing of <b>Graphical Environment</b> is that it slows booting process down a bit - and it's often just plain unneeded.<br>
2365 <br>
2366 Try <b>VESA</b>, if normal <b>Graphical Environment</b> doesn't work. <b>VESA</b> uses <b>Xvesa</b> graphical environment instead of <b>X.Org</b> that sometimes doesn't work. The drawback of <b>Xvesa</b> compared to <b>X.Org</b> is that <b>Xvesa</b> isn't optimized to any hardware, which means poorer performance.<br>
2367 <br>
2368 If you're accustomed to command line and know already that you're not going to use any graphical program, choose one of the normal options (just below "System Rescue CD Menu"). Booting to command line is a bit faster process than booting to graphical environment, and you can start X manually later.<br>
2369 <br>
2370 You need the option <b>To RAM</b> if you plan to burn discs while using <b>SystemRescueCD</b>. The option copies the whole <b>SystemRescueCD</b> to the memory of the computer during the boot process, allowing you to put another disc to your CD/DVD writer while using <b>SystemRescueCD</b>. The negative thing is that reading all the contents of the disc slows boot process down a lot. There is no option which copies the disc to the memory and starts graphical environment automatically, but you can easily start it manually.<br>
2371 <br>
2372 <b>Mini Shell</b> is probably the least used option. It enters <b>BusyBox</b> shell after booting. <b>BusyBox</b> is an application that "combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable." However, <b>SystemRescueCD</b> contains most of these utilities anyway, so there is not much need to use this option. <a href="http://www.busybox.net/about.html" target="_blank">some information</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox" target="_blank">about BusyBox</a></p>
2373 <H3><a name="boot-row"></a>Choosing the row (kernel) <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2374 <p>After having chosen the column of the above table, you still have three options. Now you need to choose the kernel.<br>
2375 <br>
2376 The optimal kernel depends on the processor of your computer. If it's an IA-32 processor, like Intel Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon XP, you should choose <b>32-bit kernel</b>, because <b>64-bit kernel</b> doesn't work at all. If you have a x86-64 processor, like AMD Athlon 64 or Intel Core 2, you can choose any kernel - the processor can run all of them. <b>64-bit kernel</b> should be preferred, because it allows chrooting on an existing GNU/Linux partition containing 64-bit programs.</br>
2377 <br>
2378 If you don't know your processor architecture, try <b>64-bit kernel</b>. If your processor architecture is IA-32, you'll see the following error message:</p>
2379 <p class="newcode">This kernel requires an x86-64 CPU, but only detected an i686 CPU. Unable to boot - please use a kernel appropriate for your CPU.</p>
2380 <p>At this stage, simply press Ctrl-Alt-Del to reboot and use always <b>32-bit kernel</b> on the machine.<br>
2381 <br>
2382 There is one more kernel - <b>32-bit kernel (alternative)</b>. It's designed to support more recent hardware than the regular kernel. Try it if standard <b>32-bit kernel</b> doesn't work.</p>
2383 <H2><a name="after-booting"></a>After booting <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2384 <H3><a name="graphical-mode"></a>HELP!!! Where are the desktop and Start menu? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2385 <p>You should have read <a href="#boot-column">this section</a> if you're looking for them. However, you don't need to reboot in order to enter graphical environment. Simply type this command and press ENTER:</p>
2386 <p class="newcode">wizard</p>
2387 <p>The command asks you to choose a graphical environment. Try first <b>X.Org</b>, and if it fails, run the command again and choose <b>Xvesa</b>.</p>
2388 <H3><a name="internet"></a>Connecting to the Internet <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2389 <p>The CD doesn't contain any <b>SystemRescueCD</b> documentation, because we don't have permission to redistribute it. In addition, our time is limited and we can't rewrite it all. So, you need to connect to the Internet to be able to read <b>SystemRescueCD</b>'s official online documentation.<br>
2390 <br>
2391 Luckily, establishing Internet connection should be easy, if you're in a network using DHCP. Nowadays, most people are. If you're using graphical mode and terminal isn't already open, open it via the menu that opens when you click the leftmost icon in the bottom pane.<br>
2392 <br>
2393 Then, type this command and press ENTER:</p>
2394 <p class="newcode">dhcpcd eth0</p>
2395 <p>If the network doesn't use DHCP, you can also configure Internet settings by hand. You should be able to do so if you've previously configured your settings in the operating system you normally use. The command to run is</p>
2396 <p class="newcode">net-setup</p>
2397 <H2><a name="stop"></a>When you're done <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2398 <p>When you're done, you naturally want to either shut the computer down or reboot. Wait! Don't do it yet!<br>
2399 <br>
2400 Both I and Spiros have found out that letting a live CD to automatically unmount partitions is often a bad idea. It can damage the filesystems of the partitions which were mounted when the computer was shut down and destroy any files in the partitions, even them you didn't use within the CD.<br>
2401 <br>
2402 So, I recommend unmounting them refore shutdown or reboot. Just run these commands when you're done.<br>
2403 <br>
2404 If you want to reboot:</p>
2405 <p class="newcode">cd<br>
2406 umount -a<br>
2407 reboot</p>
2408 <p>If you want to shut down:</p>
2409 <p class="newcode">cd<br>
2410 umount -a<br>
2411 poweroff</p>
2412 <H2><a name="more"></a>More info <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#sysresccd-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2413 <p>Here are some links to the official <b>SystemRescueCD</b> resources.<br>
2414 <br>
2415 SystemRescueCD - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page</a><br>
2416 Detailed packages list- <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Detailed-packages-list" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Detailed-packages-list</a><br>
2417 Manual - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Online-Manual-EN" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Online-Manual-EN</a><br>
2418 FAQ - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/FAQ" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/FAQ</a><br>
2419 Howto - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto</a><br>
2420 Forum - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/</a><br></p>
2421 <a name="partitions-top"></a>
2422 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="partitions-intro"></a>Managing partitions <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2423 <p>One of the most important maintenance tasks that can only be done by using a live CD is partitioning. No operating system allows partitioning the same disk where the OS itself resides. Trying to do so is like attempting to repair a car while its engine is turned on.<br><br>
2424 Of course, <b>SystemRescueCD</b> contains multiple programs that are related to partitioning. Most important are <b>GParted</b> (graphical partitioning program), <b>GNU Parted</b> (text-based partitioning program), <b>fdisk</b> and <b>sfdisk</b> (partition table editors) and various filesystem tools (like <b>ntfsprogs</b> and <b>e2fsprogs</b>).<br><br>
2425 This page contains some theory about partitions and filesystems, advice for choosing the right filesystem and a partitioning example by using <b>GParted</b>.</p>
2426 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
2427 While partitioning, an user error or a bug can damage your partitions.<br><br>Creating a disk image of the disk to be<br>partitioned beforehand is highly recommended.
2428 </td></tr></table></div>
2429 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/info.png"></td><td>
2430 The following pressentation has been made using<br><b>SystemRescueCD v 1.5.8</b>
2431 </td></tr></table></div>
2432 <H2><a name="theory"></a>Some theory <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2433 <H3><a name="partitions-partition"></a>What is a partition? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2434 <p>A partition is a logical division of a hard disk created so that you can have different operating systems on the same hard disk or to create the appearance of having separate hard drives for file management, multiple users, or other purposes.</p>
2435 <p>In Windows, a one-partition hard disk is labelled the "C:" drive ("A:" and "B:" are typically reserved for diskette drives). A two-partition hard drive would typically contain "C:" and "D:" drives. (CD-ROM drives typically are assigned the last letter in whatever sequence of letters have been used as a result of hard disk formatting, or typically with a two-partition, the "E:" drive.).</p>
2436 <p>In UNIX-based systems, a partition is used to host the / (root) file system, and optionally the /opt, /usr and /home file systems. There may also be a swap partition, which doesn't host any file system.</p>
2437 <p>Each operatin system provides some kind of tool to create and manage partitions. Examples of such tools are <b>fdisk</b> in DOS/Windows, <b>fdisk</b>, <b>sfdisk</b> and <b>parted</b> in Linux, etc.</p>
2438 <H3><a name="partitions-extended"></a>What is the difference between primary, extended and logical partitions? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2439 <p>Information about partitions is saved in so-called partition table in Master Boot Record. MBR itself is only 512 bytes in size, and only 64 bytes are reserved for partition table. That's not enough, and there are many workarounds to bypass limitations caused by the size, for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing#LBA.2C_ATA_devices_and_Enhanced_BIOS" target="_blank">logical block addressing</a>. Extended partitions are another workaround.</p>
2440 <p>Partition table can only store information about four partitions. If one has, for example, two GNU/Linux distributions on the same disk, both of them having separate root partitions, shared /home and shared swap, the partition number limit has been hit already.</p>
2441 <p>A partition that is mentioned in the partition table is called primary partition. Because of the limit, one disk can only contain 1-4 primary partitions.</p>
2442 <p>An extended partition fixes the problem simply by containing more boot records, called Extended Boot Records (EBR). Each EBR contains information about one logical partition and, if the extended partition contains multiple logical partitions, link to the next EBR. Thus, an extended partition can contain unlimited amount of logical partitions.</p>
2443 <p>Extended partition contains only EBRs and logical partitions (and maybe unallocated space). Extended partition doesn't contain any filesystem and files can't be stored in it. Of course, logical partition can contain any filesystem (or be unformatted).</p>
2444 <p>Logical partitions can always be used for storing data: any operating system can see logical partitions. GNU/Linux supports both multiple primary extended partitions and extended partitions within each other, while Windows supports only the latter. GNU/Linux distributions can be installed to logical partitions as well, but Windows requires a lot of tweaking. See <a href="http://www.goodells.net/multiboot/index.htm" target="_blank">this outdated guide</a>.</p>
2445 <H3><a name="partitions-lvm"></a>What is LVM? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2446 <p>LVM means "Logical Volume Manager". It allows creating volume groups on top of hard drives and logical volumes within volume groups. Logical volumes are NOT the same thing as logical partitions!</p>
2447 <p>Volume groups can be created very flexibly: a volume group can allocate, for example, the first half of the first hard drive and the second half of the third drive. One can even create a massive volume group containing all storage he/she has.</p>
2448 <p>The computer sees a logical volume as a partition: logical volume can be left unformatted or contain any filesystem.</p>
2449 <p>LVM has many benefits: for example, if one has three hard drives 60 gigabytes each, he/she can create a 160-gigabyte partition for storing massive files and/or saving some disk space. In addition, logical volumes can be resized even when they're in use, so when creating logical volumes one doesn't need to worry if they're too small or big - if they are, he/she can resize them at any time.</p>
2450 <p>However, resizing a logical volume doesn't resize the filesystem in it, so using a filesystem that can be resized in use (online resizing) is recommended. Very few filesystems can be shrinked online, but most GNU/Linux filesystems (including ext3/4, ReiserFS, XFS and btrfs) can be grown online. It's generally a good idea to leave unallocated space within volume group, so logical volumes can later be grown without shrinking any other logical volume.</p>
2451 <p>Here come bad news for people who dualboot: Windows doesn't support LVM, it sees volume groups as unformatted partitions. If you try to access volume group within Windows, you're just prompted to format the partition. That prompt is annoying at best and dangerous at worst.</p>
2452 <p>More information about LVM can be found <a href="http://sunoano.name/ws/public_xhtml/lvm.html" target="_blank">here</a> (almost everything about LVM in a single page) and <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-Guide-EN-LVM2" target="_blank">here</a> (official SystemRescueCD documentation about LVM).</p>
2453 <H3><a name="partitions-filesystem"></a>What is a file system? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2454 <p>A file system is the way in which files are named and where they are placed logically for storage and retrieval. The DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and UNIX-based operating systems all have file systems in which files are placed somewhere in a hierarchical (tree) structure. A file is placed in a directory (folder in Windows) or subdirectory at the desired place in the tree structure.</p>
2455 <p>The most important difference between filesystems is operating system support. Some filesystems are supported by all modern operating systems, but especially the newest filesystems are very rarely supported. Other important limits are maximum file size, journaling support and file permission metadata support.</p>
2456 <p>The reason that file size limits exist is that all filesystems reserve a fixed number of bits for storing the file size. If the size of the file, in bytes, is bigger than the biggest number that can be stored in file size bits, the operating system must refuse to store the file at all in order to prevent data corruption.</p>
2457 <p>File permission metadata means that the filesystem stores in the metadata of the file, among other things, information about who owns the file and what different users are allowed to do with the file. That metadata is especially useful in multi-user environment because it mostly prevents users from reading each other's files. Permissions can be bypassed, however.</p>
2458 <H3><a name="partitions-journaling"></a>What is journaling? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2459 <p>Ideally, data in a partition never corrupts. But, in the real world, there are power failures and operating system freezes. And if a computer is forcefully shut down while something is written to the drive, the write operation can't be finished. That can damage the filesystem and destroy any files in the partition.</p>
2460 <p>Journaling partially fixes that problem by writing most changes to the disk twice: first to a special area called journal and, after that, to the filesystem itself. If power is lost while writing to the journal was in progress, the partial change is just ignored and never committed to the filesystem itself. If power failure or OS freeze happened while writing to filesystem itself, the write operation is finished by using the information in journal.</p>
2461 <p>Journaling is always a trade-off between reliability and performance. In fact, the ext3 and ext4 filesystems support multiple journaling modes in order to allow the user to choose the optimal compromise. The most popular choices are <b>ordered</b> and <b>writeback</b>.</p>
2462 <p>Both modes only write metadata changes to the journal before committing them: data itself is written directly to the main filesystem. The difference between the modes is that <b>ordered</b> mode guarantees that the data is written before the change is marked as committed. The difference may sound small, but in some cases <b>ordered</b> mode causes horrible performance. In Linux 2.6.30, the default journaling mode was changed to <b>writeback</b> - and it was quickly found out that <b>writeback</b> mode may cause massive data loss. See <a href="http://forums.raiden.net/viewtopic.php?p=155912#155912" target="_blank">this forum post</a> for details. Most GNU/Linux distributions are now using <b>ordered</b> mode as the default again.</p>
2463 <p>In addition, on SSDs (Solid State Drives) and thumb drives write speed is much slower than read speed. They also have a limited number of writing cycles, so journaling reduces their lifetime. Thus, I (Jyrki) recommend against using journaling fileystems on such drives.</p>
2464 <H3><a name="partitions-filesystems"></a>What are the differences between most popular filesystems? <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2465 <p>The following table quickly describes the most important differences between them.</p>
2466 <table border="1">
2467 <tr>
2468 <th></th>
2469 <th colspan="2">Operating system support</th>
2470 <th></th>
2471 <th></th>
2472 <th></th>
2473 </tr>
2474 <tr>
2475 <th></th>
2476 <th>Under Windows</th>
2477 <th>Under GNU/Linux</th>
2478 <th>Maximum file size</th>
2479 <th>Journaling</th>
2480 <th>Permissions</th>
2481 </tr>
2482 <tr>
2483 <th>FAT32</th>
2484 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2485 <td style="background-color: rgb(127,255,0)">Built-in</td>
2486 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">4 GB</td>
2487 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2488 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2489 </tr>
2490 <tr>
2491 <th>NTFS</th>
2492 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2493 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,255,0)">Driver included</td>
2494 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,255,0)">16 EB</td>
2495 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2496 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2497 </tr>
2498 <tr>
2499 <th>ext2</th>
2500 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">3rd party driver</td>
2501 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2502 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">16 GB-2 TB*</td>
2503 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2504 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2505 </tr>
2506 <tr>
2507 <th>ext3</th>
2508 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">3rd party driver</td>
2509 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2510 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">16 GB-2 TB*</td>
2511 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2512 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2513 </tr>
2514 <tr>
2515 <th>ext4</th>
2516 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No***</td>
2517 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Native</td>
2518 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">16 GB-16 TB*</td>
2519 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2520 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2521 </tr>
2522 <tr>
2523 <th>exFAT</th>
2524 <td style="background-color: rgb(127,255,0)">Built-in (Vista/7)**</td>
2525 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,127,0)">3rd party driver</td>
2526 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">64 ZB</td>
2527 <td style="background-color: rgb(255,0,0)">No</td>
2528 <td style="background-color: rgb(0,255,0)">Yes</td>
2529 </tr>
2530 </table>
2531 <p>* Depends on cluster size<br>
2532 ** <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/955704" target="_blank">This update</a> adds exFAT support to Windows XP<br>
2533 *** <a href="http://ext2read.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Ext2read</a> makes accessing ext4 partitions possible, but it's not a driver and the access is read-only</p>
2534 <p>Operating system support:</p>
2535 <ul>
2536 <li>"Native" means that the kernel supports the filesystem and the OS can boot from a partition using that FS.</li>
2537 <li>"Built-in" means that the kernel supports the filesystem, but booting from a partition containing such FS is very difficult.</li>
2538 <li>"Driver included" means that ntfs-3g (the driver that adds NTFS support to Linux) comes with most GNU/Linux distributions.</li>
2539 <li>"3rd party driver" means that drivers to add filesystem support are available, but must be downloaded and installed separately. The ext2/3 drivers are <a href="http://www.fs-driver.org" target="_blank">Ext2 IFS</a> and <a href="http://www.ext2fsd.com" target="_blank">Ext2fsd</a> and the exFAT driver is <a href="http://code.google.com/p/exfat/" target="_blank">exfat</a>.</li>
2540 <li>"No" means that there is no way to get read-write filesystem support.</li>
2541 </ul>
2542 <H2><a name="filesystems"></a>Filesystems <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2543 <p>This section contains more information about most popular filesystems.</p>
2544 <H3><a name="partitions-fat32"></a>FAT32 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2545 <p>The initial version of FAT (File Allocation Table), now referred as FAT12, was designed for floppy disks. A FAT12 partition can only be up to 32 megabytes in size. After that, PCs equipped with hard drives were introcuded by IBM and the sizes of hard drives began growing. Microsoft answered the need by developing first initial FAT16 and then final FAT16.</p>
2546 <p>FAT16 partition can be up to two gigabytes in size. In the middle of 1990s, that limit was becoming a problem. Microsoft pushed the limit up by updating FAT again.</p>
2547 <p>FAT32 was first introduced with Windows 95 OSR2. Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000 and newer support FAT32 too. Linux kernel has supported FAT32 almost as long as Windows, but booting GNU/Linux from FAT32 partition is difficult and actually requires DOS to be installed in the partition as well. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux#Installing_Linux_on_and_booting_it_from_FAT_volumes_using_umsdos" target="_blank">more information</a>)</p>
2548 <p>FAT32 partition can be up to two terabytes in size. As of now (July 2010), there are hard drives that hit the limit, but don't exceed it. A single file within FAT32 partition can be up to four gigabytes in size.</p>
2549 <p>Because FAT32 is, in the end, based on FAT12, it has very few features. It doesn't support file permissions, hard/symbolic links, encryption, compression, alternative data streams, journaling... It lacks support for nearly anything that defines a modern filesystem. However, due to very few features, FAT32 is very fast filesystem if it's not fragmented or on a Flash-based drive. Mind you, FAT32 fragments very fast.</p>
2550 <p>Due to excellent operating system support, I recommend FAT32 for storing files which should be accessible in both Windows and GNU/Linux. FAT32 is also a good filesystem on Solid State Drives and thumb drives due to its performance.</p>
2551 <H3><a name="partitions-ext2"></a>ext2 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2552 <p>Ext2 or ext2fs is the successor of extfs (extended file system). Extfs didn't support separated timestamps for access, data modification and inode modification. In order to add support for them, and make the filesystem extendable, a new filesystem had to be created.</p>
2553 <p>Ext2 was developed in January 1993, earlier than any other filesystem mentioned in this page.</p>
2554 <p>Because ext2 is designed for GNU/Linux, support in Linux kernel was implemented immediately. The first Windows driver supporting ext2, <a href="http://www.ext2fsd.com" target="_blank">Ext2fsd</a> 0.01, was released on 25 January 2002. Both Windows drivers for ext2 work only on Windows NT operating systems (NT 4.0 up to Vista, 7 isn't supported yet).</p>
2555 <p>The best property of ext2 is extensibility. The superblock contains information about which version the filesystem is (ext2, ext3 or ext4) and which extensions and features are in use. By using these pieces of information, the operating system or driver can decide whether or not mounting the partition is safe. That's the most important reason why most GNU/Linux distributions still use successors of ext2 as default filesystems.</p>
2556 <p>Depending on cluster size, ext2 partition can be up to 2-32 terabytes in size. File size limit is 16 GB-2 TB.</p>
2557 <p>Ext2 supports file permissions, both hard and symbolic links and extended file attributes. Encryption, compression and journaling are unsupported.</p>
2558 <p>Due to lack of journaling support and existence of Windows drivers, I recommend using ext2 if you're going to install GNU/Linux on a SSD drive and want to be able to access files within Windows too.</p>
2559 <p>However, lack of journaling support is the worst limitation of ext2. And what was done in order to get rid of the limitation?</p>
2560 <H3><a name="partitions-ext3"></a>ext3 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2561 <p>Ext3, the successor of ext2, was introduced in Linux kernel on November 2001. It supports journaling, can be grown online and optionally indexes large directories.</p>
2562 <p>Ext2 IFS and Ext2fsd can mount ext3 partition as ext2 if the journal is empty. (If it's not, something is wrong - journal is always emptied when the partition is unmounted or the computer is shut down.) Thus, ext3 support under Windows is just as good/bad as ext2 support.</p>
2563 <p>Partition and file size limits are the same as in ext2: partition size limit is 2-32 TB and file size limit 16 GB-2 TB, depending on cluster size.</p>
2564 <p>Due to journaling support and existence of Windows drivers, ext3 is a good choice if you're going to install GNU/Linux on a mechanical hard drive and want to be able to access files within Windows.</p>
2565 <H3><a name="partitions-ext4"></a>ext4 <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2566 <p>Linux kernel support for ext4, the successor of ext3, was marked stable code on October 2008. Ext4 contains multiple performance and stability improvements over ext3.</p>
2567 <p>The most important new feature is extents. An extent is a contiguous area of storage that has been reserved for a file. When a process starts to write to a file, the whole extent is allocated even before the write operation begins. The idea is that even if the file is larger than expected, it doesn't fragment if it doesn't exceed the size of the extent.</p>
2568 <p>Another important improvement is larger partition size limit: an ext4 partition can be even one exabyte in size. (An exabyte is a million terabytes.) In addition, a directory within an ext4 partition can contain up to 64 000 subdirectories (instead of 32 000, as in ext2/3) and timestamps are much more accurate. The file size limit is 16 GB-16 TB, depending on cluster size.</p>
2569 <p>Unfortunately, Ext2 IFS and Ext2Fsd don't support ext4 and are unable to mount ext4 partition if extents are enabled. They can be disabled, but other improvements of ext4 aren't that important for most people - using ext2 or ext3 is just easier. It is also possible to keep extents enabled and browse the partition using <a href="http://ext2read.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Ext2read</a>, but Ext2read doesn't allow the user to write to the partition.</p>
2570 <p>Due to its features, ext4 is a good filesystem on computers that only have GNU/Linux installed. Because journaling can be disabled, it is suitable for Solid State Drives and thumb drives too.</p>
2571 <H3><a name="partitions-ntfs"></a>NTFS <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2572 <p>At the end of 1980s, IBM and Microsoft were developing OS/2 operating system. Both companies expected OS/2 1.1, released on 1988, to be the first popular operating system having a GUI, Presentation Manager. Even though it didn't become too popular during its first years, Microsoft didn't complain: Windows 2 didn't sell any better.</p>
2573 <p>But on May 1990, Microsoft released Windows 3.0. Millions of copies of it were sold during its first year, and Microsoft began to believe that OS/2 had failed due to decisions of IBM. At autumn 1990, Microsoft stopped cooperating with IBM, recasted OS/2 3.0 as Windows NT and continued developing it alone, leaving IBM alone with OS/2.</p>
2574 <p>Windows NT was targeted for network file servers, and there were already competition, most importantly Novell NetWare and OS/2. Among other things, the filesystem of Windows NT had to be fast, space efficient and reliable.</p>
2575 <p>NTFS (New Technology File System) was introcuded with Windows NT 3.1. Newer versions of NTFS have been introduced with newer versions of Windows NT, and the filesystem is most likely still under development. All versions of Windows NT support NTFS, but support in Linux kernel was implemented as late as on December 2003.</p>
2576 <p>NTFS is still, in my opinion, the most feature-filled filesystem around. It supports file permissions, both hard and symbolic links, encryption, compression, alternative data streams, journaling... There are very few features NTFS doesn't support.</p>
2577 <p>Depending on cluster size, a NTFS partition can be up to 8 ZB-1 YB in size. (A zettabyte (ZB) is a milliard terabytes and a yottabyte (YB) a billion terabytes.) File size limit is 16 EB.</p>
2578 <p>Windows 7 can only be installed on a NTFS partition, and Vista requires a <a href="http://www.computersplace.com/install-windows-vista-on-a-fat32-partition/windows-vista" target="_blank">work-around</a> if one wants to install it on a FAT32 partition. Of course NTFS partitions can be used for data storage as well: due to features of NTFS, I recommend doing so on mechanical hard drives on Windows-only computers.</p>
2579 <H3><a name="partitions-exfat"></a>exFAT <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2580 <p>NTFS is a great filesystem, but due to its complexity and journaling, it's not suitable for Flash-based drives. Even Microsoft itself has recommended using FAT32 on removable Flash media.</p>
2581 <p>However, FAT32 only allows files up to four gigabytes in size. The limit is already becoming too small, for example a DVD disc image can exceed that limit. In addition, FAT32 lacks file permission support. In order to get rid of these limitations, Microsoft took FAT from its grave and updated it one more time.</p>
2582 <p>ExFAT (extended FAT), also known as FAT64, was introduced with Windows CE 6.0, on November 2006. Windows Vista SP1, Windows 7 and newer support exFAT too, and by installing <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/955704" target="_blank">this update</a> Windows XP can be extended to support exFAT as well. GNU/Linux drivers are available too, but currently none of them are both stable and free. The best option seems to be <a href="http://code.google.com/p/exfat/" target="_blank">exfat</a>, an open-source driver in beta stage.</p>
2583 <p>The partition and file size limits of exFAT are the same: 64 zettabytes. Another important improvement is file permission support that, oddly, is lacking in Windows Vista. In addition, a directory within an exFAT partition can contain up to 2 796 202 files (instead of 65 536, as in FAT32) and timestamps have become more accurate.</p>
2584 <p>No operating system can be installed to an exFAT partition, so such partitions can only be used for data storage. Due to lack of journaling and support for huge files, exFAT is a good filesystem on Solid State Drives and thumb drives that are only used within Windows Vista and/or 7.</p>
2585 <H3><a name="annex-b-list"></a>Partition list <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-b-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2586 <p>The following table presents known partition types along with their IDs:</p>
2587 <p class="newcode" style="margin-right: 0;">&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;Empty&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;80&nbsp;&nbsp;Old&nbsp;Minix<br>
2588 &nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;FAT12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;81&nbsp;&nbsp;Minix&nbsp;/&nbsp;old&nbsp;Linux<br>
2589 &nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;XENIX&nbsp;root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Green">82&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;swap&nbsp;/&nbsp;Solaris</font><br>
2590 &nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;XENIX&nbsp;usr&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux</font><br>
2591 &nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;&lt;32M&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;84&nbsp;&nbsp;OS/2&nbsp;hidden&nbsp;C:&nbsp;drive<br>
2592 &nbsp;<font color="Red">5&nbsp;&nbsp;Extended</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;extended<br>
2593 &nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;86&nbsp;&nbsp;NTFS&nbsp;volume&nbsp;set<br>
2594 &nbsp;<font color="Green">7&nbsp;&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;87&nbsp;&nbsp;NTFS&nbsp;volume&nbsp;set<br>
2595 &nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;AIX&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;88&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;plaintext<br>
2596 &nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;AIX&nbsp;bootable&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8e&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;LVM<br>
2597 &nbsp;a&nbsp;&nbsp;OS/2&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;Manager&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;93&nbsp;&nbsp;Amoeba<br>
2598 &nbsp;b&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;94&nbsp;&nbsp;Amoeba&nbsp;BBT<br>
2599 &nbsp;<font color="Red">c&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT32&nbsp;(LBA)</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9f&nbsp;&nbsp;BSD/OS<br>
2600 &nbsp;e&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;(LBA)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a0&nbsp;&nbsp;IBM&nbsp;Thinkpad&nbsp;hibernation<br>
2601 &nbsp;<font color="Green">f&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;Ext'd&nbsp;(LBA)</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a5&nbsp;&nbsp;FreeBSD<br>
2602 10&nbsp;&nbsp;OPUS&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a6&nbsp;&nbsp;OpenBSD<br>
2603 11&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;FAT12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a7&nbsp;&nbsp;NeXTSTEP<br>
2604 12&nbsp;&nbsp;Compaq&nbsp;diagnostics&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a8&nbsp;&nbsp;Darwin&nbsp;UFS<br>
2605 14&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;&lt;32M&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a9&nbsp;&nbsp;NetBSD<br>
2606 16&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ab&nbsp;&nbsp;Darwin&nbsp;boot<br>
2607 17&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b7&nbsp;&nbsp;BSDI&nbsp;fs<br>
2608 18&nbsp;&nbsp;AST&nbsp;SmartSleep&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b8&nbsp;&nbsp;BSDI&nbsp;swap<br>
2609 1b&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bb&nbsp;&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;Wizard&nbsp;hidden<br>
2610 1c&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT32&nbsp;(LBA)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be&nbsp;&nbsp;Solaris&nbsp;boot<br>
2611 1e&nbsp;&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;W95&nbsp;FAT16&nbsp;(LBA)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bf&nbsp;&nbsp;Solaris<br>
2612 24&nbsp;&nbsp;NEC&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c1&nbsp;&nbsp;DRDOS/sec&nbsp;(FAT-12)<br>
2613 39&nbsp;&nbsp;Plan&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c4&nbsp;&nbsp;DRDOS/sec&nbsp;(FAT-16&nbsp;<&nbsp;32M)<br>
2614 3c&nbsp;&nbsp;PartitionMagic&nbsp;recovery&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c6&nbsp;&nbsp;DRDOS/sec&nbsp;(FAT-16)<br>
2615 40&nbsp;&nbsp;Venix&nbsp;80286&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c7&nbsp;&nbsp;Syrinx<br>
2616 41&nbsp;&nbsp;PPC&nbsp;PReP&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;da&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-FS&nbsp;data<br>
2617 42&nbsp;&nbsp;SFS&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;db&nbsp;&nbsp;CP/M&nbsp;/&nbsp;CTOS&nbsp;/&nbsp;...<br>
2618 4d&nbsp;&nbsp;QNX4.x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;de&nbsp;&nbsp;Dell&nbsp;Utility<br>
2619 4e&nbsp;&nbsp;QNX4.x&nbsp;2nd&nbsp;part&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;df&nbsp;&nbsp;BootIt<br>
2620 4f&nbsp;&nbsp;QNX4.x&nbsp;3rd&nbsp;part&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e1&nbsp;&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;access<br>
2621 50&nbsp;&nbsp;OnTrack&nbsp;DM&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e3&nbsp;&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;R/O<br>
2622 51&nbsp;&nbsp;OnTrack&nbsp;DM6&nbsp;Aux1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e4&nbsp;&nbsp;SpeedStor<br>
2623 52&nbsp;&nbsp;CP/M&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eb&nbsp;&nbsp;BeOS&nbsp;fs<br>
2624 53&nbsp;&nbsp;OnTrack&nbsp;DM6&nbsp;Aux3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ee&nbsp;&nbsp;EFI&nbsp;GPT<br>
2625 54&nbsp;&nbsp;OnTrackDM6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ef&nbsp;&nbsp;EFI&nbsp;(FAT-12/16/32)<br>
2626 55&nbsp;&nbsp;EZ-Drive&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f0&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux/PA-RISC&nbsp;boot<br>
2627 56&nbsp;&nbsp;Golden&nbsp;Bow&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f1&nbsp;&nbsp;SpeedStor<br>
2628 5c&nbsp;&nbsp;Priam&nbsp;Edisk&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f4&nbsp;&nbsp;SpeedStor<br>
2629 61&nbsp;&nbsp;SpeedStor&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f2&nbsp;&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;secondary<br>
2630 63&nbsp;&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;HURD&nbsp;or&nbsp;SysV&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fd&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;raid&nbsp;autodetect<br>
2631 64&nbsp;&nbsp;Novell&nbsp;Netware&nbsp;286&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fe&nbsp;&nbsp;LANstep<br>
2632 65&nbsp;&nbsp;Novell&nbsp;Netware&nbsp;386&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ff&nbsp;&nbsp;BBT<br>
2633 70&nbsp;&nbsp;DiskSecure&nbsp;Multi-Boot<br>
2634 75&nbsp;&nbsp;PC/IX</p>
2635 <p>The partitions you are most likely to see in use, are:</p>
2636 <ul>
2637 <li><b><font color="Green">HPFS/NTFS (ID = 7)</font></b><br>
2638 This is the <b>Windows XP</b> partition, also known as <b>NTFS</b></li>
2639 <li><b><font color="Red">W95 FAT32 (LBA) (ID = c)</font></b><br>
2640 This is the <b>Windows 95 - 98</b> partition<br>
2641 It is used in any kind of disk and large USB devices (1 GB and more)</li>
2642 <li><b><font color="Green">W95 Ext'd (LBA) (ID = f)</font></b><br>
2643 Extended partition. It acts as a container for other partitions</li>
2644 <li><b><font color="Red">Extended (ID = 5)</font></b><br>
2645 Another extended partition type. It acts as a container for other partitions<br>
2646 There is one more extended partition type (ID = 85), but Windows doesn't recognise it</li>
2647 <li><b><font color="Green">Linux swap / Solaris (ID = 82)</font></b><br>
2648 Swap partition, acting as <b>Virtual Memory</b><br>
2649 Modern computers with 1 - 2 GB of memory may not use it at all</li>
2650 <li><b><font color="Red">Linux (ID = 83)</font></b><br>
2651 Linux partitions, such as <b>ext2</b>, <b>ext3</b> and <b>reiserfs</b></li>
2652 </ul>
2653 <H2><a name="example"></a>Partitioning example <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2654 <p>This section contains a partitioning example. I simulate the following situation in a virtual machine:</p>
2655 <p>I have two partitions in my disk: <b>/dev/sda1</b> that contains a GNU/Linux distribution, and <b>/dev/sda2</b> that is a swap partition. Here we can see the output of <b>fdisk</b>:</p>
2656 <p class="newcode">root@sysresccd /root % fdisk -l<br>
2657 <br>
2658 Disk /dev/sda: 2097 MB, 2097152000 bytes<br>
2659 64 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1015 cylinders<br>
2660 Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 = 2064384 bytes<br>
2661 Disk identifier: 0x00058a4a<br>
2662 <br>
2663 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System<br>
2664 /dev/sda1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;812&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1636960+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
2665 /dev/sda2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;813&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1015&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;409248&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux swap / Solaris</p>
2666 <p>Now I'm going to install another distribution on the same disk. First of all, I need one more partition, because only one distro can be installed on one partition. In addition, I want to separate /home to its own partition in order to be able to share it between distributions.</p>
2667 <p>Because the whole disk is already allocated, I must shrink at least one existing partition in order to create new partitions. I'll shrink both of them to half (<b>/dev/sda1</b> from 1,6 gigabytes to 800 megabytes, and <b>/dev/sda2</b> from 400 MB to 200 MB). In addition, I'll move <b>/dev/sda2</b> right next to <b>/dev/sda1</b> to keep the partitions in order.</p>
2668 <p>But how many partitions there will be in total? One, two, three... four! Phew, I was near to paint myself into a corner. If I created only primary partitions, I'd be unable to create any more partitions on the disk. Thus, I'll create an extended partition instead and two logical partitions within it. Then I'll be able to create more logical partitions later if required.</p>
2669 <p>There is one more challenge: moving /home to a separate partition. It's very easy to move the folder itself, but the distro in <b>/dev/sda1</b> will surely be confused if it doesn't find /home when it boots next time. Thus, I must edit its <b>/etc/fstab</b> and configure it to mount the /home partition automatically - before booting the distro itself.
2670 <p>Now there are only two decisions left: the numbers and sizes of the new partitions. I decide to install the new distro to <b>/dev/sda5</b> and move /home to <b>/dev/sda6</b>. Let <b>/dev/sda5</b> be 800 megabytes and <b>/dev/sda6</b> 200 MB in size.</p>
2671 <p>Now it's time to boot into <b>SystemRescueCD</b>. Graphical mode is required this time.</p>
2672 <img src="images/systemrescuecd.png">
2673 <p>I close the terminal and open <b>GParted</b> by clicking the third icon in the bottom pane.</p>
2674 <img src="images/gparted-00.png">
2675 <p>I right-click the partition <b>/dev/sda1</b> and select <b>Resize/Move</b>.</p>
2676 <img src="images/gparted-01.png">
2677 <p>I enter 799 MB as the new size, click the <b>Free Space Following (MiB)</b> combo box and press <b>Resize/Move</b>.</p>
2678 <img src="images/gparted-02.png">
2679 <p>I right-click now <b>/dev/sda2</b> and select <b>Resize/Move</b>.</p>
2680 <img src="images/gparted-03.png">
2681 <p>I enter 0 MB as preceding free space and 200 MB as partition size, click the <b>Free Space Following (MiB)</b> combo box and press <b>Resize/Move</b>.</p>
2682 <img src="images/gparted-04.png">
2683 <p>I right-click the unallocated area and select <b>New</b>.</p>
2684 <img src="images/gparted-05.png">
2685 <p>I select <b>Extended Partition</b> as the partition type. The size was already 1000 megabytes (the maximum) and as said, an extended partition doesn't contain any filesystem. I click <b>Add</b>.</p>
2686 <img src="images/gparted-06.png">
2687 <p>I right-click the unallocated area within the extended partition and select <b>New</b>.</p>
2688 <img src="images/gparted-07.png">
2689 <p>I choose the ext4 filesystem and enter 799 MB as the partition size. After that, I click first the <b>Free Space Following (MiB)</b> combo box and then <b>Add</b>.</p>
2690 <img src="images/gparted-08.png">
2691 <p>I right-click the remaining unallocated space and select <b>New</b> one more time.</p>
2692 <img src="images/gparted-09.png">
2693 <p>I choose the ext4 filesystem again. The partition size setting was already 200 megabytes (the whole available space), so I just press <b>Add</b>.</p>
2694 <img src="images/gparted-10.png">
2695 <div align="center"><table class="note" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="images/important.png"></td><td>
2696 The next step is to commit the changes.<br><br>After that some operations, for example<br>partition deletion, can no longer be undone.
2697 </td></tr></table></div>
2698 <p>Finally I commit the changes by pressing the rightmost icon in the main bar.</p>
2699 <img src="images/gparted-11.png">
2700 <p>After <i>slowly</i> reading the warning, I confirm my decisions by pressing <b>Apply</b>.</p>
2701 <img src="images/gparted-12.png">
2702 <p><b>GParted</b> begins to commit the changes...</p>
2703 <img src="images/gparted-13.png">
2704 <p>...and when everything is done, it shows me this window that I close.</p>
2705 <img src="images/gparted-14.png">
2706 <p>Then I can see the brand new partitions.</p>
2707 <H3><a name="partitions-home"></a>Moving /home <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#partitions-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2708 <p>I close <b>GParted</b> and launch <b>Terminal</b> by pressing the second icon in the bottom pane.</p>
2709 <p>I create directories as mount points:</p>
2710 <p class="newcode">mkdir /mnt/sda1<br>
2711 mkdir /mnt/sda6</p>
2712 <p>Then I mount the partitions:</p>
2713 <p class="newcode">mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/sda1<br>
2714 mount /dev/sda6 /mnt/sda6</p>
2715 <p>I copy the directory to the new partition:</p>
2716 <p class="newcode">cd /mnt/sda1<br>
2717 rsync -aAPSX home/ /mnt/sda6</p>
2718 <p>I move the original directory out of my way and create a new directory in place of it:</p>
2719 <p class="newcode">mv home home-old<br>
2720 mkdir home</p>
2721 <p>After that, I unmount /dev/sda6, because it no longer needs to be mounted:</p>
2722 <p class="newcode">umount /dev/sda6</p>
2723 <img src="images/terminal.png">
2724 <p>Now I close <b>Terminal</b> and launch <b>Geany</b> by pressing the fourth icon in the bottom pane.</p>
2725 <img src="images/geany-00.png">
2726 <p>I select <b>File</b> -> <b>Open</b>.</p>
2727 <img src="images/geany-01.png">
2728 <p>I press <b>File System</b> and navigate to folder <b>/mnt/sda1/etc</b>.</p>
2729 <img src="images/geany-02.png">
2730 <p>I double-click the file <b>fstab</b>.</p>
2731 <img src="images/geany-03.png">
2732 <p>I add the following line:</p>
2733 <p class="newcode">/dev/sda6&nbsp;/home&nbsp;ext4&nbsp;defaults&nbsp;0&nbsp;2</p>
2734 <p>Finally, I select <b>File</b> -> <b>Save</b>.</p>
2735 <img src="images/geany-04.png">
2736 <p>It's a good idea to reboot the computer now and check if the distribution in <b>/dev/sda1</b> still works. If yes, the /home-old directory can be removed and the disk is ready for the new distro.</p>
2737 <a name="recover-top"></a>
2738 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="recover-intro"></a>Data Recovery <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2739 <p>Deleted or "lost" files can be recovered from failed or formatted drives and partitions, cdroms and memory cards using the software available in <b>SystemRescueCD</b>.
2740 Unless you can rule out hardware failure, you must not write to the failed device. The following software will passively try to recover your data from failed or failing hardware. If your data is not replaceable, do not attempt to write to the failed device if the following applications do not work but seek professional advice instead.<br>
2741 <br>
2742 If your device is damaged, it is advisable to image the device and work on the image file for data recovery. If hardware failure is not the problem, you can recover data directly from the device.<br>
2743 <br>
2744 To recover data from a failed device, you will need another device of equal or greater storage capacity onto which to save your data. If you need to make an image of the failed device, you will need yet another quantity of space.<br>
2745 <br>
2746 I should state here, that I haven't used any of these tools recently (other than plain and simple <b>dd</b>, a long time ago, which I found to be very slow), so I couldn't recommend any of them. Any comments on a tool's usability found in this page, is just what I found on the Net.</p>
2747 <H2><a name="recover-dr"></a>Partition recovery <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2748 <p>If you made a mistake while partitioning and the partition no longer appears in the partition table, so long as you have not written data in that space, all your data is still there and can be restored.</p>
2749 <p>When changing the partition table on your hard drive, you must ensure that no partition on the disk is mounted. This includes swap space. In order to restore your partition, execute:</p>
2750 <p class="newcode">swapoff -a<br>
2751 parted /dev/old_disk</p>
2752 <p>Then, use the rescue option:</p>
2753 <p class="newcode">rescue START END</p>
2754 <p>where <b>START</b> is the area of the disk where you believe the partition began and <b>END</b> is it's end. If parted finds a potential partition, it will ask you if you want to add it to the partition table.</p>
2755 <p><b>Note:</b> <a href="#recover-testdisk">TestDisk</a> can also be used to recover a "lost" partition.</p>
2756 <H2><a name="recover-dr"></a>Disk / files recovery <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2757 <H3><a name="recover-dd"></a>Using dd <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2758 <p>In order to duplicate a disk to another disk, execute</p>
2759 <p class="newcode">dd if=/dev/old_disk of=/dev/new_disk conv=noerror,sync</p>
2760 <p>or to create an image file</p>
2761 <p class="newcode">dd if=/dev/old_disk of=image_file conv=noerror</p>
2762 <p>Be careful, if you are copying a disk, the destination must also be a disk, not a partition. If you are copying a partition, the destination partition must be large enough. Copying the whole disk is recommended.<br>
2763 <br>
2764 To speed up the copy process, you can append <b>bs=8k</b>, it will read/write the disk by 16 sectors at a time.</p>
2765 <H3><a name="recover-dd-rescue"></a>Using dd_rescue <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2766 <p>Like dd, <a href="http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/" target="_blank">dd_rescue</a> does copy data from one file or block device to another. You can specify file positions (called seek and skip in dd). There are several differences:</p>
2767 <ul>
2768 <li>dd_rescue does not provide character conversions.</li>
2769 <li>The command syntax is different. Call <b>dd_rescue -h</b>.</li>
2770 <li>dd_rescue does not abort on errors on the input file, unless you specify a maximum error number. Then dd_rescue will abort when this number is reached.</li>
2771 <li>dd_rescue does not truncate the output file, unless asked to.</li>
2772 <li>You can tell dd_rescue to start from the end of a file and move backwards.</li>
2773 <li>It uses two block sizes, a large (soft) block size and a small (hard) block size. In case of errors, the size falls back to the small one and is promoted again after a while without errors.</li>
2774 <li>It does not (yet) support non-seekable in- or output.</li>
2775 </ul>
2776 <p>In order to duplicate a disk to another disk, execute</p>
2777 <p class="newcode">dd_rescue -A -v /dev/old_disk /dev/new_disk</b></p>
2778 <p>or to create an image file</p>
2779 <p class="newcode">dd_rescue -A -v /dev/old_disk image_file</b></p>
2780 <p>The copying should go very quickly until it hits a bad sector and then it will slow down to take smaller chunks of data. People have reported very good results with this technique.</p>
2781 <H3><a name="recover-gnu-ddrescue"></a>Using GNU ddrescue <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2782 <p>The GNU site describes GNU ddrescue as a data recovery tool, and lists these features:</p>
2783 <ul>
2784 <li>It copies data from one file or block device (hard disc, CD-ROM, etc) to another, trying hard to rescue data in case of read errors.</li>
2785 <li>It does not truncate the output file if not asked to, so every time you run it on the same output file, it tries to fill in the gaps.</li>
2786 <li>It is designed to be fully automatic.</li>
2787 <li>If you use the log file feature of GNU ddrescue, the data is rescued very efficiently (only the needed blocks are read). Also you can interrupt the rescue at any time and resume it later at the same point.</li>
2788 <li>The log file is periodically saved to disc. So in case of a crash you can resume the rescue with little recopying.</li>
2789 <li>If you have two or more damaged copies of a file, CD-ROM, etc, and run GNU ddrescue on all of them, one at a time, with the same output file, you will probably obtain a complete and error-free file. The probability of having damaged areas at the same places on different input files is very low. Using the log file, only the needed blocks are read from the second and successive copies.</li>
2790 <li>The same log file can be used for multiple commands that copy different areas of the file, and for multiple recovery attempts over different subsets.</li>
2791 </ul>
2792 <p>The algorithm of GNU ddrescue is as follows:</p>
2793 <ol>
2794 <li>Optionally read a log file describing the status of a multi-part or previously interrupted rescue.</li>
2795 <li>Read the non-damaged parts of the input file, skipping the damaged areas, until the requested size is reached, or until interrupted by the user.</li>
2796 <li>Try to read the damaged areas, splitting them into smaller pieces and reading the non-damaged pieces, until the hardware block size is reached, or until interrupted by the user.</li>
2797 <li>Try to read the damaged hardware blocks until the specified number of retries is reached, or until interrupted by the user.</li>
2798 <li>Optionally write a log file for later use.</li>
2799 </ol>
2800 <p><b>Note:</b> GNU ddrescue is considered to be the best recovery tool available.</p>
2801 <p>In order to duplicate a disk to another disk, execute</p>
2802 <p class="newcode">ddrescue -vr3 /dev/old_disk /dev/new_disk logfile</b></p>
2803 <p>or to create an image file</p>
2804 <p class="newcode">ddrescue -vr3 /dev/old_disk image_file logfile</b></p>
2805 <p>If the disk is failing fast and you want to get the most data out of it on the first try, you should probably use "<b>-n</b>" on the first run. This will avoid splitting error areas. Subsequent runs can use "<b>-r1</b>" or "<b>-r3</b>", without "<b>-n</b>", to retry those error areas.</p>
2806 <p>To summarise, we execute:</p>
2807 <p class="newcode">ddrescue -vn /dev/old_disk image_file logfile<br>
2808 ddrescue -v -r3 -C /dev/old_disk image_file logfile</p>
2809 <p><b>Note:</b> When working with CD-ROMs you should probably specific "<b>-b 2048</b>"</p>
2810 <H3><a name="recover-foremost"></a>Using Foremost <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2811 <p><a href="http://foremost.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">Foremost</a> is a console program to recover files based on their headers, footers, and internal data structures. This process is commonly referred to as data carving. Foremost can work on image files, such as those generated by dd, Safeback, Encase, etc, or directly on a drive. The headers and footers can be specified by a configuration file or you can use command line switches to specify built-in file types. These built-in types look at the data structures of a given file format allowing for a more reliable and faster recovery.</p>
2812 <p>It can be run on an image file created with any of the above tools, to extract files:</p>
2813 <p class="newcode">foremost -i image -o /recovery/foremost</p>
2814 <p>Foremost can be instructed to recover only specific file types, using the <b>-t</b> command line parameter. In the following example Foremost will extract only jpg files:</p>
2815 <p class="newcode">foremost -t jpg -i image -o /recovery/foremost</p>
2816 <p>Available types are: jpg, gif, png, bmp, avi, exe (Windows binaries and DLLs), wav, riff, wmv (will extract wma also), mov, pdf, ole (will extract any file using the OLE file structure; this includes PowerPoint, Word, Excel, Access, and StarWriter), doc, zip (will extract .jar files and Open Office docs as well; this includes SXW, SXC, SXI, and SX? for undetermined OpenOffice files), rar, html and cpp.</p>
2817 <H3><a name="recover-testdisk"></a>Using TestDisk <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2818 <p><a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" target="_blank">TestDisk</a> was primarily designed to help <b>recover "lost" partitions</b> and/or <b>make non-booting disks bootable again</b> <i>when</i> these symptoms are caused by <i>faulty software</i>, certain types of <i>viruses</i> or <i>human error</i> (such as <i>accidentally</i> deleting a Partition Table). Partition table recovery using TestDisk is really easy.<br>
2819 <br>
2820 TestDisk can</p>
2821 <ul>
2822 <li> Fix partition table, recover deleted partition</li>
2823 <li> Recover FAT32 boot sector from its backup</li>
2824 <li> Rebuild FAT12/FAT16/FAT32 boot sector</li>
2825 <li> Fix FAT tables</li>
2826 <li> Rebuild NTFS boot sector</li>
2827 <li> Recover NTFS boot sector from its backup</li>
2828 <li> Fix MFT using MFT mirror</li>
2829 <li> Locate ext2/ext3 Backup SuperBlock</li>
2830 </ul>
2831 <p>Some great tutorials are available at TestDisk's site: "<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk_Step_By_Step" target="_blank">TestDisk Step By Step</a>", "<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/Running_TestDisk" target="_blank">Running TestDisk</a>", "<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/Data_Recovery_Examples" target="_blank">Data Recovery Examples</a>" etc.
2832 </p>
2833 <H3><a name="recover-photorec"></a>Using PhotoRec <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H3>
2834 <p><a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec" target ="_blank">PhotoRec</a> is file data recovery software designed to recover "lost" files including video, documents and archives from Hard Disks and CDRom and "lost" pictures (thus, its 'Photo Recovery' name) from digital camera memory. PhotoRec ignores the filesystem and goes after the underlying data, so it will still work even if your media's filesystem has been severely damaged or re-formatted.<br>
2835 <br>
2836 For more safety, PhotoRec uses read-only access to handle the drive or memory support you are about to recover "lost" data from.<br>
2837 <br>
2838 <b>Important</b>: As soon as a pic or file is accidentally deleted, or you discover any missing, do NOT save any more pics or files to that memory device or hard disk drive; otherwise you may overwrite your "lost" data. This means that even using PhotoRec, you must not choose to write the recovered files to the same partition they were stored on.<br>
2839 <br>
2840 A great tutorial titled "<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec_Step_By_Step" target="_blank">PhotoRec Step By Step</a>" can be found at PhotoRec's site.</p>
2841 <H2><a name="recover-links"></a>Links &amp; resources <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2842 <p>This page is a compilation of the following pages:</p>
2843 <p>DataRecovery<br>
2844 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DataRecovery" target="_blank">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DataRecovery</a></p>
2845 <p>Hard Drive Recovery, Ubuntu-Style<br>
2846 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://blogs.sun.com/superpat/tags/ddrescue" target="_blank">http://blogs.sun.com/superpat/tags/ddrescue</a></p>
2847 <p>Recover Data and (deleted) Partition with Linux from Hard Drives, CD-ROMs or DVDs<br>
2848 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://sysblogd.wordpress.com/2008/01/05/data-recovery-with-linux-from-hard-drives-cd-roms-or-dvds/" target="_blank">http://sysblogd.wordpress.com/2008/01/05/data-recovery-with-linux-from-hard-drives-cd-roms-or-dvds/</a></p>
2849 <p>dd_rescue<br>
2850 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/" target="_blank">http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/</a></p>
2851 <p>gddrescue: a tool for recovering data from damaged media<br>
2852 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://debaday.debian.net/2007/12/12/gddrescue-a-tool-for-recovering-data-from-damaged-media/" target="_blank">http://debaday.debian.net/2007/12/12/gddrescue-a-tool-for-recovering-data-from-damaged-media/</a></p>
2853 <p>Foremost<br>
2854 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://foremost.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">http://foremost.sourceforge.net/</a></p>
2855 <p>TestDisk<br>
2856 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" target="_blank">http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk</a></p>
2857 <p>PhotoRec<br>
2858 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec" target="_blank">http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec</a></p>
2859 <a name="scripts-top"></a>
2860 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="scripts-intro"></a>Clonezilla-SysRescCD own scripts <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#scripts-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2861 <p>In this page I will present the scripts I have ever written for <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b></p>
2862 <H2><a name="scripts-what-cd"></a>what-cd <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#scripts-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2863 <p>Included in: <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br><br>
2864 This script determines the device names for your CDs/DVDs, and whether they can read/write CD/DVD-ROMs<br><br>
2865 Its help screen is the following:</p>
2866 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">what-cd&nbsp;-h</font><br>
2867 what-cd&nbsp;-&nbsp;v&nbsp;1.0.0&nbsp;-&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Georgaras&nbsp;&lt;sng@hellug.gr&gt;<br>
2868 <br>
2869 what-cd&nbsp;will&nbsp;try&nbsp;to&nbsp;identify&nbsp;your&nbsp;CD/DVDs<br>
2870 You&nbsp;can&nbsp;use&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;identify&nbsp;the&nbsp;device&nbsp;name&nbsp;of&nbsp;your&nbsp;CD-Reader&nbsp;(default),<br>
2871 CD-Writer,&nbsp;DVD-Reader,&nbsp;and&nbsp;DVD-Writer.<br>
2872 <br>
2873 Usage:&nbsp;what-cd&nbsp;[options]<br>
2874 Availabe&nbsp;options&nbsp;are:<br>
2875 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;info&nbsp;about&nbsp;DVDs<br>
2876 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;w&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;info&nbsp;about&nbsp;writers<br>
2877 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch&nbsp;mode.&nbsp;Only&nbsp;print&nbsp;one&nbsp;device&nbsp;name.<br>
2878 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If&nbsp;more&nbsp;than&nbsp;one&nbsp;device&nbsp;is&nbsp;found,&nbsp;print<br>
2879 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nothing.&nbsp;For&nbsp;use&nbsp;with&nbsp;scripts<br>
2880 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e&nbsp;deviceID&nbsp;&nbsp;Eject&nbsp;device&nbsp;deviceID<br>
2881 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accecpable&nbsp;values:&nbsp;-1...num&nbsp;of&nbsp;devices<br>
2882 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use&nbsp;-1&nbsp;when&nbsp;in&nbsp;batch&nbsp;mode<br>
2883 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;version&nbsp;info&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit<br>
2884 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;h&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;this&nbsp;screen&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit</p>
2885 <p>Its typical usage would be to identify the DVD writer:</p>
2886 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">what-cd -dw</font><br>
2887 Device /dev/hdd (id=0) can not write DVDs<br>
2888 Device <font color="Magenta">/dev/hdc</font> (id=1) can write DVDs</p>
2889 <p>When used in batch mode, it will only print a device name. This is especially useful in scripts, but also in the command line, as shown in section "<a href="restore.html#burn">Burning the DVD</a>".</p>
2890 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">what-cd -dwb</font><br>
2891 /dev/hdc</p>
2892 <H2><a name="scripts-cont-cd"></a>continue-multi-cd <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#scripts-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2893 <p>Included in: <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br><br>
2894 <b>continue-multi-cd</b> helps you append data to a multi session CD; that is it helps you prepare and burn any consecutive sessions to it. It may lack some of the functionality you would have had if you used the command line tools themselves (mksiofs and cdrecord), but because of it, it keeps you away from writing a lot of parameters.<br><br>
2895 You could use it for example, to burn some extra documentation to <b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> CD, but you cannot use it to change the configuration files of <b>isolinux</b>, as it just reads the first session when booting.<br><br>
2896 <p>Its help screen is the following:</p>
2897 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">continue-multi-cd&nbsp;-h</font><br>
2898 continue-multi-cd&nbsp;-&nbsp;v&nbsp;2.0.0&nbsp;-&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Georgaras&nbsp;&lt;sng@hellug.gr&gt;<br>
2899 <br>
2900 Usage:&nbsp;continue-multi-cd&nbsp;[options]&nbsp;&lt;path&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;added&nbsp;to&nbsp;CD&gt;<br>
2901 <br>
2902 Available&nbsp;options&nbsp;are:<br>
2903 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Specify&nbsp;write&nbsp;device&nbsp;(in&nbsp;case&nbsp;auto&nbsp;detection&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;work)<br>
2904 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Close&nbsp;the&nbsp;CD.&nbsp;No&nbsp;more&nbsp;burning&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;possible<br>
2905 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default&nbsp;is&nbsp;to&nbsp;leave&nbsp;it&nbsp;open<br>
2906 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;l&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't&nbsp;burn&nbsp;the&nbsp;CD&nbsp;after&nbsp;image&nbsp;creation<br>
2907 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;o&nbsp;&lt;image&nbsp;name&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Save&nbsp;the&nbsp;image&nbsp;file&nbsp;as&nbsp;&lt;image&nbsp;name&gt;<br>
2908 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;r&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Remove&nbsp;the&nbsp;image&nbsp;file&nbsp;after&nbsp;burning<br>
2909 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On&nbsp;the&nbsp;fly&nbsp;burning&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;CD.&nbsp;No&nbsp;image&nbsp;file&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;created<br>
2910 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;version&nbsp;info&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit<br>
2911 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;h&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Print&nbsp;this&nbsp;screen&nbsp;and&nbsp;exit</p>
2912 <p>You have to note one thing though: the folder <b>&lt;path&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;added&nbsp;to&nbsp;CD&gt;</b> will not be present on the CD; only its contents will.<br><br>
2913 Let's suppose that you want to add to the CD the folder <b>extra-doc</b>, which contains <b>q-a.html</b> and <b>faq.html</b>, and that its full path is <b>/home/user/extra-doc</b>. If you issue the command</p>
2914 <p class="newcode"><font color="Green">continue-multi-cd -mwr /home/user/extra-doc</font></p>
2915 <p>you will not have a <b>extra-doc</b> folder on the root of your CD, but the files <b>q-a.html</b> and <b>faq.html</b> will be present there.</p>
2916 <p>In order to have <b>extra-doc</b> on the CD, you have to copy it to a temporary location and pass that path to <b>continue-multi-cd</b>. Let's see how it's done:</p>
2917 <p class="newcode">mkdir -p /tmp/for-the-cd<br>
2918 cp -r /home/user/extra-doc /tmp/for-the-cd<br>
2919 <font color="Green">continue-multi-cd -r /tmp/for-the-cd</font><br>
2920 rm -rf /tmp/for-the-cd</p>
2921 <H2><a name="scripts-startx"></a>startx-ttf-ati <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#scripts-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2922 <p>Included in: <b>SystemRescueCD</b><br><br>
2923 This script will help you start the X server (graphical environment), if you have a ATI video card and a TTF monitor. The normal <b>startx</b> command will not work in this case; you will end up with a blank screen.</p>
2924 <p><span class="red">&nbsp;Update:&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<b>startx-ttf-ati</b> has been removed in version 3.1.0, since the "ATI video card vs. TTF monitor" problem has been resolved.
2925 <a name="annex-a-top"></a>
2926 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="annex-a-intro"></a>Identifying devices in Linux <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2927 <p>This page is intended to help new Linux users and Windows users identify their hard disks / CD ROMs in a Linux box.<br><br>
2928 Linux disks and partition names may be different from other operating systems. You need to know the names that Linux uses when you format, mount or select partitions or disks.<br><br>
2929 Linux uses the so called <b>device name</b> to access disks and partitions. You can think of it as a link to the actual driver of the disk. All available devices have a corresponding file in <b>/dev</b> (e.g. /dev/hda1).<br><br>
2930 In general, each disk / CD-ROM has a three letter name, for example <b>hda</b>. Each partition in such a disk has a number associated with it, starting from 1. So the first partition of disk <b>hda</b> would be <b>hda<font color="Red">1</font></b>, the second <b>hda<font color="Red">2</font></b> and so on.<br><br>
2931 Depending on the device type, Linux gives the following names to devices:</p>
2932 <ul>
2933 <li><b>IDE (ATA) floppies</b><br>
2934 The first floppy drive is named <b>/dev/fd0</b>.<br>
2935 The second floppy drive is named <b>/dev/fd1</b>.</li>
2936 <li><b>IDE (ATA) disks /CD-ROMs</b><br>
2937 The master disk on IDE primary controller is named <b>/dev/hda</b>.<br>
2938 The slave disk on IDE primary controller is named <b>/dev/hdb</b>.<br>
2939 The master and slave disks of the secondary controller can be called <b>/dev/hdc</b> and <b>/dev/hdd</b>, respectively.<br><br>
2940 Linux represents the primary partitions as the drive name, plus the numbers 1 through 4. For example, the first primary partition on the first IDE drive is <b>/dev/hda1</b>. The logical partitions are numbered starting at 5, so the first logical partition on that same drive is <b>/dev/hda5</b>. Remember that the extended partition, that is, the primary partition holding the logical partitions, is not usable by itself. This applies to SCSI disks as well as IDE disks.</li>
2941 <li><b>SCSI disks</b><br>
2942 The first SCSI disk (SCSI ID address-wise) is named <b>/dev/sda</b>.<br>
2943 The second SCSI disk (address-wise) is named <b>/dev/sdb</b>, and so on.</li>
2944 <li><b>SCSI CD-ROMs</b><br>
2945 The first SCSI CD-ROM is named <b>/dev/scd0</b>, also known as <b>/dev/sr0</b>.<br>
2946 The second SCSI CD-ROM is named <b>/dev/scd1</b>, also known as <b>/dev/sr1</b>, and so on.</li>
2947 <li><b>USB disks</b><br>
2948 They are named just like SCSI disks. The only difference is that the partition number has to do with the file system on the disk. If it's <b>/dev/sdx<font color="Red">4</font></b>, then it's a VFAT file system and if it's <b>/dev/sdx<font color="Red">1</font></b> it's probably a linux (ext2, ext3) file system.</li>
2949 </ul>
2950 <H2><a name="annex-a-examples"></a>Examples <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
2951 <p>In order to identify the disks of a system you have to work with, a basic knowledge of its configuration (how many disks it has, whether it's a dual-boot system etc.) is welcomed but not required. A more experienced user will not have to worry about it, though.<br><br>
2952 Linux systems based on a 2.6.x kernel (like <b>Clonezilla Live</b> and <b>SystemRescueCD</b>) provide all the necessary support to identify a system's disk configuration, with just a couple of commands.</p>
2953 <H3><a name="annex-a-ex1"></a>Example 1 [<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
2954 <p>The first system I have to work with is a dual-boot system (Windows - Linux), with two disks and two DVD-ROMs.<br><br>
2955 The first command will tell me what disks and partitions exist in the system. So here it is:</p>
2956 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
2957 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
2958 <br>
2959 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;312571224&nbsp;<font color="Red">hda</font><br>
2960 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23446836&nbsp;hda1<br>
2961 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40957717&nbsp;hda2<br>
2962 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;245240257&nbsp;hda3<br>
2963 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2923830&nbsp;hda4<br>
2964 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;244198584&nbsp;<font color="Red">hdb</font><br>
2965 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41945683&nbsp;hdb1<br>
2966 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2104515&nbsp;hdb2<br>
2967 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;hdb3<br>
2968 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;68&nbsp;&nbsp;125909437&nbsp;hdb4<br>
2969 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236333&nbsp;hdb5</p>
2970 <p>The output of this command tells me that the system has two disks (<b><font color="Red">hda</font></b> and <b><font color="Red">hdb</font></b>) which are the primary master and slave devices.<br><br>
2971 The first disk contains four primary partitions (hda1-hda4) and the second one four primary partitions (hdb1-hdb4) and a logical one (hdb5). Wait a minute!!! this can't be right... In order to have a logical partition, I must have a primary that contains it, which means that in this case I can't have four primary partitions. So what is really happening here is that I have two primary and two logical, plus an extended primary which contains them.<br><br>
2972 What remains to be found is what type of partitions they are. I will find that out by executing the following commands:<p>
2973 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">fdisk -l /dev/hda</font><br>
2974 <br>
2975 Disk /dev/hda: 320.0 GB, 320072933376 bytes<br>
2976 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders<br>
2977 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br>
2978 <br>
2979 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System<br>
2980 /dev/hda1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2919&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23446836&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS<br>
2981 /dev/hda2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2920&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8018&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40957717+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS<br>
2982 /dev/hda3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8019&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;38549&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;245240257+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;HPFS/NTFS<br>
2983 /dev/hda4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;38550&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;38913&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2923830&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;swap&nbsp;/&nbsp;Solaris<br>
2984 <br>
2985 <br>
2986 # <font color="Green">fdisk -l /dev/hdb</font><br>
2987 <br>
2988 Disk /dev/hdb: 250.0 GB, 250059350016 bytes<br>
2989 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders<br>
2990 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br>
2991 <br>
2992 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System<br>
2993 /dev/hdb1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5222&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41945683+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
2994 /dev/hdb2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5223&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5484&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2104515&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;swap&nbsp;/&nbsp;Solaris<br>
2995 /dev/hdb3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5485&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14726&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236365&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f&nbsp;&nbsp;W95&nbsp;Ext'd&nbsp;(LBA)<br>
2996 /dev/hdb4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14727&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;30401&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;125909437+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
2997 /dev/hdb5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5485&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14726&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236333+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux</p>
2998 <p>Ok, this clears things up. The first disk contains three Windows XP partitions (NTFS) and a Linux Swap partition. In fact, <b>/dev/hda1</b> is the system "disk" for Windows, since Windows will always be installed in the first partition of the primary master disk.<br><br>
2999 The second disk, on the other hand, contains a Linux partition (<b>/dev/hdb1</b>), a Linux Swap partition <b>/dev/hdb2</b>, and an extended partition <b>/dev/hdb3</b> which contains two more Linux partitions (<b>/dev/hdb4</b> and <b>/dev/hdb5</b>).<br><br>
3000 The final thing we need to know about this system is what CD/DVD-ROMs it has. So I execute the command:</p>
3001 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info</font><br>
3002 CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17<br>
3003 <br>
3004 drive&nbsp;name:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">hdd</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">hdc</font><br>
3005 drive&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;126<br>
3006 drive&nbsp;#&nbsp;of&nbsp;slots:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3007 Can&nbsp;close&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3008 Can&nbsp;open&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3009 Can&nbsp;lock&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3010 Can&nbsp;change&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3011 Can&nbsp;select&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3012 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;multisession:&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3013 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MCN:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3014 Reports&nbsp;media&nbsp;changed:&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3015 Can&nbsp;play&nbsp;audio:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3016 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3017 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-RW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3018 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;DVD:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3019 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3020 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3021 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3022 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3023 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</p>
3024 <p>The system has two DVD-ROMs, <b><font color="Red">hdc</font></b> which is the secondary master and is a DVD writer, and <b><font color="Red">hdd</font></b> which is the secondary slave and is a DVD reader.<br><br>
3025 At this point I will connect my USB stick, wait for a while and execute the command:</p>
3026 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
3027 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
3028 <br>
3029 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;312571224&nbsp;hda<br>
3030 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23446836&nbsp;hda1<br>
3031 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40957717&nbsp;hda2<br>
3032 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;245240257&nbsp;hda3<br>
3033 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2923830&nbsp;hda4<br>
3034 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;244198584&nbsp;hdb<br>
3035 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41945683&nbsp;hdb1<br>
3036 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2104515&nbsp;hdb2<br>
3037 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;hdb3<br>
3038 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;68&nbsp;&nbsp;125909437&nbsp;hdb4<br>
3039 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236333&nbsp;hdb5<br>
3040 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1007615&nbsp;<font color="Red">sda</font><br>
3041 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1006576&nbsp;sda4</p>
3042 <p>As you can see, we have two more lines here, that reflect the changes to our system (the connection of the USB device). So my USB stick is recognized by the system as <b><font color="Red">sda</font></b>, and the disk itself contains a VFAT file system.</p>
3043 <H3><a name="annex-a-ex2"></a>Example 2 [<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
3044 <p>The second system is a Linux box with one SCSI disk and a CD-ROM. Again I issue the command:</p>
3045 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
3046 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
3047 <br>
3048 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;156290904&nbsp;<font color="Red">sda</font><br>
3049 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64228&nbsp;sda1<br>
3050 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667&nbsp;sda2<br>
3051 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667&nbsp;sda3<br>
3052 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;124744725&nbsp;sda4</p>
3053 <p>From its output I see I only have one disk <b><font color="Red">sda</font></b>, which contains four partitions.<br><br>
3054 Then I execute <b>fdisk</b>, which shows me that the disk contains one DOS and three Linux partitions.</p>
3055 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">fdisk -l /dev/sda</font><br>
3056 Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes<br>
3057 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders<br>
3058 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes<br>
3059 <br>
3060 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Device&nbsp;Boot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Start&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;End&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Id&nbsp;&nbsp;System<br>
3061 /dev/sda1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64228+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6&nbsp;&nbsp;FAT16<br>
3062 /dev/sda2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1967&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
3063 /dev/sda3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1968&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3926&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667+&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux<br>
3064 /dev/sda4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3927&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19456&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;124744725&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;83&nbsp;&nbsp;Linux</p>
3065 <p>Finally I query its CD-ROMs, by executing the command:</p>
3066 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info</font><br>
3067 CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17<br>
3068 <br>
3069 drive&nbsp;name:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">hda</font><br>
3070 drive&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3071 drive&nbsp;#&nbsp;of&nbsp;slots:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3072 Can&nbsp;close&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3073 Can&nbsp;open&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3074 Can&nbsp;lock&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3075 Can&nbsp;change&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3076 Can&nbsp;select&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3077 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;multisession:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3078 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MCN:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3079 Reports&nbsp;media&nbsp;changed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3080 Can&nbsp;play&nbsp;audio:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3081 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3082 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-RW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3083 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;DVD:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3084 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3085 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3086 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3087 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3088 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</p>
3089 <p>Which tells me that I only have an IDE CD-ROM, (<b><font color="Red">hda</font></b>), which is actually a CD writer.<br><br>
3090 Then I connect my USB stick, and I get:</p>
3091 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
3092 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
3093 <br>
3094 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;156290904&nbsp;sda<br>
3095 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64228&nbsp;sda1<br>
3096 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667&nbsp;sda2<br>
3097 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15735667&nbsp;sda3<br>
3098 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;124744725&nbsp;sda4<br>
3099 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1007615&nbsp;<font color="Red">sdb</font><br>
3100 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1006576&nbsp;sdb4</p>
3101 <p>Although it's the same stick I used with the previous system, which was recognized as <b><font color="Red">sda</font></b> there, now its name is <b><font color="Red">sdb</font></b>. So, its name depends on the system it is connected to, and will not always be the same.</p>
3102 <H2><a name="annex-a-scsi-ata"></a>SCSI disks when there are none!!! <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#annex-a-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
3103 <p>I am confused!!! I am on a disk with two ATA (PATA) disks, but when I query the partition list, this is what I get:</p>
3104 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat&nbsp;/proc/partitions</font><br>
3105 major&nbsp;minor&nbsp;&nbsp;#blocks&nbsp;&nbsp;name<br>
3106 <br>
3107 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;312571224&nbsp;<font color="Red">sda</font><br>
3108 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23446836&nbsp;sda1<br>
3109 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40957717&nbsp;sda2<br>
3110 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;245240257&nbsp;sda3<br>
3111 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2923830&nbsp;sda4<br>
3112 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;244198584&nbsp;<font color="Red">sdb</font><br>
3113 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41945683&nbsp;sdb1<br>
3114 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2104515&nbsp;sdb2<br>
3115 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;67&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;sdb3<br>
3116 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;68&nbsp;&nbsp;125909437&nbsp;sdb4<br>
3117 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;74236333&nbsp;sdb5</p>
3118 <p>According to what's discussed up to now, the system seems to have two SCSI disks, but I know it actually has two ATA (PATA) disks. What's going on?.<br><br>
3119 What is really happening here is that you have one of the newest Linux kernels (using the libata disk driver), which shows <b>ALL</b> disks as SCSI. That does not mean that the system thinks it has SCSI disks, it just names them as such.<br><br>
3120 To make is clear, execute the commands:</p>
3121 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">hdparm&nbsp;-i&nbsp;/dev/sda</font><br>
3122 <br>
3123 /dev/sda:<br>
3124 <br>
3125 &nbsp;Model=WDC&nbsp;WD3200AAJB-00TYA0,&nbsp;FwRev=00.02C01,&nbsp;SerialNo=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;WD-WCAPZ0648927<br>
3126 &nbsp;Config={&nbsp;HardSect&nbsp;NotMFM&nbsp;HdSw>15uSec&nbsp;SpinMotCtl&nbsp;Fixed&nbsp;DTR>5Mbs&nbsp;FmtGapReq&nbsp;}<br>
3127 &nbsp;RawCHS=16383/16/63,&nbsp;TrkSize=0,&nbsp;SectSize=0,&nbsp;ECCbytes=50<br>
3128 &nbsp;BuffType=unknown,&nbsp;BuffSize=8192kB,&nbsp;MaxMultSect=16,&nbsp;MultSect=?16?<br>
3129 &nbsp;CurCHS=16383/16/63,&nbsp;CurSects=16514064,&nbsp;LBA=yes,&nbsp;LBAsects=268435455<br>
3130 &nbsp;IORDY=on/off,&nbsp;tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120},&nbsp;tDMA={min:120,rec:120}<br>
3131 &nbsp;PIO&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;pio0&nbsp;pio3&nbsp;pio4<br>
3132 &nbsp;DMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;mdma0&nbsp;mdma1&nbsp;mdma2<br>
3133 &nbsp;UDMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;udma0&nbsp;udma1&nbsp;udma2&nbsp;udma3&nbsp;udma4&nbsp;*udma5<br>
3134 &nbsp;AdvancedPM=no&nbsp;WriteCache=enabled<br>
3135 &nbsp;Drive&nbsp;conforms&nbsp;to:&nbsp;Unspecified:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7</font><br>
3136 <br>
3137 &nbsp;*&nbsp;signifies&nbsp;the&nbsp;current&nbsp;active&nbsp;mode<br>
3138 <br>
3139 <br>
3140 # <font color="Green">hdparm&nbsp;-i&nbsp;/dev/sdb</font><br>
3141 <br>
3142 /dev/sdb:<br>
3143 <br>
3144 &nbsp;Model=WDC&nbsp;WD2500JB-00GVC0,&nbsp;FwRev=08.02D08,&nbsp;SerialNo=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;WD-WCAL76141931<br>
3145 &nbsp;Config={&nbsp;HardSect&nbsp;NotMFM&nbsp;HdSw>15uSec&nbsp;SpinMotCtl&nbsp;Fixed&nbsp;DTR>5Mbs&nbsp;FmtGapReq&nbsp;}<br>
3146 &nbsp;RawCHS=16383/16/63,&nbsp;TrkSize=57600,&nbsp;SectSize=600,&nbsp;ECCbytes=74<br>
3147 &nbsp;BuffType=DualPortCache,&nbsp;BuffSize=8192kB,&nbsp;MaxMultSect=16,&nbsp;MultSect=?16?<br>
3148 &nbsp;CurCHS=16383/16/63,&nbsp;CurSects=16514064,&nbsp;LBA=yes,&nbsp;LBAsects=268435455<br>
3149 &nbsp;IORDY=on/off,&nbsp;tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120},&nbsp;tDMA={min:120,rec:120}<br>
3150 &nbsp;PIO&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;pio0&nbsp;pio1&nbsp;pio2&nbsp;pio3&nbsp;pio4<br>
3151 &nbsp;DMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;mdma0&nbsp;mdma1&nbsp;mdma2<br>
3152 &nbsp;UDMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;udma0&nbsp;udma1&nbsp;udma2&nbsp;udma3&nbsp;udma4&nbsp;*udma5<br>
3153 &nbsp;AdvancedPM=no&nbsp;WriteCache=enabled<br>
3154 &nbsp;Drive&nbsp;conforms&nbsp;to:&nbsp;Unspecified:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6</font><br>
3155 <br>
3156 &nbsp;*&nbsp;signifies&nbsp;the&nbsp;current&nbsp;active&nbsp;mode</p>
3157 <p>This is also valid for the CDs/DVDs of the system:</p>
3158 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">cat /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info</font><br>
3159 CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17<br>
3160 <br>
3161 drive&nbsp;name:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">sr1</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">sr0</font><br>
3162 drive&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;126<br>
3163 drive&nbsp;#&nbsp;of&nbsp;slots:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3164 Can&nbsp;close&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3165 Can&nbsp;open&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3166 Can&nbsp;lock&nbsp;tray:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3167 Can&nbsp;change&nbsp;speed:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3168 Can&nbsp;select&nbsp;disk:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3169 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;multisession:&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3170 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MCN:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3171 Reports&nbsp;media&nbsp;changed:&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3172 Can&nbsp;play&nbsp;audio:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3173 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3174 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;CD-RW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3175 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;DVD:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3176 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-R:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3177 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;DVD-RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<br>
3178 Can&nbsp;read&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3179 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;MRW:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0<br>
3180 Can&nbsp;write&nbsp;RAM:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</p>
3181 <p>While the <b><font color="Green">hdparm</font></b> shows they are ATA devices:</p>
3182 <p class="newcode"># <font color="Green">hdparm&nbsp;-i&nbsp;/dev/sr0</font><br>
3183 <br>
3184 /dev/sr0:<br>
3185 <br>
3186 &nbsp;Model=HL-DT-ST&nbsp;DVDRAM&nbsp;GSA-H42L,&nbsp;FwRev=SL01&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,&nbsp;SerialNo=K286CQF2231&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
3187 &nbsp;Config={&nbsp;Fixed&nbsp;Removeable&nbsp;DTR<=5Mbs&nbsp;DTR>10Mbs&nbsp;nonMagnetic&nbsp;}<br>
3188 &nbsp;RawCHS=0/0/0,&nbsp;TrkSize=0,&nbsp;SectSize=0,&nbsp;ECCbytes=0<br>
3189 &nbsp;BuffType=unknown,&nbsp;BuffSize=0kB,&nbsp;MaxMultSect=0<br>
3190 &nbsp;(maybe):&nbsp;CurCHS=0/0/0,&nbsp;CurSects=0,&nbsp;LBA=yes,&nbsp;LBAsects=0<br>
3191 &nbsp;IORDY=on/off,&nbsp;tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120},&nbsp;tDMA={min:120,rec:120}<br>
3192 &nbsp;PIO&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;pio0&nbsp;pio3&nbsp;pio4<br>
3193 &nbsp;DMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;&nbsp;mdma0&nbsp;mdma1&nbsp;mdma2<br>
3194 &nbsp;UDMA&nbsp;modes:&nbsp;udma0&nbsp;udma1&nbsp;*udma2&nbsp;udma3&nbsp;udma4<br>
3195 &nbsp;AdvancedPM=no<br>
3196 &nbsp;Drive&nbsp;conforms&nbsp;to:&nbsp;unknown:&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="Red">ATA/ATAPI-4,5,6,7</font><br>
3197 <br>
3198 &nbsp;*&nbsp;signifies&nbsp;the&nbsp;current&nbsp;active&nbsp;mode<br>
3199 <br></p>
3200 <a name="shots-top"></a>
3201 <p align="center"><img src="images/clonezilla-sysresccd-1.png" border="0" alt="The splash screen of v 3.1.0"><br>
3202 The splash screen of v 3.1.0 (Clonezilla i686)<br><br><img src="images/clonezilla-sysresccd-2.png" border="0" alt="The splash screen of my test Restore DVD (v 3.1.0)"><br>
3203 The splash screen of my test Restore DVD (v 3.1.0)<br>
3204 As you can see both the menu entries text and the default item have been altered</p>
3205 <p>You may also want to see:</p>
3206 <p>SystemRescueCD Screenshots - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Screenshots" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Screenshots</a><br>
3207 Clonezilla Live - <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/screenshot/" target="_blank">http://www.clonezilla.org/screenshot/</a><br>
3208 Screenshots about Clonezilla - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/screenshot/?in_path=/01_Clonezilla" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/screenshot/?in_path=/01_Clonezilla</a><br><br>
3209 </p>
3210 <a name="help-top"></a>
3211 <H2 style="font-size: 2em;"><a name="help-intro"></a>On the CD <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
3212 <p><b>Clonezilla-SysRescCD</b> contains a copy of its web site and a text file containing some of these pages. To acces them:</p>
3213 <ol>
3214 <li><b>In Clonezilla Live</b><br><br>
3215 Type
3216 <p class="newcode">less /README.txt</p>
3217 </li>
3218 <li><b>In SystemRescueCD</b><br><br>
3219 Type
3220 <p class="newcode">less /livemnt/boot/README.txt</p>
3221 or
3222 <p class="newcode">links /livemnt/boot/README.html</p>
3223 to view the html pages in links web browser.<br><br>
3224 If you're using graphical mode, you can view HTML documentation in Firefox by writing
3225 <p class="newcode">file:///livemnt/boot/README.html</p>
3226 to the address bar.
3227 </li>
3228 </ol>
3229 <H3><a name="searching"></a>Searching for text [<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</H3>
3230 <p>While in <b>less</b> you can use the command "<b>/</b>" to search for text.<br><br>
3231 For example, if you want to search for the word "<font color="Green"><b>Getting</b></font>", you just type:</p>
3232 <p class="newcode">/<font color="Green">Getting</font><p>
3233 <p>If you want to search for a phrase containing spaces, use "<b>\&nbsp;</b>" instead of "<b>&nbsp;</b>". For example, if you want to search for "<font color="Green"><b>Getting backups</b></font>", you have to type:</p>
3234 <p class="newcode">/<font color="Green">Getting</font><font color="Red">\&nbsp;</font><font color="Green">backups</font></p>
3235 Pressing "<b>n</b>" you will get to the next matching, and pressing "<b>N</b>" will get you to the previous one.<br><br>
3236 You can move around with the keyboard arrows and <b>PgUp</b>-<b>PgDn</b>.<br><br>
3237 Press <b>q</b> to exit.</p>
3238 <H2><a name="net"></a>On the Net <span class="hideprint">[<a href="#help-top" title="go to top of the page">^</a>]</span></H2>
3239 <p>Clonezilla - <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/" target="_blank">http://www.clonezilla.org/</a><br>
3240 Clonezilla Live - <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/" target="_blank">http://www.clonezilla.org/clonezilla-live/</a><br>
3241 Related articles - <a href="http://www.clonezilla.org/related_article/" target="_blank">http://www.clonezilla.org/related_article/</a><br>
3242 DRBL - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/</a><br>
3243 DRBL FAQ/Q&#038;A - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/faq/" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/faq/</a><br>
3244 DRBL Forum - <a href="http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=73280" target="_blank">http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=73280</a><br>
3245 Wiki for DRBL - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/wiki/" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/wiki/</a><br>
3246 Mailing lists - <a href="http://drbl.sourceforge.net/mailing-lists/" target="_blank">http://drbl.sourceforge.net/mailing-lists/</a><br>
3247 LIVE-INITRAMFS - <a href="http://grml.org/online-docs/live-initramfs.en.7.html" target="_blank">http://grml.org/online-docs/live-initramfs.en.7.html</a><br>
3248 <br>
3249 SystemRescueCD - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page</a><br>
3250 Detailed packages list- <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Detailed-packages-list" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Detailed-packages-list</a><br>
3251 Manual - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Online-Manual-EN" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Online-Manual-EN</a><br>
3252 FAQ - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/FAQ" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/FAQ</a><br>
3253 Howto - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto</a><br>
3254 Forum - <a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/" target="_blank">http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/</a><br>
3255 <br>
3256 ntfs-3g - <a href="http://www.ntfs-3g.org/" target="_blank">http://www.ntfs-3g.org/</a><br>
3257 Linux-NTFS - <a href="http://www.linux-ntfs.org/" target="_blank">http://www.linux-ntfs.org/</a><br>
3258 Partimage - <a href="http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page" target="_blank">http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page</a><br>
3259 <br>
3260 Super Grub Disk Documentation - <a href="http://www.supergrubdisk.org/wiki/SuperGrubDiskDocumentation" target="_blank">http://www.supergrubdisk.org/wiki/SuperGrubDiskDocumentation</a><br>
3261 GNU GRUB (0.97) Simplified for Newbies - <a href="http://jbakshi.50webs.com/Linux_tutorial/GRUB/GNU GRUB simplified.html" target="_blank">http://jbakshi.50webs.com/Linux_tutorial/GRUB/GNU GRUB simplified.html</a><br>
3262 Smart BootManager - <a href="http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">http://btmgr.sourceforge.net/</a>
3263 </p>
3264 </div>
3265 <div id="footer">
3266 <p>Copyright: &#169; <a href="mailto:&#115;&#110;&#103;&#064;&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#117;&#103;&#046;&#103;&#114;?subject=About Clonezilla-SysRescCD v 3.2.0">Spiros Georgaras</a>, 2007-2010<br /><br/>
3267 Hosted by <a href="http://hellug.gr/index.php/OSullogos/Tautothta?from=Main.HELLUG" target="_blank" title="Hellenic Linux User Group">HEL.L.U.G.</a></p>
3268 </div>
3269 </div>
3270 <div id="warning" align="center">
3271 WARNING<br>
3272 This is the BETA version of Clonezilla-SysRescCD<br>
3273 To acces our current stable version, please click <a href="../index.html">here</a>
3274 </div>
3275 </body>
3276 </html>

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